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PubMed1983

Diagnosis of early pregnancy by assay of placental proteins.

The plasma concentrations of Schwangerschaftsprotein 1 (SP1) and human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) were measured in 22 women before and after conception. In these pregnancies ovulation occurred spontaneously in seven subjects, or followed treatment with either clomiphene citrate (6 subjects), or human menopausal gonadotrophin (hMG) and hCG (6 subjects). The remaining three patients became pregnant after artificial insemination with donor semen. Seventeen of these pregnancies were normal and five were abnormal (3 abortions, 1 ectopic and 1 twin). SP1 could be detected 6-14 days after ovulation in all these patients. In contrast 40 non-pregnant women gave a negative test for SP1.

Chorionic Gonadotropin↗
PubMed1981

A review of cervical mucus and sperm interactions in humans.

Cervical mucus is an aqueous or gel mixture of fluids, ions and compounds, and cells, primarily produced by the endocervical epithelium. The amount secreted varies with menstrual phase and compositions changes under hormonal influence. Sodium shows the greatest concentration change at ovulation but does not change early enough to be of value in natural family planning practice. Dried mucus has a fern appearance due to NaCl crystals at ovulation. Other substances, less clearly related, are too difficult to analyze or in too low concentration. Soluble proteins, amino acids, and simple sugars show wide fluctuation and probably influence sperm penetration and nutrition. One function of mucus is antimicrobial activity of leukocytes, which decreases at midcycle. Another, sperm transport, is a function of estrogen's effect on mucus rather than ovulation. Sperm concentration in the mucus column is maximal from 15 minutes to 2 hours after vaginal deposition. Rapid penetration into cervical mucus favors sperm survival because of its optimal pH. Infertility may be caused by immunoglobulins or spermagglutinins in cervical mucus. To date, no constituent of cervical mucus has been identified which undergoes an easily detectable change 4 days before ovulation. Several potential methods for use in natural family planning are suggested.

Cervix Mucus↗
PubMed2001

Biosensors in the livestock industry: an automated ovulation prediction system for dairy cows.

Biosensor technology can offer the livestock industry new types of monitoring and measuring devices of which the specificity, sensitivity, reproducibility, speed and ease of use exceed the current technology. Biosensors can be applied to the detection and identification of infectious diseases in livestock, contaminants and toxins in feed, therapeutic drug residues in animal husbandry and oestrus detection. Our team is applying biosensor technology to the livestock industry by developing a fully automated ovulation prediction system for dairy cows. The results from field-tests show that the progesterone biosensor can characterize the ovulation cycles of cows and detect pregnancy.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Breast skin temperature rhythms in relation to ovulation.

Breast skin temperatures have been monitored at 30-min intervals throughout wake-span for the whole or part of the menstrual cycle of women aged 20-37 years using both manual and automatic (chronobra) methods of measurement. Circadian breast skin temperature rhythms have been mathematically characterized and rhythm parameters assessed in relation to the estimated time of ovulation. Data generally indicate that there is a peri-ovulatory rise in breast temperature. Computer simulation and practical experiments, based on changes in the residual sums of squares from target values obtained for days in the cycle prior to ovulation, have indicated that this peri-ovulatory increase in temperature is possibly detectable within 24 h. The use of the chronobra and associated statistics may be of value in signalling the onset of the infertile phase of the menstrual cycle.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Direct assay of urinary steroid glucuronides for monitoring the approach of ovulation.

The concentrations of estrone-3-glucuronide (E(1)3G) and pregnanediol-3-glucuronide (P(2)3G) in daily samples of early morning urine (EMU) were correlated with the levels of estradiol (E2), progesterone (P) and LH in respective plasma samples. Forty-six menstrual cycles were studied, in order to determine the practical usefulness of the urine assays for detecting: a) an individualized estrogen concentration threshold value, announcing the approach of ovulation. b) an individualized signal provided by P(2)3G in urine from which it can be assumed that ovulation has already occurred. The results showed that the concentration of E2 in plasma, in any day of the cycle, can be precisely inferred from the respective concentration of E(1)3G in EMU. The estimation of the plasmatic P values from those of P(2)3G in EMU had to be based on different factors according to the phase of the cycle, fact that suggests the presence of a phase-related variation in the glucuronization of P metabolites. Considering three consecutive E(1)3G urinary assay results, it was possible to identify a threshold value termed Estrogen-Peak Initiating Rise (E-PIR), which anticipated in 3.02 +/- 0.18 days the occurrence of an LH peak. The attempts to detect the occurrence of ovulation by an individualized urinary P(2)3G signal proved disappointing. The signal was detected, either before, simultaneously or after the LH peak.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Spatial and temporal modulation of perfusion in the rat ovary measured by arterial spin labeling MRI.

