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PubMed1986

Nucleotide sequence of the gene encoding the Newcastle disease virus fusion protein and comparisons of paramyxovirus fusion protein sequences.

The nucleotide sequence of cloned cDNA copies of the mRNA encoding the Newcastle disease virus fusion protein was determined. A single open reading frame in the sequence encodes a hydrophobic protein of 553 amino acids with a calculated molecular weight of 58 978. The previously determined protein sequence of the amino terminus of the F1 (Richardson, G.D. et al. (1980) Virology 105, 205-222) was located within the predicted protein sequence. The predicted protein sequence contains a hydrophobic stretch of 29 amino acids near the carboxy terminal end and likely represents the membrane spanning region of the protein. The F2 portion of the sequence contains one glycosylation site while F1 contains four which are potentially used. The predicted sequence contains 13 cysteine residues. Comparison of the NDV fusion protein sequence with three other paramyxovirus fusion protein sequences reveals little homology common to all four viruses except for the amino terminus of the F1 proteins. However, the positions of the cysteine residues within the sequence are conserved, particularly among the members of the paramyxovirus subgroup, suggesting the importance of disulfide bond formation in the conformation of paramyxovirus fusion proteins.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2005

[Induction of apoptosis in human hepatoma cell line SMMC7721 by Newcastle disease virus HN gene].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the mechanisms of apoptosis induced in human hepatoma cell line SMMC7721 by plasmid pVHN constructed with Newcastle disease virus (NDV) HN gene. METHODS: Twenty-four h after transfection with liposome-plasmid pVHN complexes in vitro, the mortality rate of SMMC7721 cells was determined by MTT staining and flow cytometry (FCM) with PI staining. The alteration of mitochondrial trans-membrane potential of the cells was detected by FCM with rhodamine 123 staining. Cell genomic DNA was detected by agarose electrophoresis. The activation of caspase-3 was assayed by its substrate color reaction. RESULTS: Significant apoptosis was induced by transfection with plasmid pVHN into the cells for 24 h and the mortality rate was 50.0% (the mortality rate of control group was 5.2%). Genomic DNA was fragmented and mitochondrial trans-membrane potential was decreased, but caspase-3 activity increased. CONCLUSION: Significant apoptosis in SMMC7721 cells can be induced by NDV HN gene. Apoptosis may be resulted from the decrease of mitochondrial trans-membrane potential and activation of Caspase-3.

Apoptosis↗
PubMed1997

Antigenic epitope characterization of matrix protein of Newcastle disease virus using monoclonal antibody approach: contrasting variability amongst NDV strains.

A panel of 15 monoclonal antibodies (MABs) against matrix (M) protein of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) was obtained and the specificity towards the M protein was proven by radioimmunoprecipitation assay and antigen capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Further studies were directed to antigenic epitope mapping of the M protein by means of this panel. The epitope characterization was performed by competitive antibody-binding assay by means of labelling each MAB with biotin [3]. At least three clear non-overlapping and two partially overlapping groups were determined, each including four, one, eight, one, and one MAB, respectively. All the above MABs appeared to be induced by structural epitopes formed in conditions of tertiary structure of the native M antigen. Twelve reference and 51 recently isolated local NDV strains have been studied by means of this MAB panel, several lineages having been revealed. The high stability of some epitopes and different variability of the others was demonstrated. No correlation between the above lineages and some other properties of the studied NDV strains (host specificity, date and place of isolation) has been found.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Heterogeneity of interferon mRNA species from Sendai virus-induced human lymphoblastoid (Namalva) cells and Newcastle disease virus-induced murine fibroblastoid (L) cells.

Cytoplasmic polyadenylated RNA preparations obtained from Sendai-induced human lymphoblastoid (Namalva) cells and from Newcastle disease virus (NDV)-induced murine (L) cells were denatured in 10-12.5 mM CH3HgOH and then electrophoresed in 2% agarose tube gels containing 10 mM CH3HgOH, the RNA eluted from gel slices and translationally active interferon mRNA species located using the Xenopus oocyte assay. The interferons synthesized were characterized as alpha or beta types based on neutralization tests using specific antisera against human or murine interferon-alpha and interferon-beta. At least two species of mRNA for human interferon-alpha and two for human interferon-beta were detected in RNA from Sendai-induced Namalva cells. These are (approximate mRNA length in parentheses) alpha (1.3 kb), alpha (1.9 kb), beta (1.1 kb) and beta (1.9 kb). Two populations of murine interferon mRNA of lengths approximately 1.4 kb and 3 kb were detected in mRNA preparations from NDV-induced L cells by electrophoresis. However, since the translation products of each of these two populations of mRNA consist of both murine interferon-alpha and murine interferon-beta it is likely that both the 1.4 kb and 3 kb populations contain at least one species each of murine interferon-alpha and murine interferon-beta mRNA.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Effect of vitamin A deficiency and Newcastle disease virus infection on IgA and IgM secretion in chickens.

