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At least 1,315 records · Page 73Linked to original sources
PubMed2004

Detection of pulmonary nodules at multirow-detector CT: effectiveness of double reading to improve sensitivity at standard-dose and low-dose chest CT.

The purpose of this study was to assess the effectiveness of double reading to increase the sensitivity of lung nodule detection at standard-dose (SDCT) and low-dose multirow-detector CT (LDCT). SDCT (100 mAs effective tube current) and LDCT (20 mAs) of nine patients with pulmonary metastases were obtained within 5 min using four-row detector CT. Softcopy images reconstructed with 5-mm slice thickness were read by three radiologists independently. Images with 1.25-mm slice thickness served as the gold standard. Sensitivity was assessed for single readers and combinations. The effectiveness of double reading was expressed as the increase of sensitivity. Average sensitivity for detection of 390 nodules (size 3.9+/-3.2 mm) for single readers was 0.63 (SDCT) and 0.64 (LDCT). Double reading significantly increased sensitivity to 0.74 and 0.79, respectively. No significant difference between sensitivity at SDCT and LDCT was observed. The percentage of nodules detected by all three readers concordantly was 52% for SDCT and 47% for LDCT. Although double reading increased the detection rate of pulmonary nodules from 63% to 74-79%, a considerable proportion of nodules remained undetected. No difference between sensitivities at LDCT and SDCT for detection of small nodules was observed.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Does a visual-orthographic deficit contribute to reading disability?

In this study, visual-orthographic skills were defined as the ability to recognize whether letters and numerals are correctly oriented. Aims were to investigate whether visual-orthographic skills would contribute independent variance to reading, and whether children with a visual-orthographic deficit would be more impaired readers than similar children without this deficit. Participants were 207 children, aged 8 to 10 years, who attended school in a small suburban community. Because of the evidence that phonological awareness and naming speed are strongly related to reading, visual-orthographic skills were entered into hierarchical regression analyses following these variables. With age, verbal IQ, and verbal short-term memory also controlled, visual-orthographic skills accounted for significant independent variance in all reading measures. When children with a visual- orthographic deficit (29% of the sample) were compared with those without this deficit, they were significantly lower on all reading variables. At 8 to 10 years of age, reading progress of some children continues to be hampered by a problem in orthographic memory for the orientation of letters and numerals. Such children will require special attention, but their problems may be overlooked. As recommended by Willows and Terepocki (1993), there is need for further research on the phenomenon of letter reversals when they occur among children beyond first grade.

Case-Control Studies↗
PubMed1990

Codon reading properties of an unmodified transfer RNA.

We have previously shown that the Mycoplasma mycoides glycine tRNA (anticodon UCC) effectively reads the codons GGU and GGC in violation of the classic codon reading rules. We have attempted to elucidate what structural elements in this tRNA molecule confer this translational property and in the course of this investigation T7 RNA polymerase transcription of the corresponding gene was used to produce a tRNA devoid of modified nucleosides. Using an in vitro translation system the ability of this tRNA to read the 4 glycine codons (GGU, GGC, and GGG) was tested and it was shown to be as efficient as its normal, fully modified counterpart in the reading of all four codons. This result demonstrates that a tRNA devoid of modified nucleosides is able to efficiently sustain protein synthesis in vitro and, furthermore, that the normal modification pattern of the Mycoplasma glycine tRNA is not essential for the ability of this tRNA to read the glycine codons GGU and GGC effectively.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed1984

Information processing in reading-disabled and nondisabled children.

Reading disabled and nondisabled children (13-14 years of age) were presented lists of 10 words each at different rates (one word per 1, 2, and 4 sec), and immediately after the last word of each list they recalled the words in any order. Recall of the first few words presented from each list (the primacy effect) was lower in reading-disabled than nondisabled children, and slower presentation rates increased the primacy effect in both groups. These findings suggest that reading-disabled children are not completely failing to use elaborative encoding but are using less effective elaborative encoding than nondisabled readers. With all presentation rates, recall of the last few words (the recency effect) was comparable in both groups, suggesting that older reading-disabled children encode and recognize the stimuli and that elaborative encoding is deficient in reading-disabled in spite of adequate stimulus encoding and recognition.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Translation initiation of IS50R read-through transcripts.