The hemodynamic changes triggered by luteinizing hormone/human chorionic gonadotropin (LH/hCG) in ovaries of immature pregnant mare serum gonadotropins (PMSG)-primed female Wistar rats were followed by pulsed arterial spin labeling magnetic resonance imaging. Decreased perfusion was monitored in the first 2 hours after administration of hCG followed by a transient significant rise in perfusion. Subsequently, constant ovarian perfusion of 10.9 +/- 4.3 mL min(-1) g(-1) was maintained during the exponential increase in ovarian volume. However, ovarian perfusion was not uniform, and prior to ovulation poorly perfused regions were detected that were assigned to the follicular fluid in preovulatory follicles. This result implied that in the time scale of seconds, corresponding to the T1 relaxation time of water in the follicular fluid, exchange of arterial water with water in the follicular fluid was negligible. Along with the drop in the levels of high-energy phosphate metabolites detected by 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and the shift to glycolytic metabolism, these results support the hypothesis that physiological hypoxia could play a role in large preovulatory follicles as part of the normal ovarian cycle.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Comparison of radioimmunoassay and enzyme-linked immunoassay for the measurement of progestogen in equine plasma and milk.

Milk and plasma samples were obtained every 48 hours from eight pony mares for 40 days after foaling. Progestogen concentrations in milk and plasma were measured using an enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA) and compared with radioimmunoassay of the plasma. In general the three assays showed similar trends in progestogen concentration changes but absolute values varied considerably. Difficulty could occur in interpreting the results from single samples taken at times when progestogen concentrations were either rising (ie, after ovulation) or falling. ELISA could be used on plasma obtained by allowing the erythrocytes to settle for 30 minutes at room temperature or for two days at 4 degrees C.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Risk for ovulation in women taking a low-dose oral contraceptive (Microgynon) when receiving antibacterial treatment with a fluoroquinolone (ofloxacin).

The possibility of escape ovulation in women using a fluoroquinolone ofloxacin for antibacterial treatment at a dose of 200 mg twice daily for 7 days when taking a combined oral contraceptive (Microgynon, 150 micrograms levonorgestrel and 30 micrograms ethinyl estradiol) was studied in 20 women. By using a placebo-controlled, randomized, cross-over design 6 contraceptive pill cycles were followed. Follicle-stimulating hormone and estradiol concentrations were measured on tablet days 5-8, 19-21; progesterone was assayed on days 19-21 during treatment with ofloxacin or placebo. Ultrasonographical investigations for measurements of the number and diameter of ovarian follicles were performed on one of days 5-10, 11-17, 18-24, 25-28. No indications of ovulation during ofloxacin medication were detected. It is concluded that alternative contraceptive precautions should not be needed when ofloxacin is prescribed for patients taking oral contraceptives.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Ultrasound in an in vitro fertilization program.

Ultrasound examinations of the preovulatory follicle were performed on 39 patients in 58 consecutive spontaneous cycles in which ovum aspiration for in vitro fertilization was planned. Examinations during the follicular phase helped to indicate when patients should be admitted for intensive monitoring of urinary luteinizing hormone (LH) levels and as a means of lateralizing the side of follicular development in those patients in whom one ovary was known to be inaccessible to laparoscopic aspiration. The technique was also of value in determining whether ovulation had occurred in those patients in whom the anticipated midcycle LH surge was not detected and as a routine measure prior to laparoscopy to ensure the continuing presence of the follicle.

Female↗
PubMed1982

A simplified method for recording basal body temperature.

