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PubMed1997

[Analysis of the stereoisomers of 14 pyrethroids by capillary gas chromatography].

The separation of stereoisomers of 14 pyrethroids has been studied by capillary gas chromatography. The pyrethroids are cypermethrin (P1), phenothrin (P2), allethrin (P3), prallethrin (P4), tetramethrin (P5), permethrin (P6), cyfluthrin (P7), fenvalerate (P8), flucythrinate (P9), bromofenvalerate (P10), fluvalinate (P11), methothrin (P12), resmethrin (P13) and py115 (P14). The gas chromatographic conditions were as follows. Column 1: fused silica, 10m x 0.53mm x 1.0microm film (QF-1); columntemperature: 180 degrees C-260 degrees C depending on the pyrethroids analysed; the temperature of injector and detector: 280 degrees C; carrier gas: H2 4.6mL/min; detector: FID; spilt ratio: 5:1, sample size 1.0 L. The stereoisomers of P2, P3, P4, P5, P6, P8, P9, P10, P12 and P10 can be completely separated by QF-1 column. However the stereoisomers of P11 can not be separated and the three peaks of P1 and P7 have been only separated by column 1. In comparing with packed column of QF-1, there are advantages in superior resolution, lower oven temperature and shorter analysis time for capillary column of QF-1. Column 2: fused silica HP-5 (crosslinked 5% phenyl methyl silicone) 25m x 0.32mm x 1.0microm film; column temperature: P1 and P7 250 degrees C, P11 260 degrees C, and P14 200 degrees C; carrier gas: H2 2.6mL/min. Other conditions were the same as the column 1 described. The stereoisomers of P1, P7, P11 and P14 can be separated, but the separation of stereoisomers was not sufficient. The stereoisomers of P2, P5, P6, P8, P9, P10, P12 and P13 can be completely separated by HP-5 capillary column. However separation on the HP-5 capillary column is not sufficient for diastereoisomers of P3 and P4.

Chromatography, Gas↗
PubMed1992

Fluorescence spectroscopy studies of the effects of pyrethroids on the DPPC vesicles.

The interactions of pyrethroids with membrane lipids have been studied by means of fluorescent membrane probe DPH. Pyrethroids located in the interior hydrophobic regions of the lipid bilayer, differed in their effectiveness of lowering the phase transition temperature and in their ability to broaden the temperature range of this transition. With the increase in the concentrations of pyrethroids, the effects of disordering hydrocarbon packing were increased by pyrethroids. Fluorescence polarizations (P) were decreased in gel state, but not changed in fluid state by permethrin. The pyrethroids containing a cyano substituent could not only disturb the hydrocarbon packing in the bilayer core, but also cause collisional quenching of DPH fluorescence in gel state, P were decreased, then were increased and at last were decreased slightly again as the concentrations were increased, in fluid state P were not changed substantially at low concentrations and were increased obviously when the concentrations were higher.

1,2-Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine↗
PubMed2006

Topical therapies for rosacea.

Therapeutic options for rosacea include topical agents, oral therapies, laser and light treatments, and surgical procedures. Topical therapies play a critical role in the treatment of patients with papulopustular rosacea and erythematotelangiectatic rosacea, and have the ability to effectively minimize certain manifestations of the disease, including papules, pustules, and erythema. The 3 primary agents for the topical treatment of rosacea are metronidazole, azelaic acid, and sodium sulfacetamide-sulfur. Each of these therapies is approved for the treatment of rosacea and has been validated by multiple studies. Additional topical therapies including benzoyl peroxide, clindamycin, retinoids, topical steroids, calcineurin inhibitors, and permethrin are not approved for the treatment of rosacea and play variable roles in the management of this condition.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed2004

Study on susceptibility status in aquatic and adult stages of Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus against insecticides at international airports of south India.

A study on susceptibility status in aquatic and adult stages of Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus was undertaken at International Airports of Thiruvananthapuram and Cochin located in southern India. WHO standard test kits were used to conduct insecticide susceptibility tests against various organophosphates, organochlorines, carbamates and synthetic pyrethroids. The results indicate that adult Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus were resistant to DDT and dieldrin, but susceptible to propoxur, fenitrothion, malathion, deltamethrin, permethrin and lambdacyhalothrin. The susceptibility test conducted on immature stages of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus revealed that they are susceptible to the larvicides commonly used under the National Vector Borne Diseases Control Programme viz. Temephos (0.02 ppm), Fenthion (0.05 ppm) Malathion (1.0 ppm) and Fenitrothion (0.06 ppm).

