Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “MENTAL PROCESSES”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,315 records · Page 73Linked to original sources
PubMed1984

Age differences in the retrieval of information from semantic memory.

An experiment was conducted to determine the speed with which old and young individuals could either generate an example of a category or decide if two words were related. In one condition, generation and decision trials were blocked together, while in the other condition trials were mixed randomly. No interactions between age and the mixed/blocked variable were observed in the decision task. However, in the generation task young individuals showed differentially lower reaction times in the blocked trials condition. It was argued that the differences between the performance of the two age groups reflected age differences in the utilization of automatic and effortful processing strategies. A second experiment was performed to examine the activation of semantic memory in an automatized processing task. While there was an overall age decrement in reaction time, the amount of facilitation in the retrieval processes was equal for both age groups.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

A neural network model of cortical information processing in schizophrenia. II--Role of hippocampal-cortical interaction: a review and a model.

This paper considers the relevance of hippocampal dysfunction to symptom production in schizophrenia with the help of an integrative computational model of cortical processing. First, evidence for involvement of the hippocampus was systematically reviewed. Then, a neural network model of hippocampal-cortical interaction was proposed. The effects of a dysfunction in hippocampal-cortical interaction were explored through simulation experiments. Neural network simulation demonstrated that when the hippocampal function of classification and reduction of overlap in input is sub-optimal, increasing correlation among input patterns compromised storage capacity of the cortical network. Hippocampal dysfunction predisposes to the emergence of spurious retrieval states in cortical information processing. This provides a model for psychotic symptom formation in schizophrenia.

Cerebral Cortex↗
PubMed1992

Normal and abnormal information processing. A neuropsychological perspective on obsessive compulsive disorder.

This article presents a neuropsychological perspective on obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) and describes some of the cognitive strengths and weaknesses that characterize the disorder. Neuroanatomic findings and theories of the neurologic basis of OCD are reviewed as are studies that use neuropsychological assessments. Findings of frontal lobe and/or basal ganglia dysfunction as well as memory deficits are emphasized. This information is then discussed in the context of cognitive-behavioral and information processing perspectives that emphasize normal patterns in anxiety and worry. The goal is to provide an integrated conceptual model of OCD, identifying the normal and abnormal information processing patterns that characterize the disorder.

Anxiety↗
PubMed1993

Mental accounting and the process of multiattribute choice.

Tversky and Kahneman (1981) discussed how multiattribute choices may be framed in terms of alternative psychological accounts established for specific problems. They identified three levels of account: minimal, topical and comprehensive. The role of these mental accounts is investigated in two studies of Tversky and Kahneman's Jacket and Calculator problem. In the first, systematic variation of jacket and calculator prices showed that the latter had a large effect on choice, and the former a small but significant effect. It is concluded that: (1) the effect of the calculator price supports Tversky and Kahneman's view that people frame simple choices in terms of specific, topical accounts; and (2) the jacket price effect supports the view that more comprehensive mental accounts also influence evaluation and choice. In the second study, think aloud evidence is presented which supports these conclusions and indicates that the level of account adopted may be contingent on characteristics of the choice problem.

Accounting↗
PubMed1979

Lip and nonpreferred forearm EMG activity as a function of orienting task.

Subjects performed orthographic or semantic orienting tasks while preparing an overt response (pressing one of two buttons). Electromyographic (EMG) activity of lip and nonpreferred forearm muscles and heart rate were monitored. Only lip EMG activity distinguished the extent of covert processing, evidencing greater activity during the semantic than sensory task. In contrast, increased nonpreferred forearm EMG and cardiac activity accompanied the behavioral response. It was concluded that general semantic and autonomic activity serve biological needs, but in addition, there are specific patterns of physiological response that are intrinsic to convert information processing.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Relational verbal memory processing in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy.

Patients with left temporal lobe epilepsy (LTLE) have been shown to demonstrate impaired categorization in semantic memory tasks leaving open the question whether this is due to problems with active categorization or to problems with consolidation/retrieval of relations. 35 patients with left or right temporal lobe epilepsy (LTLE, RTLE) and 20 healthy controls performed three verbal learning and memory tests differing in the relational distance between the items to be learned (unrelated, low associative, high associative). In order to separate the memory component in relational memory processing, we avoided problems in active categorization and perception of semantic relations by presenting category members already clustered in the order of category membership, and by checking whether the patients had actually noticed the categories. In controls and in patients with RTLE, both semantic conditions significantly improved the test performance. LTLE-patients showed the worst test performance independent of the test condition. Their performance improved under the high associative condition, but they did not at all profit from the low associative condition. Although the semantic tasks had no demand on active clustering and although all LTLE-patients noticed the relational properties very well, they could not make use of the offered clusters. They demonstrated significantly more "item specific" than "relational" encoding than the other groups. This was pronounced in the low associative condition but became evident also in the high associative condition. In contrast to the other groups, the order in recall (clustering) deteriorated with passing time in LTLE-patients. In conclusion the data provide evidence of impaired semantic relational processing in LTLE. The impairment depends on the relational properties of the material to be learned, in that it increases with the relational distance between the memory contents. Because the tasks did not demand active clustering, we can attribute this impairment to deficits in relational encoding/retrieval which would be consistent with current opinions of the role of temporolimbic structures in relational memory processing.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Levels of processing and acute effects of marijuana on memory.

Subjects' memory for lists of words was tested following the smoking of a single marijuana cigarette containing 1.4% delta 9-THC or a placebo cigarette. During list presentation, each word was preceded by an orienting question which required one of four types of linguistic information (orthographic, phonetic, semantic, or syntactic). Free recall tests were administered immediately after each list (IFR) and following IFR for all five lists (FFR). Results indicated that subjects recalled fewer words while intoxicated with marijuana. There was no interaction between drug condition and level of processing in IFR, but a complex relationship mediated by time was seen in FFR. Drug subjects were more likely to forget meaningfully processed words on recently presented lists. The data provided little support for the hypothesis that marijuana differentially affects the processing and retention of different types of linguistic information.

Adult↗