The present study was undertaken to evaluate thermocrystalography as a means of simplifying the recording of basal body temperature (BBT) for the purpose of determining the time of ovulation. Accordingly, BBT, as recorded by disposable oral thermocrystal thermometers manufactured for fever detection, was compared with that obtained by a conventional rectal glass thermometer to establish reliability of the method within the normal temperature range. The readings by both methods were comparable, with a nonsignificant difference between 109 readings when analyzed by a paired t test. A biphasic curve was easily discernable in each of the eight cycles monitored. The use of disposal thermocrystal thermometers provides an alternative to the conventional method of BBT determination, which is faster, easier to read, and potentially more acceptable because of its oral use.

Body Temperature↗
PubMed2001

Adverse impact of heat stress on embryo production: causes and strategies for mitigation.

The production of embryos by superovulation is often reduced in periods of heat stress. The associated reduction in the number of transferable embryos is due to reduced superovulatory response, lower fertilization rate, and reduced embryo quality. There are also reports that success of in vitro fertilization procedures is reduced during warm periods of the year. Heat stress can compromise the reproductive events required for embryo production by decreasing expression of estrus behavior, altering follicular development, compromising oocyte competence, and inhibiting embryonic development. While preventing effects of heat stress can be difficult, several strategies exist to improve embryo production during heat stress. Among these strategies are changing animal housing to reduce the magnitude of heat stress, utilization of cows with increased resistance to heat stress (i.e., cows with lower milk yield or from thermally-adapted breeds), and manipulation of physiological and cellular function to overcome deleterious consequences of heat stress. Effects of heat stress on estrus behavior can be mitigated by use of estrus detection aids or utilization of ovulation synchronization treatments to allow timed embryo transfer. There is some evidence that embryonic survival can be improved by antioxidant administration and that pharmacological treatments can be developed that reduce the degree of hyperthermia experienced by cows exposed to heat stress.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Associations between the manipulation of patterns of follicular development and fertility in cattle.

The wave-like patterns of ovarian follicular development in cattle can be manipulated by shortening the luteal phase with prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF), lengthening the period of follicle dominance with progesterone or curtailing follicle development with GnRH or oestradiol as 17beta, benzoate or cypionate. These hormones can also be used to synchronise ovulation allowing timed inseminations without detected oestrus. Progesterone, PGF, GnRH and oestradiol benzoate have each been used to increase conception rates in some situations, but their use has reduced them in others. For example, inseminations made within 96 h of a single injection of PGF administered during the luteal phase were associated with increased conception rates in dairy cows whereas double injection protocols reduced conception rates. The three forms of oestradiol and GnRH have greater effects on follicular development following divergence and dominance than following wave emergence. This can mean that follicles of differing maturity will be present about 7 days later and can result in varied intervals to the onset of oestrus following a PGF injection. The consequent variation in ovulation time can be reduced by injecting GnRH or an oestradiol during pro-oestrus. This means that some less mature follicles will ovulate, forming corpus luteum (CL) associated with a slower rise in plasma progesterone and lower mid-luteal concentrations. The lower conception rates recorded with single timed inseminations with synchronised ovulations have been associated with increased prevalences of short cycles in lactating dairy cows (with GnRH), with long luteal phases in cows and heifers (with oestradiol benzoate) and with embryo loss following positive pregnancy diagnosis (as with Ovsynch in lactating Holstein cows). Extensive Canadian studies have demonstrated that these same hormones can be successfully used without these limitations and reliably obtaining conception rates over 50% and up to 70% in beef cattle that have been supplemented with a progestin during the period of ovarian follicle synchronisation. The inherently lower fertility of Holstein cows during early lactation may be contributing to the reduced effectiveness of hormonal treatments for synchronised follicle development and ovulation. The role of reduced dose rates of GnRH in compromising this effectiveness needs to be determined if the potential of these treatments realised with beef cattle is to be achieved with lactating Holstein cows.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Effect of addition of a progesterone intravaginal insert to a timed insemination protocol using estradiol cypionate on ovulation rate, pregnancy rate, and late embryonic loss in lactating dairy cows.

