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At least 1,315 records · Page 73Linked to original sources
PubMed1987

Effects of behavioral self-management on oral hygiene adherence among orthodontic patients.

Twenty-nine new orthodontic patients and 30 experienced orthodontic patients received either behavioral self-management of toothbrushing and mouth rinsing or an experimental regimen that consisted of prompting by the orthodontist to brush and rinse regularly plus instructions to turn in home care materials during orthodontic visits. Several sets of data showed uniformly high rates of brushing and rinsing among all four groups of subjects. Several data sets also showed significant improvements in oral health status among all four groups. Substantive and methodologic directions for future research are delineated.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Tensile bond strengths of orthodontic bonding resins and attachments to etched enamel.

The purpose of this in vitro study was to determine the tensile bond strengths (TBS) of several orthodontic bonding systems and orthodontic brackets to enamel surfaces exposed to different etching procedures. The TBS of four bonding systems were determined by a test method developed by Kemper and Kilian. Twelve test specimens were prepared for each procedure. The test system was modified to determine the TBS of orthodontic brackets bonded to enamel surfaces by six bonding procedures and the TBS were evaluated 15 minutes and 24 hours after specimen preparation. The specimens were loaded to failure in an Instron machine operated at a crosshead speed of 0.02 inch/min. The TBS were expressed in MN.m-2. The TBS of the four bonding systems to etched enamel were not significantly different (P = 0.2528). The TBS of bonded brackets determined 24 hours after specimen preparation were not significantly different than the TBS recorded after 15 minutes except for brackets bonded with Lee Cleanse and Bond I to enamel surfaces etched with 15% H3PO4 for 30 seconds. The TBS of brackets to enamel etched with 15% H3PO4 for 30 seconds were not significantly different from the TBS to enamel surfaces etched with 5% H3PO4 for 15 seconds except for brackets bonded with Lee Cleanse and Bond II and tested 24 hours after bonding.

Acid Etching, Dental↗
PubMed1987

A new orthodontic force system of magnetic brackets.

Tooth movement in orthodontic treatment is achieved by a combination of mechanical and physiologic forces acting on the teeth and their supporting structures to effect the biologic changes that cause teeth to move through bone. Traditional orthodontic appliances using wires, springs, and elastic forces inevitably cause some degree of discomfort and pain. In the present study, a new magnetized edgewise bracket was designed. The magnet works to move teeth mesiodistally and is not merely a mechanical force. It is well adapted to the biophysical system of tooth and bone interrelationships. Therefore, it works effectively, gives less discomfort, and produces less stress for the patient. The new magnetic appliance provides a force system that approaches the ideal orthodontic requirements.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

The prevalence of orthodontic extractions.

The controversy regarding extractions for orthodontic treatment continues and today is invoked by some as a feature of the "standard of care." For this and other reasons, it is necessary to have contemporary data on the general prevalence of orthodontic extractions and the interpractice range of extraction rates in current specialty practice and, if possible, also to establish possible reasons for, and consequences of, the extraction versus nonextraction decision. Although all treatment decisions are made on a case-by-case basis, practitioners appear to have personal preferences for or against extractions and hence adopt policies with different degrees of aversion to or bias toward extraction therapy. A number of factors enter into the extraction decision. These include features of the malocclusion, objectives of treatment, and the technique selected to accomplish desired results. The present study does not address such issues but merely serves to provide epidemiologic data to estimate extraction frequency in contemporary orthodontic practice. Accordingly, a telephone survey of all licensed orthodontists in Michigan was conducted to determine their subjective estimates of extraction rates for patients in their practices. There were 238 respondents, for a response rate of 90.2%. Reported rates range from 5% to 87%. We then selected five practices from the extremes of the reported extraction rates. Three practices from the high end and two from the low end were included for an examination of patient records. Records of a total of 438 patient whose treatment had been completed were reviewed. The actual extraction rates for these practices ranged from 25% to 85%, which differed considerably from the clinicians' subjective estimates.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Evaluation Studies as Topic↗
PubMed1989

Oral hygiene program for orthodontic patients.

The gingival and periodontal health of 62 adolescent orthodontic patients was assessed before and again after orthodontic treatment in a controlled clinical study. Before the commencement of orthodontic treatment, the experimental group received an oral hygiene program consisting of 4 weekly sessions of oral health education, instruction on plaque-control techniques and reviews in plaque removal performance. The control group did not receive this program. It was found that there was a general trend in the study population for improved gingival health as measured by the bleeding index, gingival index, plaque index and gingival crevicular fluid volume. Furthermore, the oral hygiene program induced in the experimental group significantly lower scores in the measured clinical indices compared to the control group. However, no significant difference was noted in the measured probing depths in all subjects before or after the study period.