IS50R (and Tn5) normally transposes at a low frequency, partly because cells containing this insertion sequence synthesize low levels of the transposase protein. Since the 5' end of the transposase gene is located next to the outer end of IS50R (and thus close to flanking host sequences), transposition into actively transcribed genes could result in the production of read-through transcripts that would encode the transposase. We have found that these read-through transcripts are made, but are translated poorly. We isolated mutations that increase translation initiation of transposase from read-through transcripts. Most of these mutations destabilize a potential RNA secondary structure in the ribosome binding site that could form in read-through transcripts, but not in normal transcripts. In vitro RNA secondary structure analysis has confirmed the predicted RNA secondary structure and the effects of mutations. We have shown that RNA secondary structure is the major factor limiting transposase expression from read-through transcripts.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed1987

A small open reading frame in pseudorabies virus and implications for evolutionary relationships between herpesviruses.

An open reading frame coding for an 11-kDa protein was located downstream from the gI gene of pseudorabies virus (PRV). This open reading frame is homologous to an open reading frame (US9) in an analogous position in herpes simplex virus and to an open reading frame (US1) in a different position in varicella zoster virus. The open reading frame encoding the 11-kDa protein is in a region known to be deleted in live attenuated vaccine strains of PRV.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1991

Speech discrimination and lip reading in patients with word deafness or auditory agnosia.

The purpose of this study was to assess the ability of four patients with word deafness or auditory agnosia to discriminate speech by reading lips. The patients were studied using nonsense monosyllables to test for speech discrimination, a lip reading test, the Token Test for auditory comprehension, and the Aphasia test. Our results show that patients with word deafness or auditory agnosia without aphasia can improve speech comprehension by reading lips in combination with listening, as compared with lip reading or listening alone. In conclusion, lip reading was shown to be useful for speech comprehension among these patients.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Left ear dichotic listening performance on consonant-vowel combinations and digits in subtypes of reading-disabled children.

Twenty reading comprehension-disabled (CD) and 20 reading comprehension and word recognition-disabled (CWRD), right-handed male children were matched with 20 normal-achieving age-matched controls and 20 normal-achieving reading level-matched controls and tested for left ear report on dichotic listening tasks using digits and consonant-vowel combinations (CVs). Left ear report for CVs and digits did not correlate for any of the groups. Both reading-disabled groups showed lower left ear report on digits. On CVs the CD group showed a high left ear report but only when there were no priming precursors, such as directions to attend right first and to process digits first. Priming effects interfered with the processing of both digits and CVs. Theoretically, the CWRD group seems to be characterized by a depressed right hemisphere, whereas the CD group may have a more labile right hemisphere, perhaps tending to overengagement for CV tasks but vulnerable to situational precursors in the form of priming effects. Implications extend to (1) subtyping practices in research with the learning-disabled, (2) inferences drawn from studies using different dichotic stimuli, and (3) the neuropsychology of reading disorders.

Attention↗
PubMed2004

Experiences with a workstation prototype for softcopy reading within the Bavarian mammography recertification program: workstations and education.

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: In January 2002, the Bavarian Statutory Health Care Administration ("Kassenärztliche Vereinigung Bayerns", KVB) started a recertification program for quality assurance and quality improvement in mammography reading. MATERIALS AND METHODS: All accredited radiologists and gynecologists are asked to prove their qualification every 1-2 years. The recertification program requires the physicians to read 50 cases randomly selected from a larger collection of high-quality test cases. The portion of malignant and benign cases corresponds to the requirements of the German National Association of Statutory Health Insurance Physicians ("Kassenäztliche Bundesvereinig ung", KBV). In order to perform the recertification in a manageable manner a decentralized approach (test at different locations in parallel) was preferred over a centralized one. Therefore, the X-ray films were digitized and converted to DICOM Digital Mammography format to be read on a softcopy device. To verify the applicability of digitized mammograms for recertification purposes, a comparative study with 32 trained radiologists and gynecologists was performed. RESULTS: A system of two high-resolution/high-contrast monitors (2048 X 2560 pixels, > or = 350 cd/m2) in combination with a 5 mega-pixel dual-head graphics adapter with calibrated output was chosen for the mammography workstation. The software was implemented according to the particular requirements of this program. As a result, the comparative study showed that there was no significant difference in the error rate of the reported findings between conventional film and softcopy reading. CONCLUSION: The first intermediate results of this quality initiative are promising. As of 2003, the test is mandatory for all mammography-reading physicians in Bavaria.

