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At least 1,315 records · Page 73Linked to original sources
PubMed1979

Alcohol embryo- and fetopathy. Neuropathology of 3 children and 3 fetuses.

Maternal chronic ethanol abuse during pregnancy causes malformations of the offspring. Three children (aged 6 months, 9 months, 4 1/2 years) and 3 fetuses (17th, 18th, and 20th gestational week) showed a wide spectrum of disorders ranging from severe dysraphic state, arhinencephaly, porencephaly, agenesis of corpus callosum, a range from hydranencephaly to microdysplasias (p.e. reduced gyration of dentate nucleus and inferior olives), and a range from gastrochisis or congenital heart defects to craniofacial dysmorphogenesis and palmar crease anomalies. The patterns of the cerebral malformations were not as uniform as the clinical phenotype of the alcohol embryopathy. The observations did not support the assumption that there exists a specific period for alcohol teratogenicity.

Abnormalities, Drug-Induced↗
PubMed1981

The diagnosis of sacral lesions.

Clinical courses are reviewed in 4 recent patients with sacral lesions, each of whom was believed on initial clinical evaluation to have symptomatic herniations of intervertebral discs. In each patient pain in the back tended to overshadow radicular symptoms, and sphincteric disturbances were not prominent. Each patient presented some related objective abnormality on general or neurologic examination. The sacral lesion was invariably visible on technically satisfactory plain roentgenograms of the spine and was obvious on sacral tomography. Conventional myelography was useful in defining communication between the lesion and the subarachnoid space, but otherwise typically it was only subtly and nonspecifically abnormal. Computerized tomography (CT) proved to be the most revealing radiographic technique, demonstrating bony detail as well as internal structure and extent of the lesion; in conjunction with metrizamide myelography, CT provided the most definitive anatomical study. The limited utility of angiography in diagnosing these lesions is discussed, as are the respective hazards of and indications for needle biopsy and open surgical exploration.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Transethmoidal encephalomeningocele.

A newborn child with a basal meningoencephalocele of the transethmoidal type is reported with an intranasal obstruction and hypertelorism as the principal abnormalities. This disease has been reported in the literature with various facial and central nervous system deformities and was considered as a type of median cranioencephalic dysraphia. Precise diagnosis of this disease seems extremely important for classification and has a direct bearing on the prognosis.

Encephalocele↗
PubMed1988

Pseudomeningocele of the lumbar spine.

A patient with a lumbar pseudomeningocele after intervertebral disc surgery is reported and the findings of computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging are described.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Long-term outcome in surgically treated encephalocele.

This report describes long-term operative outcome of 24 cases with occipital encephalocele. The follow-up periods are between 4 and 20 years. Of the 24 patients with occipital encephalocele, two have died. Of the 22 living patients, 16 are living without neurological deficit, while six are disabled mentally and/or physically. Four cases of encephalocele developed hydrocephalus, and two of them died while the other two are still living with severe handicap. The presence of gross brain tissue in the sac of encephalocele and the size of the sac were also unfavorable factors for the prognosis. We conclude that the size and the content of the sac and associated hydrocephalus are the important factors that influence the long-term prognosis of occipital encephalocele.

Encephalocele↗
PubMed1977

Urodynamic evaluation of boy with myelodysplasia and incontinence.

Twenty-two boys with myelodysplasia and incontinence were evaluated urodynamically. Three types of bladder function were noted, but each could not be correlated with any particular neuroligic level. The integrity of the external sphincter innervation was determined by electomyographic monitoring of periurethral striated muscle. Bladder sphincter dyssynergia was found in one of the boys with voluntary control, five with involuntary bladder contractions, and five with adynamic bladders who voided by Credé's method. A radiologically narrow external sphincter on voiding cystography could only be correlated with the bioelectric activity in children with dyssynergia. A narrow sphincter was also noted in three children with synergy and four with complete lower motor neuron lesions. Marked fibrosis was found to be the cause of narrowing of external sphincter area in these boys. Thus, urodynamic evaluation helped define the etiology of outlet obstruction when it was present in the boy with myelodysplasia. A classification of bladder sphincter function is proposed.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Magnetic resonance imaging of post-surgical pseudomeningocele.