Dental Plaque↗
PubMed1991

Evaluation of the sealant in orthodontic bonding.

In the two-paste self-polymerizing orthodontic bonding systems, sealants are routinely used to protect enamel, to decrease marginal leakage, to enhance bond strength, and to increase interfacial permeability for the etched enamel, the bonding resin, and the bracket base. However, some studies have questioned the need for the sealant. Bond strengths with and without sealants in orthodontic bonding were compared in this study. The results indicated no statistical differences between the tensile bond strengths of the two evaluated groups. The distributions of debonding interface between groups were similar and also had no statistical difference. This study therefore indicated that use of the sealant in the two-paste orthodontic bonding system for enhanced strength is unnecessary. However, the use of a sealant may offer extra protection to the enamel during debonding procedures.

Acrylic Resins↗
PubMed1991

Consistency of orthodontic treatment decisions relative to diagnostic records.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate how incremental information obtained from different types of diagnostic records contributes to the determination of orthodontic treatment decisions. Pretreatment records of 57 orthodontic patients were assessed by five orthodontists who were part-time faculty members and also in private practice. This sample consisted of dental school orthodontic patients who had Class II malocclusions and included patients at three different dental developmental stages. The following diagnostic records were used: study models (S), facial photographs (F), a panoramic radiograph (P), a lateral cephalogram (C), and its tracing (T). Five combinations of diagnostic records were presented to the orthodontists in the following sequence: (1) S; (2) S + F; (3) S + F + P; (4) S + F + P + C; and (5) S + F + P + C + T. The simultaneous interpretation of all diagnostic records (S + F + P + C + T) was used as the "diagnostic standard." There was a diagnostic standard for each of the patients and for each of the orthodontists. The diagnostic standard was achieved: (1) S = 54.9%, (2) S + F = 54.2%, (3) S + F + P = 60.9%, and (4) S + F + P + C = 59.9%. Thus, in a majority of cases (55%), study models alone provided adequate information for treatment planning, and incremental addition of information from other types of diagnostic records made small differences.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

The effect of orthodontic treatment on plaque and gingivitis.

The aim of the present investigation was to evaluate the relationship between the receipt of orthodontic treatment and subsequent periodontal health. Data from 417 children who were classified at baseline as having significant occlusal variations and who were present at the follow-up examination 3 years later were selected from an original cohort of 1015. One hundred fourteen of these children received orthodontic treatment over this time period and provided two groups of children for comparison in this study. Plaque indices, bleeding indices, and degree of dental irregularity were recorded for each incisor and canine tooth. There were significant reductions in the plaque and gingivitis scores on all tooth surfaces between the baseline and 3-year examination in the two groups of children. The children who had received orthodontic treatment had the greater reduction, but this appeared to be more related to behavioral factors than to improved tooth alignment.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

The effect of corticosteroid-induced osteoporosis on orthodontic tooth movement.

The purpose of this research was to study the effect of corticosteroid-induced osteoporosis on orthodontic tooth movement and relapse. Sixteen 3-month-old New Zealand white rabbits were divided into four equal groups, two treatment and two control. All treatment rabbits were administered daily injections of 15 mg/kg cortisone acetate for 4 days before and during the experimental period. An orthodontic appliance delivering a mesial force of 4 ounces was placed on the maxillary left first molar of all animals. For all groups, measurements of active tooth movement were made after 4, 7, 11, and 14 days. For two of the groups, appliances were removed on day 14, and additional measurements of relapse were made through day 21. With the use of radiodensitometric readings of the humerus bone and histology of the maxilla, osteoporosis was demonstrated in the treatment animals. Mean incremental and cumulative active tooth movement was three to four times greater (p < 0.0001) in the treatment rabbits than in the controls. The treatment group in which relapse was measured demonstrated 100% relapse on day 18, whereas the control group relapsed at a much lesser rate through day 21 and never achieved 100% relapse. Histologic findings appeared to support tooth movement results. In conclusion, the results of this study indicate that rabbits subjected to corticosteroid-induced osteoporosis undergo significantly more rapid orthodontic tooth movement and subsequent relapse than control animals.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed1992

Longitudinal study of signs of temporomandibular disorders (TMD) in orthodontically treated and nontreated groups.