Breast Neoplasms↗
PubMed2005

Reading disability and hemispheric interaction on a lexical decision task.

The assumptions tested were that the relative contribution of each hemisphere to reading alters with experience and that experience increases suppression of the simultaneous use of identical strategies by the non-dominant hemisphere. Males that were reading disabled and phonologically impaired, reading disabled and phonologically normal, or with no reading disability were presented familiar words, orthographically correct pseudowords, and orthographically incorrect non-words for lexical decision. Accuracy and response times in all groups showed a shift from no asymmetry in processing non-words to a stable left hemisphere advantage and clear suppression of the right hemisphere in processing words. In the pseudoword condition, accuracy scores were higher when both hemispheres were free to engage, especially in those with a reading disability and responses slowed in the phonologically impaired group but not the phonologically normal groups when the right hemisphere was disengaged. As familiar words typically invoke lexical processing by both hemispheres while pseudowords invoke lexical processing by the right and non-lexical processing by the left hemisphere, and as non-lexical processing is weak in the phonologically impaired, the results support the assumptions that were tested.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Thin-section CT of the lungs: eye-tracking analysis of the visual approach to reading tiled and stacked display formats.

OBJECTIVE: To use eye-tracking analysis to identify the differences in approach to and efficiency of reading thin-section CT of the lungs presented tiled and stacked soft-copy displays. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Four chest radiologists read 16 thin-section CT examinations displayed in either a tiled (four images at once) or stacked (full screen cine) format. Eye-movements were recorded and analysed in terms of movement type; saccade distance (classified by the calculated range of useful peripheral vision), number of fixations, duration and direction of gaze-comparison of the areas of the images viewed. RESULTS: Cases presented in stacked format were read quicker than when presented in tiled format with a greater fixation frequency (5 fixations versus 4.5 fixations points per 100 data points; p<0.001) and a greater proportion of short saccades (97% versus 94%; p<0.005). The consistency with which the observers viewed equivalent areas of the scan images in different cases was greater when viewing in stacked format (mean kappa 0.45 versus 0.36; p<0.05) suggesting a more systematic approach to reading. CONCLUSION: Eye-tracking data demonstrates why thin-section CT examinations of the lungs are read more efficiently when displayed in a stack as opposed to a tiled format.

Data Display↗
PubMed2006

Auditory pattern recognition and brief tone discrimination of children with reading disorders.

UNLABELLED: Auditory pattern recognition skills in children with reading disorders were investigated using perceptual tests involving discrimination of frequency and duration tonal patterns. A behavioral test battery involving recognition of the pattern of presentation of tone triads was used in which individual components differed in either frequency or duration. A test involving measurement of difference limens for long and short duration tones was also administered. In comparison to controls, children with reading disorders exhibited significantly higher error rates in discrimination of duration and frequency patterns, as well as larger brief tone frequency difference limens. These results suggest that difficulties in the recognition and processing of auditory patterns may co-occur with decoding deficits in children with reading disorders. LEARNING OUTCOMES: (1) As a result of this activity, the participant will be able to identify a relationship between reading and temporal processing. (2) As a result of this activity, the reader will be able to discuss the difference between sight-word decoding and phonological decoding. (3) As a result of this activity, the reader will be able to explain a relationship between reading skills and the identification of auditory patterns.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed2006

Electrocardiograms with pacemakers: accuracy of computer reading.

OBJECTIVE: We analyzed the accuracy with which a computer algorithm reads electrocardiograms (ECGs) with electronic pacemakers (PMs). METHODS: Electrocardiograms were screened for the presence of electronic pacing spikes. Computer-derived interpretations were compared with cardiologists' readings. RESULTS: Computer-drawn interpretations required revision by cardiologists in 61.3% of cases. In 18.4% of cases, the ECG reading algorithm failed to recognize the presence of a PM. The misinterpretation of paced beats as intrinsic beats led to multiple secondary errors, including myocardial infarctions in varying localization. The most common error in computer reading was the failure to identify an underlying rhythm. This error caused frequent misidentification of the PM type, especially when the presence of normal sinus rhythm was not recognized in a tracing with a DDD PM tracking the atrial activity. CONCLUSION: The increasing number of pacing devices, and the resulting number of ECGs with pacing spikes, mandates the refining of ECG reading algorithms. Improvement is especially needed in the recognition of the underlying rhythm, pacing spikes, and mode of pacing.