The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of incorporating a progesterone intravaginal insert (CIDR) between the day of GnRH and PGF2alpha treatments of a timed AI protocol using estradiol cypionate (ECP) to synchronize ovulation on display of estrus, ovulation rate, pregnancy rate, and late embryonic loss in lactating cows. Holstein cows, 227 from Site 1 and 458 from Site 2, were presynchronized with two injections of PGF2alpha on study d 0 and 14, and subjected to a timed AI protocol (100 mixrog of GnRH on study d 28, 25 mg of PGF2alpha on study d 35, 1 mg of ECP on study d 36, and timed AI on study d 38) with or without a CIDR insert. Blood was collected on study d 14 and 28 for progesterone measurements to determine cyclicity. Ovaries were scanned on d 35, 37, and 42, and pregnancy diagnosed on d 65 and 79, which corresponded to 27 and 41 d after AI. Cows receiving a CIDR had similar rates of detected estrus (77.2 vs. 73.8%), ovulation (85.6 vs. 86.6%), and pregnancy at 27 (35.8 vs. 38.8%) and 41 d (29.3 vs. 32.3%) after AI, and late embryonic loss between 27 and 41 d after AI (18.3 vs. 16.8%) compared with control cows. The CIDR eliminated cows in estrus before the last PGF2alpha injection and decreased (P < 0.001) the proportion of cows bearing a corpus luteum (CL) at the last PGF2alpha injection because of less ovulation in response to the GnRH and greater spontaneous CL regression. Cyclic cows had greater (P = 0.03) pregnancy rates than anovulatory cows at 41 d after AI (33.8 vs. 20.4%) because of decreased (P = 0.06) late embryonic loss (16.0 vs. 30.3%). The ovulatory follicle was larger (P < 0.001) in cows in estrus, and a greater proportion of cows with follicles > or = 15 mm displayed estrus (P < 0.001) and ovulated (P = 0.05) compared with cows with follicles <15 mm. Pregnancy rates were greater (P < 0.001) for cows displaying estrus, which were related to the greater (P < 0.001) ovulation rate and decreased (P = 0.08) late embryonic loss for cows in estrus at AI. Cows that were cyclic and responded to the presynchronization protocol (high progesterone at GnRH and CL at PGF2alpha) had the highest pregnancy rates. Incorporation of a CIDR insert into a presynchronized timed AI protocol using ECP to induce estrus and ovulation did not improve pregnancy rates in lactating dairy cows. Improvements in pregnancy rates in cows treated with ECP to induce ovulation in a timed AI protocol are expected when more cows display estrus, thereby increasing ovulation rate.

Abortion, Veterinary↗
PubMed1990

Development of dominant follicles and length of ovarian cycles in post-partum dairy cows.

The resumption of ovarian activity after normal calvings was studied in 18 lactating Friesian cows. Since, in 17 cows, first post-partum ovulation occurred without overt oestrous behaviour being detected, the resultant cycles were called 'ovarian cycles'. The mean (+/- s.d.) length of the ovarian cycles was 21.0 +/- 8.7 days. The duration of cycles tended to be normal (18-24 days) or long (greater than or equal to 25 days) when the ovulatory dominant follicles were identified before Day 10 post partum; they were consistently short (9-13 days) when dominant follicles identified after Day 20 post partum ovulated. When such follicles were detected between Days 10 and 20 post partum, long, normal and short ovarian cycles were detected. The number of waves of follicular growth with associated dominant follicles observed during the ovarian cycles tended to be related to cycle length; short cycles had 1 dominant follicle, normal cycles predominantly 2, and long cycles mostly 3 dominant follicles. The mean (+/- s.d.) duration of 13 oestrous cycles studied was 23.1 +/- 2.1 days. Of these cycles, 7 had 3 and 6 had 2 dominant follicles. The oestrous cycles with 3 dominant follicles had a mean (+/- s.d.) duration of 24.0 +/- 1.2 days and the respective dominant non-ovulatory follicles reached maximum sizes on Days 8 and 18, respectively; oestrous cycles with 2 dominant follicles were 22.2 +/- 2.6 days in duration, and the dominant non-ovulatory follicle reached maximum size by Day 8. Ovarian follicular development during the first 45 days of pregnancy was characterized by the growth and regression of successive dominant follicles, each lasting 10-12 days. These results show that the first ovarian cycle was predominantly short when the ovulatory dominant follicle was first detected after Day 20 post partum.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Matrix metalloproteinase-2 and -9 secretion by the equine ovary during follicular growth and prior to ovulation.