This study measured the prevalence and incidence of signs of temporomandibular (TM) disorders in both a group undergoing orthodontic treatment in the University of Florida graduate orthodontic program and a control group. A questionnaire pertaining to the patients' reports of signs and symptoms of TM disorder and a clinical examination were administered by a trained dental examiner. Data collection sessions occurred at baseline (before treatment) and at 12-month intervals to 24 months. Data were also collected for the control group at the same time intervals. There were 102 patients (43 boys, 59 girls) mean age 15.3 years. An untreated control group of 41 nonorthodontically treated subjects mean age 16.2 years was used. The incidence of TM signs for the treatment group and control group were not significantly different. Preliminary results are in agreement with the contention that orthodontically treated patients are not more likely to develop TM signs while undergoing treatment. Results underscore the changing, inconstant, and ephemeral nature of TM signs in many persons over the course of time.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Pulpal response to orthodontic tooth movement in adolescents: a radiographic study.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of routine orthodontic treatment on the pulp and periodontal ligament. In a group of adolescent patients who were treated consecutively, radiographs were taken before orthodontic intervention, at the end of retention, and approximately 5 years out of retention. These were compared with radiographs taken at comparable time intervals of a group of patients who had not received orthodontic treatment. Damage to the pulp and the periodontal ligament similar to that seen after traumatic injury was observed only occasionally. A narrowing of the pulp canal was observed from before to after appliance therapy and during the follow-up period in the experimental group. A narrowing of the pulp canal was also seen in the untreated group. Thus this narrowing was interpreted as a normal aging process.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Reducing white spot lesions in orthodontic populations with fluoride rinsing.

A clinical study was conducted to determine if rinsing frequency with a neutral 0.05% sodium fluoride rinse influenced white spot lesion formation associated with orthodontic brackets. Patients from two private orthodontic practices participated. Each received home-care instructions and were told to use 10 ml of sodium fluoride rinse daily before bedtime. The rinse was supplied free of charge to determine if this affected compliance with its prescribed use. Compliance was measured by recording the number of bottles used by each patient. As assessment of oral hygiene status was conducted, and at the time of debonding, white spot lesions were recorded. Only 13% of the 206 participants fully complied with the rinse protocol; 42% of the subjects used 10 ml approximately every other day; and 45% used the rinse less frequently. A significant dose response relationship was noted in which those who rinsed at least once every other day had fewer lesions (21%) than those who rinsed less frequently (49%). It was concluded that a significant reduction in enamel white spot lesions can be achieved during orthodontic therapy through the use of a 10 ml neutral sodium fluoride rinse. The more closely patients complied with the prescribed use, the more likely they could expect a decrease in the occurrence of lesions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Orthodontic bracket removal using conventional and ultrasonic debonding techniques, enamel loss, and time requirements.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of ultrasonic orthodontic bracket removal and cleanup and compare them with conventional debonding and cleaning of the enamel surfaces with burs and polishing disks. The amount of enamel loss and time for bracket removal and clean-up were also addressed. Thirty extracted human premolars were collected. The teeth were randomly placed in one of the three debonding groups: debonding with orthodontic pliers and enamel clean-up with finishing burs and polishing disks (group 1), debonding with orthodontic pliers and ultrasonic clean-up of the enamel surface (group 2), and ultrasonic debonding enamel clean-up (group 3). The teeth were stored for 48 hours in 100% humidity before bracket removal. All brackets were then removed. Polyvinyl siloxane impressions were made before and after bracket removal. Direct measurements of the teeth in micrometers were made at all steps. An additional 30 teeth were similarly prepared, and the brackets were debonded and cleaned-up as in the three groups previously described. The total time for bracket removal and enamel clean-up for each group was recorded in seconds.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1993

Analysis of stress-strain curves in the rat molar periodontal ligament after application of orthodontic force.

Previous studies have shown that the mechanical strength of the periodontal ligament decreased markedly after application of an orthodontic force to the rat molars. However, an analysis of stress-strain curves obtained from transverse sections of the rat molars has not been made. The present study analyzed the stress-strain curves obtained from the mesial root of the rat mandibular first molar to evaluate the changes of the mechanical properties of the ligament after application of an orthodontic force. An elastic band was inserted between the mandibular first and second molars for 7 days. The maximum shear stress, elastic stiffness, and failure strain energy density were significantly less in the experimental group than in the control group, but the maximum strain was significantly greater. Histologic examinations of the transverse section after mechanical testing showed that the area of the ligament adhering to the mesial surface (compression side) of the socket bone was significantly less in the experimental group. It is suggested that orthodontic forces may cause changes in the constitution of the periodontal collagen, in osteoclastic activity in alveolar bone, and in mineralization patterns of Sharpey's fibers followed by reductions of the mechanical strength of the ligament, particularly on the compression side of alveolar bone.

Alveolar Process↗
PubMed1993

Tensile bond strength of orthodontic brackets bonded with a fluoride-releasing light-curing adhesive. An in vitro comparative study.