Aedes↗
PubMed1990

[The appearance of insecticide resistance in Blattella germanica in the German Democratic Republic].

A review is given on the situation of resistance in the German cockroach (Blattella germanica) to insecticides during the last 15 years in the GDR, and conclusions are drawn for the future. From 23 samples trapped in various localities and subsequently reared in the laboratory, susceptibilities were measured against lindane, pyrethrin + PBO, trichlorfon, dichlorvos, and propoxur, the most used insecticides against cockroaches in our country. Detection of resistance was done with discriminating doses and the degree of resistance was measured with the doses-mortality method in deposit tests. In no case we found any resistance to propoxur but, for the first time, strains with a low resistance to dichlorvos. There was a distinct increase in the resistance to lindane, trichlorfon and pyrethrins + PBO during the lost years. A strain selected with pyrethrins in the laboratory showed marked group resistance to all tested pyrethroids (permethrin, cyfluthrin, cypermethrin, tetramethrin, deltamethrin, bioresmethrin, bioallethrin), but no cross resistance to the other insecticides.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Determination of eight synthetic pyrethroids in bovine fat by gas chromatography with electron capture detection.

Synthetic pyrethroids are among the most widely used classes of insecticides, and their uses are varied, including plant protection, animal dips, and as a treatment for human clothing and bedding in very hot climates. Veterinary applications include ear tags, pour-on formulations, sprays, and dips. Persistent residues have been reported in livestock, and routine monitoring programs in other countries have found detectable residues of various pyrethroids in fat. A method has been developed using solid-phase extraction that reduces the quantities of solvents used, the time required, and the amount of glassware used compared to an earlier method on which it was based. The scope of analytes tested included the 5 compounds cited in the earlier method (flucythrinate, permethrin, cypermethrin, fenvalerate, and deltamethrin) and, in addition, cyfluthrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, and fluvalinate. Sample extracts were analyzed by gas chromatography with electron capture detection using selected chromatographic peaks characteristic of each compound. Limits of quantification for the compounds were from 25-50 microg/kg, with a linear response for all compounds to 200 microg/kg. Recoveries ranged from 80 to 123%.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2006

[Pyrethroid and DDT resistance of Anopheles gambiae s.s. (Diptera: Culicidae) in five agricultural ecosystems from Côte-d'Ivoire].

The promotion of pyrethroid impregnated bednets among the populations is a major activity of the National Malaria Vector Control Programs in African tropical countries. However pyrethroid resistance in Anopheles gambiae, a major malaria vector, has been observed in several parts of Côte-d'Ivoire since 1993. As insecticides used in agriculture against pests are frequently considered as important factors responsible for resistance in malaria vectors, we have evaluated insecticide resistance of An. gambiae populations taking into account the main crops cultivated in Côte-d'Ivoire. Five areas were selected according to the use of insecticide either in agriculture or for domestic purposes: a urban area where vegetables and rice are main crops, a rural rice growing area, a rural area of coffee/cocoa production, a rural area of fruit farming and a rural area without any use of agricultural insecticide. Susceptibility tests were carried out using WHO diagnostic test kits. About 6500 females of An. gambiae were exposed to insecticide impregnated papers (permethrin 1%, deltamethrin 0.05%, DDT 4%) for one hour. Results confirmed that both mortality rates and knockdown time analysis were important to study the resistance data. By using mortality rates, populations of An. gambiae were found to be resistant to pyrethroids and DDT in four of the five areas. Resistance was the highest in urban area, lower in fruit and coffee/cocoa areas and at low level in rice growing area. An. gambiae from area without agricultural treatment was found susceptible to pyrethroids but slightly resistant to DDT A significant increase of knockdown time was observed in all areas with the 3 insecticides. These results agreed with previous studies showing that kdr mutation was the main resistance mechanism to pyrethroids in An. gambiae populations in Côte-d'Ivoire. They also agreed with knockdown time which is an early indicator of resistance development for the population in area without agricultural treatment. In this population the frequency of homozygous resistant individuals was probably too low to have a significant decrease of mortality rates to pyrethroids.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2006

Nitric oxide's pulsatile release in lobster heart and its regulation by opiate signaling: pesticide interference.

