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Results for “NEMATODE INFECTIONS”

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PubMed2003

Prevalence of strongyle nematodes in naturally infected ponies of different ages and during different seasons of the year in Louisiana.

One hundred and seventeen ponies were surveyed for the seasonal prevalence of strongyloid parasites, particularly cyathostomes, and for host- and age-related differences in these infections. For 56 ponies, all stages of the cyathostome life cycle, both mucosal and luminal, were enumerated. Total numbers of cyathostomes and percentage of developing larvae (DL) encysted in the mucosa remained constant in all 4 seasons of the year, whereas a significant increase in the percentage of adults in the cyathostome population occurred in fall. In yearling ponies, encysted early third-stage larvae constituted a significantly lower percentage of the cyathostome population, and DL and adults formed a significantly higher percentage, compared with those stages in older ponies, 2-5 yr of age. More species of cyathostomes were present in yearling ponies than in older ponies. Significant differences occurred in fecal egg counts at different seasons of the year, even though adult cyathostome and large strongyle numbers remained constant. Twenty-four species of cyathostomes were found year-round, and 2 rare species were found in only 2 or 3 seasons of the year. Prevalences for these 24 species were not significantly different during any season, although 5 species had significant differences in intensity levels of infection in certain seasons of the year. Three species of large strongyle (strongylinae) adults had significant seasonal variations in intensities. These were Strongylus edentatus and S. vulgaris, which occurred in significantly higher numbers in summer and fall, and Triodontophorus brevicauda, which was more numerous in spring and summer. Fourth- and fifth-stage larvae of S. vulgaris recovered from the mesenteric vasculature were significantly more numerous in winter and spring than in other seasons.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1990

Dioctophymosis in the little grison (Galictis cuja).

Two cases of dioctophymosis in wild little grisons (Galictis cuja) were found in Paraná State (southern Brazil). One female host was infected with eight nematodes and a male harbored a single parasite. This represents the first report of the giant kidney nematode (Dioctophyme renale) in the little grison.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Anisakiasis in the Caspian seal].

On the basis of 548 helminthological dissections the main foci of Anisakis infection of Caspian seal and the character of pathomorphological process in the stomach infected with the nematode Anisakis schupakovi have been established.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

The activity of albendazole against adult and larval gastrointestinal nematodes in naturally infected calves in the Netherlands.

The activity of albendazole against gastrointestinal helminths in naturally infected calves in the Netherlands was tested. The calves were in their first grazing season and kept in two groups of ten. One of these groups was grazed alternately with sheep. Five out of each group were drenched with albendazole (7.5 mg/kg) on the day they were housed (November 1). Before and 2, 14, and 28 days after treatment individual faecal samples were taken from all calves and larval cultures were made. Ten calves, six treated and four untreated, were killed for post mortem studies 14 days after treatment. The remaining calves were slaughtered 14 days later. The drug was highly effective in reducing the egg output, measured as the number of larvae cultured per gram of faeces. Compared with the untreated calves, the reduction was more than 99% two days after treatment, 100% at 14 days, and 99% after 28 days. It was shown that egg output 28 days after treatment came from worms which had developed from arrested larvae of Ostertagia ostertagi that had survived treatment. Post mortem results showed an efficacy of 100% against adult O. ostertagi, of almost 100% against Trichostrongylus axei, and 100% against adult and larval Cooperia oncophora. Twenty-eight days after treatment, the reduction of arrested early fourth stages of O. ostertagi was 85% in comparison with the untreated calves. Apparently less effect was found against Trichuris ovis at the given dose rate.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Deletrocephalus dimidiatus infestation in an adult rhea (Pterocnemia pennata).

Infection with the nematode Deletrocephalus dimidiatus was found in the distal small and proximal large intestines of a 30-month-old female rhea that had died after a prolonged illness. Numerous strongyle-like eggs were found on fecal flotation. Possible treatments include fenbendazole (60 ppm in water) and ivermectin (200 mg/kg). Preventive measures such as artificial incubation, segregation of chicks from adults, and placing chicks in uncontaminated environments may help slow or stop the transmission of the parasite.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Effect of three anthelmintics on weight gain of feedlot cattle.

Three groups of 50 heavy feedlot steers were treated with 1 of 3 anthelmintics (haloxon, tramisol, or thiabendazole). One group of 50 steers was not treated and served as a control. The initial degree of infection with gastrointestinal nematodes was light and decreased during the course of the study. There were no significant differences in weight gains among any of the groups at the end of a 113-day feeding period.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Population dynamics of nematode parasites of reindeer in the sub-arctic.