A light-curing, fluoride-releasing adhesive (VP 862, Vivadent, Liechtenstein) for bonding of brackets has been produced for inhibition of white spot lesions during orthodontic treatment. The tensile bond strength after 24 hours and 6 months was investigated and compared with two other light-curing adhesives (Transbond, 3M Corp., Monrovia, Calif., and Heliosit-Orthodontic, Vivadent, Liechtenstein) and two chemical-curing adhesives (Concise, 3M, Monrovia Calif., and Saga Bond, Saga Orthodontics, Kongsvinger, Norway). All adhesives produced adequate strength to be recommended for clinical use. The light-curing adhesives produced slightly lower bond strengths after 24 hours and 6 months, except Transbond, which showed an increase in bond strength in this period approaching the two chemical adhesives.

Adhesives↗
PubMed1993

Biodegradation of orthodontic appliances. Part I. Biodegradation of nickel and chromium in vitro.

The purpose of this study is to compare in vitro the corrosion rate of a standard orthodontic appliance consisting of bands, brackets and either stainless steel or nickel-titanium arch wires. The corrosion products analyzed were nickel and chromium. Evaluation was conducted with the appliances immersed for 4 weeks in a prepared artificial saliva medium at 37 degrees C. Ten identical sets were used, each simulating a complete orthodontic appliance used on a maxillary arch with a full complement of teeth. Five sets were ligated to stainless steel arch wires, and the other five sets were ligated to nickel-titanium arch wires. Nickel and chromium release was quantified with the use of a flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The analysis of variance was used to determine if differences existed between the nickel and chromium release according to arch wire type, as well as with time (days 1, 7, 14, 21, and 28). The results indicate that (1) orthodontic appliances release measurable amounts of nickel and chromium when placed in an artificial saliva medium. (2) The nickel release reaches a maximum after approximately 1 week, then the rate of release diminishes with time. On the other hand, chromium release increases during the first 2 weeks and levels off during the subsequent 2 weeks. (3) The release rates of nickel or chromium from stainless steel and nickel-titanium arch wires are not significantly different. (4) For both arch wire types, the release for nickel averaged 37 times greater than that for chromium. How much of these corrosive products are actually absorbed by patients still needs to be determined.

Alloys↗
PubMed2004

Effect of fluoride varnish on the in vitro bond strength of orthodontic brackets using a self-etching primer system.

To reduce the number of steps involved with bonding procedures, manufacturers have simplified adhesive systems by combining the hydrophilic primer and the adhesive, or by combining the etchant, the primer, and the adhesive into 1 bottle and application. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between the shear bond strength of orthodontic brackets to enamel, with or without fluoride varnish, by using either conventional or self-etching primer systems. Forty-eight extracted teeth were divided into 4 groups of 12 teeth each: group 1, fluoride varnish, conventional adhesive; group 2, fluoride varnish, self-etching primer system; group 3, no fluoride varnish, conventional adhesive; and group 4, no fluoride varnish, self-etching primer system. The bonding procedure followed the manufacturers' recommendations for the materials. Precoated adhesive orthodontic brackets were light-cured to the facial surfaces of the teeth and stored in whole human saliva at 37 degrees C for 24 hours. The specimens were subjected to a shear force in a testing machine until failure. The adhesive remnant index was used to score the teeth. Data were analyzed with a 2-way analysis of variance to test for differences in shear bond strength with respect to fluoride varnish and type of adhesive system used. The results showed no difference in bond strength among any of the experimental groups. Similarly, chi-square analysis determined that adhesive remnant index scores were not statistically different. The application of fluoride varnish does not affect the bond strength of orthodontic brackets to enamel with conventional or self-etching primer systems.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2004

Shear bond strength of orthodontic brackets bonded with light-emitting diode curing units at various polymerization times.

Light emitting diode (LED) light-curing units have recently been used to polymerize resin-based orthodontic adhesives, and preliminary studies indicate their use has been successful. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between the shear bond strength of orthodontic brackets bonded to enamel and the duration of photopolymerization with LEDs and conventional quartz-tungsten-halogen light-curing units. Three LED light-curing units (GC e-light, GC America, Alsip, Ill; Elipar FreeLight, 3M ESPE Dental Products, St Paul, Minn; and UltraLume LED 2, Ultradent Products, South Jordan, Utah) and 1 halogen-based light-curing unit (Ortholux XT, 3M Unitek, Monrovia, Calif) were evaluated. Two hundred forty metal orthodontic brackets were bonded to extracted molars. Specimens were divided into 12 groups of 20 teeth each. Each group was cured with a different light-curing unit for 40, 20, or 10 seconds. The specimens were stored in water at 37 degrees C for 24 hours and then subjected to a shear force with a universal testing machine until bracket failure. Two-way ANOVA detected significantly weaker mean shear bond strength with the GC e-light at 10 and 40 seconds (P<.001) and higher mean shear bond strength for the UltraLume LED 2 at 40 seconds (P<.001). All experimental groups had laboratory mean shear bond strengths greater than 8 MPa, even with a 10-second cure.

Analysis of Variance↗