The effect of vitamin A deficiency or the lentogenic La Sota strain of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) infection, or both, on immunoglobulin (IgA and IgM) levels in bile and plasma were investigated. In addition, tissue distribution of IgA-, IgG- and IgM-containing cells was studied to establish the source of these Ig. Chickens (1-d-old) with limited vitamin A reserves were fed ad lib. on diets containing either marginal or adequate levels of vitamin A. At 4 weeks of age, half the chickens in each group were infected with NDV. The number of IgA- and IgM-containing cells was not significantly affected by vitamin A deficiency, demonstrating that neither class-switching nor homing of Ig-containing cells is influenced by vitamin A deficiency. Although bile IgM levels were not significantly different in vitamin A-deficient chickens compared with normal chickens, IgA levels were significantly lower. This decrease was even more pronounced in deficient NDV-infected chickens, despite the higher number of IgA-containing cells found in these birds. These results, together with the slightly increased levels of IgA in plasma of vitamin A-deficient chickens, suggest that the hepatobiliary transport of IgA is impaired by vitamin A deficiency and possibly also by NDV infection, although disturbed secretion by IgA-containing cells cannot be excluded.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Interferon induction with Newcastle disease virus in FS-4 cells: effect of priming with interferon and of virus inactivating treatments.

Inoculation of human FS-4 cells with Newcastle disease virus (NDV) resulted in the induction of two distinct interferon responses, one that peaked at about 5 hr (early response) and one that reached a maximum between 10 to 24 hr after inoculation (second response). The early interferon response was enhanced by previous treatment of the cells with interferon (priming), whereas the second response decreased after interferon treatment in a dose-dependent manner. The early response diminished with decreasing multiplicities of infection, the magnitude of the second response in unprimed cells was relatively independent of the dose of NDV employed. The early interferon response was sensitive to inhibition by actinomycin D for only 1 hr after inoculation. In marked contrast, the second response remained sensitive to inhibition by actinomycin D until 12 hr after inoculation. The ability of NDV to induce the second response was greatly diminished by irradiation of the virus with ultraviolet light or by its treatment with hydroxylamine, whereas the ability to stimulate the early response was relatively resistant to these virus-inactivating treatments. Treatment of NDV with hydroxylamine abolished the virus to induce the second response at the same rate as it destroyed infectivity. The results suggest the existence of at least two distinct mechanisms of interferon induction by NDV; the early response is triggered either by a virion component or by a product of primary transcription, whereas induction of the second response requires the expression of some functions of the virus not needed for triggering the early response.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A comparison of Newcastle disease hemagglutination-inhibition test results from diagnostic laboratories in the southeastern United States.

A two-phase comparison was conducted using the Newcastle disease hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) test to determine the variation of serologic results from poultry diagnostic laboratories in the southeastern United States. In the first phase of the comparison, most of the 17 participating laboratories in 10 states found the coded negative sera to be negative, and most found the potent sera to have the highest titers. However, there was a wide range of geometric mean titers (GMT's), from 2 to greater than or equal to 113 for the same serum samples. Each laboratory was strikingly consistent at reporting unknown but identical triplicate serum samples to have the same titer, even though the titers were frequently quite different from those of other laboratories. This observation indicated that currently used procedures yielded good reproducibility within individual laboratories but not necessarily between laboratories. In the second phase of the comparison, participants were furnished another set of coded sera, antigen, and a suggested incubation time. The implementation of the recommended incubation period reduced the extent of the lab-to-lab differences, but GMT's between labs still ranged from 11 to 95 on identical serum samples. When all laboratories used the same antigen, the average of the GMT results increased from 38 to 48, but the GMT's from the different laboratories ranged from 7 to more than 2048. Although the comparison exercise resulted in some improvement in uniformity, it was obvious that a continuing voluntary program should be initiated to certify laboratories and promote uniform test methods for specific serologic procedures using coded sera.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Identification of amino acid residues important to the neuraminidase activity of the HN glycoprotein of Newcastle disease virus.

Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) to three overlapping antigenic sites (designated 12, 2, and 23) on the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase glycoprotein (HN) of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) were previously shown to inhibit neuraminidase activity (NA) on neuraminlactose (R. M. Iorio and M. A. Bratt, 1984a, J. Immunol. 133, 2215-2219; R. M. Iorio et al., 1989, Virus Res. 13, 245-262). However, a competitive inhibitor of NA blocks the binding of only MAbs to site 23, suggesting that the domain they recognize may be closely related to the NA site. Antigenic variants selected with site 23 MAbs have single amino acid substitutions at HN residues 192, 193, or 200. Virions of variants, which have a substitution at residue 193 or 200, have alterations in NA which are not attributable to a commensurate change in HN content. A revertant of a temperature-sensitive mutant, which has markedly diminished NA relative to the wild type, has an amino acid substitution at residue 175. A second step revertant having partially restored NA has an additional substitution at residue 192 identical to that in one of the site 23 variants, which, in turn, also makes the revertant resistant to neutralization by site 23 MAbs. Thus, an amino acid substitution at residue 175, 193, or 200 of the HN of NDV can have marked effects on the NA of the protein. The amino acids in the region around residue 175 are highly conserved between the HNs of NDV and other paramyxoviruses, suggesting that this domain is important to the integrity of the NA site in this group of viruses.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1991

Endogenous interferon specifically regulates Newcastle disease virus-induced cytokine gene expression in mouse macrophages.

In macrophages from inbred mice, the magnitude of the interferon (IFN) response to Newcastle disease virus (NDV) infection is under genetic control of the If-1 locus, which carries the allele for either high (h) or low (l) IFN production. Here, we report that the activity of genes within the If-1 locus is influenced by macrophage-derived endogenous IFN. In addition to various other biological effects, we observed that endogenous IFN specifically downregulated NDV-induced IFN and interleukin 6 production. Preculture of bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMM) from BALB/c (If-1l) mice in macrophage colony-stimulating factor plus anti-IFN-beta provoked a 30- to 50-fold increase in NDV-induced cytokine production compared with induced control cultures in macrophage colony-stimulating factor alone, whereas only a 4- to 6-fold increase was observed in anti-IFN-beta-treated BMM from C57BL/6 (If-1h) mice. This resulted in nearly complete abrogation of the genetically determined difference in the response to NDV. The increase was specific for NDV and was marked by strong additional activation of IFN-alpha genes. Studies using BMM from B6.C-H28c If-1l congenic mice gave results identical to those obtained with BALB/c BMM. Addition of 20 IU of recombinant IFN-alpha 4 to anti IFN-beta-treated macrophages from B6.C-H28c mice 20 h prior to NDV infection strongly downregulated the IFN-alpha, IFN-beta, and interleukin 6 responses. The genetic difference between macrophages from If-1h and If-1l mice was thus reestablished, since the same treatment caused only weak reduction of NDV-induced cytokine gene expression in BMM from C57BL/6 mice. These data suggest that the If-1h and If-1l alleles harbor IFN-inducible genes that, following activation, specifically suppress subsequent cytokine gene expression in response to NDV.

2',5'-Oligoadenylate Synthetase↗
PubMed1986

Increased mortality and aneuploidy in embryos from rabbits injected with Newcastle disease virus at the time of ovulation and conception.

In the rabbit, ovulation and conception occur during an 8-10 hour period immediately following mating ("reflex ovulation"). We report here that live Newcastle disease virus (NDV; an avian paramyxovirus) injected into rabbits immediately following mating resulted in a high frequency of embryo death at a wide range of developmental stages. When measured at midterm, a greater than threefold increase in embryo mortality was observed (24.7% vs. 6.8%). Aneuploidy of a small acrocentric chromosome was observed in three of 60 live midterm embryos recovered from NDV-injected does. No aneuploidy was observed in 52 live midterm embryos from control, saline-injected does. These observations suggest that the NDV-exposed rabbit can provide a useful model for the study of the teratological effects of virus exposure occurring at or about the time of meiosis, ovulation, and conception.

Aneuploidy↗