Nematode parasite infections of semi-domestic reindeer grazing in their natural habitat in northern Finland were monitored for approximately 2 years. This was achieved by monthly faecal egg counts of male and female calves and adult females from an experimental reindeer herd, in addition to estimating the acquisition of nematode infection from pasture using tracer reindeer calves. The most abundant parasite was Ostertagia gruehneri in the worm counts of tracer animals and in faecal egg counts of adult female reindeer. Capillaria sp. eggs were detected in calves and adults, but Nematodirinae eggs were only recovered from calves. Faecal egg counts showed variations between months for each nematode species, with male and female calves shedding similar numbers of eggs. During each year, calves shed more Capillaria sp. eggs than adult female reindeer, but similar numbers of O. gruehneri eggs. Egg counts of O. gruehneri were more abundant in late summer-autumn (July-September), whereas Capillaria sp. and the Nematodirinae dominated the winter months (November-February). The seasonal trends of adult worm burdens of O. gruehneri in the tracers paralleled the egg count patterns. Capillaria sp. was not detected in tracer worm counts. Tracer worm burdens showed that the proportion of inhibited larvae of O. gruehneri and Nematodirinae steadily increased from spring to early winter, followed by a decline and a commensurate increase in the number of adult parasites in the second summer. This investigation showed that parasite transmission occurs continuously throughout the year for nematode parasites of reindeer in northern Finland.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Opioid involvement in behavior modifications of mice infected with the parasitic nematode, Nippostrongylus brasiliensis.

Several studies have documented the opiate effects of parasitic infection on experimental animals. The current study examined the relationships between infection with the intestinal nematode, Nippostrongylus brasiliensis with analgesia and activity levels. Male white mice infected with N. brasiliensis displayed a significant increase in thermal latency thresholds that rose through the duration of infection and subsided with its termination. Analgesia first became apparent on day three-post infection but did not reach statistical significance (p < 0.05) until day 7 post infection. The maximum analgesia was reached on day 8-post infection and gradually declined. By day 15 post infection, there was no significant difference in the latency times between control and infected mice. The initial significant difference in latency roughly corresponded with the onset of egg production by the parasite. The peak difference in latency times and their subsequent decline also parallels peak egg production and the decline in egg production as the infection subsided. Both naloxone and naltrindole significantly reduced the latency times (p < 0.05) of infected mice. There was also a significant difference in total ambulatory activity levels between infected and control mice. Activity levels began to decline on the second day post infection but did not reach a statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) from the controls until 9th day post infection. Infected mice that were injected with either naloxone or naltrindole had a significantly higher activity level than the infected mice injected with saline.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Epidemiological observations and heterosis analysis of gastrointestinal nematode parasitism in Suffolk, Gulf Coast Native, and crossbred lambs.

A crossbreeding program was conducted to evaluate the resistant status to gastrointestinal nematode parasite infection in crossbred (F1) lambs and their Suffolk and Gulf Coast Native (Native) breed counterparts. A total of 253 lambs were included in the study over 2 years. Fecal egg count (FEC) and blood packed cell volume (PCV) of 18-20 monitor lambs of each breed group in each year were collected every other week from birth to 24-30 weeks of age. The FEC and PCV of all lambs were determined at weaning (11-12 weeks of age) and at three subsequent times when anthelmintic treatment was administered. Nematode counts of wether lambs were obtained at 30 weeks of age in the first year. The epidemiological patterns of FEC and PCV of each breed group were similar in both years. The Suffolk group consistently showed the highest FEC and the lowest PCV. Conversely, the Native group had the lowest FEC and highest PCV. For the most part, all parameters for the F1 group fell intermediate to the Native and Suffolk groups. Nematode count followed the same pattern. Heterosis analysis showed that FEC, PCV, nematode count and weight gain of the F1 group favored the Native group. These results suggested that crossbreeding Suffolk to Native sheep may be a suitable way to produce lambs with improved resistance to gastrointestinal nematode infection, but production may be compromised.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

The use of nuclear ribosomal DNA markers for the identification of bursate nematodes (order Strongylida) and for the diagnosis of infections.

Many bursate nematodes are of major importance to animal health. Animals are often parasitized by multiple species that differ in their prevalence, relative abundance and/or pathogenicity. Implementation of effective management strategies for these parasites requires reliable methods for their detection in hosts, identification to the species level and measurement of intensity of infection. One major problem is the difficulty of accurately identifying and distinguishing many species of bursate nematode because of the remarkable morphological similarity of their eggs and larvae. The inability to identify, with confidence, individual nematodes (irrespective of their life-cycle stage) to the species level by morphological methods has often led to a search for species-specific genetic markers. Studies over the past 15 years have shown that sequences of the internal transcribed spacers of ribosomal DNA provide useful genetic markers, providing the basis for the development of PCR-based diagnostic tools. Such molecular methods represent powerful tools for studying the systematics, epidemiology and ecology of bursate nematodes and, importantly, for the specific diagnosis of infections in animals and humans, thus contributing to improved control and prevention strategies for these parasites.

Animals↗