BACKGROUND: Data is emerging in the human and invertebrate literature demonstrating that mu opiate receptors and morphine are present in cardiovascular tissues in diverse animals, including human tissues, where they may be exerting a cardioregulatory role via stimulation of constitutive nitric oxide (NO) production. MATERIAL/METHODS: NO release from lobster heart was evaluated without stimulation and after morphine exposure using a real-time NO-specific amperometric probe. In addition, real time NO release was evaluated after treatment with low doses of widely used pesticides (e.g., pyrethroids). Real time RT-PCR was used to investigate the presence of mu opiate receptor subtypes in lobster heart. RESULTS: Basal NO release occurs in lobster heart at the nanomolar level. Morphine enhanced this level of release; naloxone (an opiate antagonist) blocked it, as did exposure to the NO synthase inhibitor L-NAME. In addition, treatment with the pyrethroids, permethrin and resmethrin, abrogated constitutive NO release from lobster heart. Finally, by way of real time RT-PCR we were able to demonstrate the presence of the micro(3) opiate receptor subtype in lobster heart. CONCLUSIONS: Rhythmic NO bursts appear to be involved in normal cardiac muscle activity in Homarus americanus. Lobster heart contains morphinergic signaling components capable of slowing down its beating rate via NO production. In addition, compounds such as pyrethroid pesticides may alter normal cardiac activity by interfering with constitutive NO production and thus, depressing basal NO levels. This may ultimately make these animals more susceptible to environmental assaults/toxins.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

[The impact of impregnated mosquito nets on prevalence and morbidity related to malaria in sub-Saharan africa].

Insecticide treated bed nets (permethrin, deltamethrin and lambda cyalothrin) were used for malaria control in The Gambia, Burkina Faso and Tanzania where Anopheles gambiae (and An.funestus in Burkina Faso) is the main vector. Treated mosquito nets are efficient when used on a large scale and not on an individual level. Such a large scale use, acting on longevity and infectivity of vectors, always induced a decrease of malaria transmission by more than 90%. Treated bed nets had no significant effect on the overall parasite rate, showing that malaria transmission was not stopped. But it was usually found that there was a significantly smaller number of children with parasitemia higher than a critical threshold, a sensitive parameter of malaria morbidity. Indeed, in the three situations studied, malaria morbidity (fever + high parasitemia greater than critical level in the concerned area) has generally shown a similar drop of 60%. These data demonstrate that treated bed nets are useful to reduce transmission and morbidity. Advised as a new way for reduction of nuisance, treated bed nets were always welcomed by the populations and this method may be considered as a complementary weapon in public health.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Experience in suppressing the mosquito count in basement flooding in the city of Nukus].

Large-scale trials of bacterial insecticides (Bac. sphaericus and Bac. thuringiensis) and of 5 synthetic pyrethroids were carried out in Nukus, Uzbekistan, in order to evaluate their effectiveness against Culex pipiens molestus Forsk (Diptera: Culicidae) breeding in flooded basements in urban areas. Lambdacyhaothrine (Karate, 5% e.c.) in the dosage of 0.01 g/m2 A. I. was found to be the most effective. Application of permethrine containing thermosublimated briquettes for quick elimination of adult mosquitoes combined with application of residual larvicides proved to be the best way to control basement breeding mosquitoes.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A review of the epidemiology, public health importance, treatment and control of head lice.

Head lice are cosmopolitan and endemic. While they are not responsible for the spread of any disease, they are the cause of considerable social distress. They can infest anybody and do not discriminate between class or cleanliness. Head lice are transmitted primarily by direct contact. The only satisfactory method to clear an infestation is by chemical treatment. The most effective pediculicides to date are those which contain permethrin (Nix) or malathion (Prioderm). Compliance with product instructions eliminates the need for nit removal after treatment. Treatment of inanimate objects and the environment should be discouraged. To obtain effective control of head lice, the whole community needs to be involved. Parents must be encouraged to screen themselves and their children regularly in the home, and to treat themselves only when necessary.

Health Education↗
PubMed1991

Efficacy of various ground-applied cold aerosol adulticides against Anopheles quadrimaculatus.

Ground-applied ULV, cold aerosol insecticides were tested against adult female Anopheles quadrimaculatus. Treatments included high (H) and low (L) rates of Permanone (permethrin), bioresmethrin and esbiothrin. Malathion was applied as a standard. Mortality at 24-h posttreatment was highest with Bioresmethrin H at 15 m. Permanone H exhibited good control out to 60 m (88.9%), but dropped to an unacceptable level (65.5%) at 90 m. The low rates of all compounds produced unsatisfactory results at 24-h posttreatment. Recovery from knockdown occurred in all treatments with the exception of malathion.

Aerosols↗
PubMed1991

Methods for control of tick vectors of Lyme borreliosis.