Artifacts↗
PubMed2004

alpha-L-iduronidase premature stop codons and potential read-through in mucopolysaccharidosis type I patients.

alpha-L-Iduronidase is a glycosyl hydrolase involved in the sequential degradation of the glycosaminoglycans heparan sulphate and dermatan sulphate. A deficiency in alpha-L-iduronidase results in the lysosomal accumulation and urinary secretion of partially degraded glycosaminoglycans and is the cause of the lysosomal storage disorder mucopolysaccharidosis type I (MPS I; Hurler and Scheie syndromes; McKusick 25280). The premature stop codons Q70X and W402X are two of the most common alpha-l-iduronidase gene (IDUA) mutations accounting for up to 70% of MPS I disease alleles in some populations. Here, we have reported a new mutation, making a total of 15 different mutations that can cause premature IDUA stop codons and have investigated the biochemistry of these mutations. Natural stop codon read-through was dependent on the fidelity of the codon when evaluated at Q70X and W402X in CHO-K1 cells, but the three possible stop codons TAA, TAG and TGA, had different effects on mRNA stability and this effect was context dependent. In CHO-K1 cells expressing the Q70X and W402X mutations, the level of gentamicin-enhanced stop codon read-through was slightly less than the increment in activity caused by a lower fidelity stop codon. In this system, gentamicin had more effect on read-through for the TAA and TGA stop codons when compared to the TAG stop codon. In an MPS I patient study, premature TGA stop codons were associated with a slightly attenuated clinical phenotype, when compared to classical Hurler syndrome (e.g. W402X/W402X and Q70X/Q70X genotypes with TAG stop codons). Natural read-through of premature stop codons is a potential explanation for variable clinical phenotype in MPS I patients. Enhanced stop codon read-through is a potential treatment strategy for a large sub-group of MPS I patients.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Primary reflex persistence in children with reading difficulties (dyslexia): a cross-sectional study.

The primary reflex system emerges during fetal life and is inhibited during the first year after birth. Our aim was to examine the effects of persistence of this early neurological system on the attainment of core literacy skills in dyslexic and non-dyslexic poor readers. We assessed the prevalence of a persistent primary reflex in a cross-sectional, representative sample of children (n=739) aged 7-9 years old attending mainstream primary school in Northern Ireland using standardised educational tests, and a clinical diagnostic test for a primary reflex (the asymmetrical tonic neck reflex (ATNR)). Multiple regression analyses, involving all of the sample children, revealed that persistence of the ATNR was significantly predictive of attainments in reading (t=-8.34, p<.001), spelling (t=-8.00, p<.001), non-word reading (t=-16.15, p<.001), and verbal IQ (t=-4.71, p<.001). ANOVA tests revealed that there were no differences between the performance of dyslexic and non-dyslexic poor readers on any of the outcome measures (reading (F(1, 289)=0.51, p=.48), spelling (F(1, 289)=0.02, p=.90), non-word reading (F(1, 289)=0.76, p=.38), ATNR level (F(1, 289)=2.54, p=.11)). Further ANOVA tests revealed that males had significantly higher levels of persistent reflex than females (F(1, 737)=15.21, p<.001), and that children from socially disadvantaged backgrounds had significantly higher levels of reflex than children who were not socially disadvantaged (F(1, 737)=20.84, p<.001). The findings suggest that for many children in mainstream schooling, the attainment of core educational skills may be affected by the persistence of a brainstem mediated reflex system that should have been inhibited in the first year after birth. Furthermore, these findings suggest that dyslexia is not a distinct category of poor reading, and that it may be more valid to term all poor readers as dyslexic irrespective of IQ.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1997

Reliability of the quantitative angiographic measurements in the New Approaches to Coronary Intervention (NACI) registry: a comparison of clinical site and repeated angiographic core laboratory readings.