Profound hormonally controlled tissue remodelling occurs in the equine ovary for follicle growth and development, and also for the alteration in follicle shape directed towards the ovulation fossa, the site where ovulation occurs. The aim of this study was to examine the spatial and temporal regulation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-2 and MMP-9, important enzymes in tissue remodelling, during follicle growth, and ovulation. Using gelatin substrate zymography, we measured these MMPs in follicular fluid of large anovulatory follicles collected during spring transition, early dominant follicles (> 23 mm), and at oestrus in follicles approximately 3 days prior to ovulation, and post-hCG treatment when ovulation was predicted in approximately 4 h. The most abundant activity detected in follicular fluid was MMP-2, although there were no changes in secretion or activation in association with ovulation. The activity of MMP-9 was detected in lower amounts, with no changes prior to ovulation, although it decreased significantly (P < 0.05) post-hCG treatment. At oestrus, when different regions of the ovary were maintained in explant culture for 24 h, there were no significant changes in either MMP-2 or MMP-9 secretion by stromal tissues collected at the ovarian fossa, adjacent to the preovulatory follicle but away from the fossa, and a further site remote from the preovulatory follicle. Over this same time period, follicular progesterone (P < 0.01) and oestradiol (P < 0.05) increased significantly, although oestradiol tended to decrease after hCG administration. These findings indicate that MMP-2 and MMP-9 are not key acute regulators for the changes in follicle shape immediately prior to ovulation.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Duration of oestrus and time of ovulation in mares treated with synthetic Gn-RH (AY-24,031).

Synthetic Gn-RH, administered during oestrus, stimulates the release of pituitary LH in the cyclic mare. Duration of oestrus was significantly reduced by 1 mg Gn-RH given on Day 2 of oestrus; the time of ovulation, measured in days from the onset of oestrus, also tended to be reduced. An injection of 2 mg Gn-RH had nor further effect, but daily injections from Day 2 until ovulation significantly shortened the duration of oestrus and the time to ovulation. The profiles of LH were found to be variable from mare to mare, but in all mares, treated and control, elevation of LH was detected close to the time of ovulation.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

[Examination of the ovarian activity of mares using progesterone profiles].

By means of clinical and analytical procedures (enzyme immuno assay for progesterone with microtiterplate method) the ovarian activity from 27 mares was tested over a period of several weeks. The measurement of the progesterone level to determine the time of ovulation was proved as suitable in the period of 1-2 days after ovulation. In normocyclic mares (n = 17) a different development of the progesterone profile was detected, so that an insufficient development of the corpus luteum (35%) could be considered. By means of continuous measurement of progesterone (> or = 30 days) six of ten mares with aberrations in estrous cycle were considered carrying a persistent corpus luteum. Four of them showed a complete inactivity of the ovaries. The clinical importance of the determination of progesterone levels as a mean of routine diagnostic in mares with gynaecological problems is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

The time of ovulation in relation to estrus duration in gilts.

The objective of this study was to determine time of ovulation, monitored by transcutaneous ultrasonography, relative to the duration of estrus in gilts. We exposed 92 cyclic gilts, Camborough x Canabrid terminal line, at Day 19 of their third estrous cycle to vasectomized boars every 6 h for the detection estrus. Transcutaneous ultrasonography was performed every 6 h, starting 24 h after the onset estrus, to determine time of ovulation. Estrus duration was, on average, 52.6 h (range: 30 to 72 h), and ovulation occurred between 30 and 60 h after the onset of estrus (mean: 44 h), about 85 % of the way through the estrus period. The time of ovulation during estrus was dependent on the duration of estrus (Time of ovulation = (duration of estrus) x 0.409 + 22.7; r = 0.57, P = 0.0001). Prediction of the time of ovulation in relation to duration of estrus is important for determining the optimal time for inseminating gilts. This knowledge would contribute to an improvement in the fertilization rate and in reproductive efficiency of the breeding herd.

Animals↗