During the IVth International Conference on Lyme Borreliosis in Stockholm, 1990, a workshop on control of Lyme disease vectors briefly reviewed: basic ecological principles for tick control; biocontrol of ticks; chemical control, including the use of repellents and use of permethrin-treated rodent nest material; tick control by habitat modification; and reduction of tick host availability. It was concluded that, although much research work remains, Lyme borreliosis is to a large extent a preventable infection. Avoidance of heavily tick-infested areas, personal protection using proper clothing, and prompt removal of attached ticks remain the most effective protective measures. Many other prophylactic measures are available and could be efficiently integrated into schemes to reduce the abundance of vectors. However, since the ecology of the infection varies greatly between different localities it may be necessary to apply different combinations of control methods in different endemic regions.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Maintenance of effective control of Simulium damnosum in the face of insecticide resistance.

The control of onchocerciasis through reduction of its vector Simulium damnosum depends on highly effective insecticide treatments directed against the larvae. As these treatments must be applied weekly over wide areas for many years, ideal conditions for the development of resistance have been created. Resistance to organophosphate compounds has occurred. To maintain effective vector control, an intense operational research effort has been necessary. Close and constant monitoring of susceptibility, combined with cytotaxonomic identification of the tested larvae, has revealed the pattern of spread of the resistance by migration and apparently by hybridization between populations. These studies have helped indicate when it might be possible to contain or eliminate a resistant population. Screening of all available appropriate compounds has led to the selection of replacement compounds in the microbial (Bacillus thuringiensis H14), pyrethroid (permethrin), and carbamate (carbosulfan) groups. Laboratory studies have revealed esterase and multi-function oxidase mechanisms for the existing organophosphate resistance. Cross-resistance tests have shown no cross-resistance to carbamate insecticides with these mechanisms, but negative correlations with most pyrethroids. These considerations, along with estimated risk of future resistance, effects on non-target organisms, and costs have led to a complex alternation pattern of insecticides, with Bacillus thuringiensis H14 being used in the dry season and a series of classical chemical compounds in the wet season. Through these measures, vector control remains a viable method of onchocerciasis control for the WHO Onchocerciasis Control Programme in West Africa.

Africa, Western↗
PubMed1989

Establishment of a standard test method for determining susceptibility of Mesocyclops to different insecticides.

A method to determine the susceptibility of Mesocylops sp. to insecticides was devised. Matured adults were used for the bioassays. Mesocyclops sp. (25 in number) were placed in 24.9 ml of sterilized paddy field water in 5 cm diameter petri dish and 0.1 ml of appropriate stock solution of the insecticide was added. Mortality was scored 24 h after treatment. Among the insecticides tested, Permethrin, Dichlorvos, Temephos, DDT, Carbendazim, Fenitrothion, Zolone and Aldrin were effective against Mesocyclops sp.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Malathion-specific resistance in Anopheles stephensi from Pakistan.

A strain of Anopheles stephensi from Pakistan (MalR) was 8.7-fold resistant to malathion and 6.7-fold cross-resistant to phenthoate, but not to other carboxylesters; no cross-resistance to bendiocarb, fenitrothion, permethrin and carbaryl was detected. Resistance was not associated with elevated levels of general esterase activity, as determined by hydrolysis of naphth-l-yl acetate (alpha-NA), but was correlated with higher levels of malathion carboxylesterase (MCE) activity in vitro. The results suggest that a highly specific type of esterase mediated resistance, such as MCE, can best be detected by an enzyme specific assay rather than one for general esterase activity. A new, rapid and sensitive assay for mosquito MCE is given.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Studies on wide mesh netting impregnated with insecticides against Culex mosquitoes.

Seven insecticides, fenitrothion, d-phenothrin, fenvalerate, permethrin, cyphenothrin and fenpropathrin, were each impregnated onto wide-mesh netting and bioassayed for insecticidal activity against Culex mosquitoes. After 9 months of aging, cyphenothrin was the most effective chemical. The movement of adult females through untreated nets was recorded. When the size of the opening of the mesh was less than the width of wing expanse, the mosquitoes were found to rest on the netting before they passed through, thus allowing them time to pick up a lethal dose of the insecticide.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Response of the mosquito Culex pipiens molestus in the Amman area of Jordan to certain insecticides.

The response of adult females of the mosquito Culex pipiens molestus to six insecticides was evaluated. Adults were collected from two locations in the Amman area from May to October 1983. The F1 generation was exposed to paper-impregnated insecticides using WHO test kits. At both locations, the most toxic insecticides were permethrin, propoxur and ferpropathrin. Malathion, dieldrin and DDT were far less effective.

Animals↗