To assess the agreement of clinical site and angiographic core laboratory readings obtained in the New Approaches to Coronary Intervention (NACI) registry, we reviewed the angiographic results obtained in 787 lesions assessed both by the sites and the core laboratory, including 135 lesions analyzed twice (> or =2 months apart) by the angiographic core laboratory. Although moderate agreement was demonstrated between the clinical site and angiographic core laboratory for qualitative lesion morphology such as lesion calcium (kappa [kappa] = 0.42), only fair agreement was found between site and core laboratory estimation of lesion ulceration (kappa = 0.33); thrombus (kappa = 0.30); and eccentricity (kappa = 0.27); with poor agreement for angulation (kappa = 0.16); and proximal vessel tortuosity (kappa = 0.03). Agreement for qualitative morphology was better for repeated core laboratory readings of lesion eccentricity (kappa = 0.75); angulation (kappa = 0.72); thrombus (kappa = 0.68); proximal vessel tortuosity (kappa = 0.66); and calcification (kappa = 0.64). Quantitative angiographic measurements correlated moderately between the clinical site using the digital caliper method and the core laboratory using the automated edge-detection method, including preprocedural percentage diameter stenosis (intraclass correlation [R] = 0.50) and postprocedural percentage diameter stenosis (R = 0.63). Repeated core laboratory readings had almost perfect agreement, with R ranging from 0.88 for postprocedural percentage diameter stenosis to 0.93 for reference vessel diameter and pre- and postprocedural minimal lumen diameters. Repeated angiographic core laboratory readings provided highly consistent quantitative and qualitative morphologic results in the NACI registry, but the core laboratory readings varied substantially from those obtained at the clinical site. More standardized angiographic analytic criteria and core laboratory feedback to investigators may improve agreement between the clinical sites and the angiographic core laboratory in subsequent studies.

Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary↗
PubMed2002

Effects of event probability and sequence on children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity, reading, and math disorder.

BACKGROUND: We investigated the impact of stimulus probability and sequence on performance and event-related potentials of 310 children classified into 12 combinations of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (Not-attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, Inattentive and Combined subtypes) with presence/absence of reading disorder and math disorder. METHODS: Subjects pressed buttons to displays of the letters O and X, which were presented with probabilities of either .17/.83 or .50/.50. Greater response selection was required in the .17/.83 condition. RESULTS: Stimulus probability had comparable effects on all diagnostic groups. The extent of mismatch between a stimulus and preceding events elicited less systematic increases in errors, P3b latency, and P3b amplitude among both attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder subtypes than controls. Mismatch with preceding trials more greatly reduced math disorder and reading disorder + math disorder children's speed in the Rare task and accuracy in both conditions. Math disorder and reading disorder + math disorder subjects also registered less the effects of alternations of the infrequent O on N2 amplitude and on P3b latency. CONCLUSIONS: Math disorder and reading disorder + math disorder youngsters' lower sensitivity to sequence irregularity in their event-related potentials along with greater disruption of performance suggest working memory deficits that adversely affected response selection. Comorbidity of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and reading disorder did not affect the results.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Developmental neglect dyslexia in a Hebrew-reading child.

This paper describes for the first time a detailed study of a child with neglect dyslexia. NT is 10-year-old child, with left word-based neglect dyslexia, without clinical signs of visuo-spatial neglect. Since he is a native speaker of Hebrew, which is read from right to left, his neglect dyslexia manifests in omissions and substitutions of final letters. He is severely impaired in single words, with 96% of his errors being omissions and substitutions of final letters. When presented with more than one word, in word pairs, sentences or text, he neglects the left part of each word, but never omit whole words on the left side of the page. His reading improves considerably when the same word is presented vertically or when manipulations are done to shift his attention to the left--with coloured final letters, flashing light, or tapping his finger to the left of each word. NT's neglect dyslexia is very selective, with good reading of numbers and symbols, and even good performance on letter sequences when no reading is required. A dissociation is also detected between his impaired reading due to neglect dyslexia and his normal performance on conventional clinical tests of general visual neglect visual of line, object and letter cancellation, line bisection, object drawing and copying. His neglect dyslexia seems to be developmental as no abrupt onset is reported.

Attention↗