Three cases of post-surgical pseudomeningocele (PSPM) are presented. MR imaging proved useful in diagnosing PSPM because, in the orthogonal planes, it demonstrated precisely the leakage site and the extent of the PSPM. MR imaging was also useful in demonstrating the presence of communication between the PSPM and the subarachnoid space.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Cerebellar agenesis versus vanishing cerebellum in Chiari II malformation.

The subjects in this study cover seven selected patients-four with Chiari II malformation associated with a vanishing cerebellum and three with primary cerebellar agenesis-and the main radiological (MR imaging) differences between the two are discussed. The reason for this discussion is that some authors consider primary cerebellar agenesis as a type of Chiari malformations, and refer to it as Chiari IV malformation. Primary cerebellar agenesis can be distinguished from the Chiari II malformation associated with a vanishing cerebellum by presence of a relatively normal-sized posterior fossa, identification of symmetrical remnants of the anterior quadrangular lobules, by lack of scattered remnants of cerebellar tissue, and by presence of a normal brain and spine. The only common finding in both conditions is a small brainstem with loss of normal pontine configuration. Considering the previous descriptions of anatomical changes related to the so-called Chiari IV malformation which include absent cerebellum, and large posterior fossa cerebrospinal fluid spaces, it is probable that many of the cases previously considered as Chiari IV malformation were unrelated to any type of Chiari malformations, and actually represented primary cerebellar agenesis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Anterior pseudomeningocele evaluated as a pelvic mass.

OBJECTIVE: The differential diagnosis of pelvic masses is broad, and nongynecologic causes should be considered. RESULTS: A patient with a presumed adnexal mass was diagnosed eventually with an anterior pseudomeningocele.

Adnexal Diseases↗
PubMed2006

Post-traumatic pseudomeningocele presenting as a cyst of external auditory canal: report of a case.

Pseudomeningoceles are formed by extravasation of cerebrospinal fluid through a dural defect into soft tissue. They mostly form as a result of surgical trauma to the dural covering of the lumbar or cervical spine surgery, especially during laminectomy. Howerver, post-traumatic pseudomeningocele rarely occurs in the head and neck. A 32-year-old female presented with a 10-year history of right ear fullness following head trauma. A soft, non-pulsatile and cystic mass was noted in the right external auditory canal. The MRI scan demonstrated the connection between subarachnoid space and cyst of the right external auditory canal. The right ear was explored and mastoid antrum was partially filled with a cyst connected to the dural defect. The extradural portion of the mass was removed, the dural defect was repaired with a temporalis fascia-cartilage graft. Clinical manifestations, diagnosis and surgical approaches for post-traumatic pseudomeningocele arising in the head and neck region are briefly discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Calvarial masses of infants and children. A radiological approach.

Children frequently present with asymptomatic head lumps that have been discovered by their parents or by their hairdressers. Other children present with painful lumps or symptoms of intra-cranial masses with calvarial involvement. Imaging plays an important role in the diagnosis of such masses and in subsequent surgical planning. We present a review of the types of lesion that may present in these ways.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Pediatric meningoencephaloceles and nasal obstruction: a case for endoscopic repair.

OBJECTIVES: Congenital anterior skull base defects with meningoencephaloceles causing nasal obstruction are rare clinical entities. Nasal obstruction in children may also be a symptom of multiple benign nasal and allergic disorders, making the initial diagnosis of meningoencephalocele difficult. Traditionally, skull base defects have been repaired via a bifrontal craniotomy approach. With the advent of pediatric endoscopic instrumentation, more of these lesions are accessible via an intranasal endoscopic approach, even in the infant population. However, owing to the rarity of these lesions, there is a paucity of data demonstrating successful adaptation of endoscopic skull base techniques to the pediatric population. METHODS: Retrospective review of two cases of endoscopic repair of anterior skull base defects with meningoencephaloceles at a tertiary care medical center. RESULTS: Two children, ages 15 months and 6 years, underwent successful endoscopic closure of their anterior skull base defects and resection of their intranasal meningoencephalocele with resolution of their nasal obstruction and cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea. CONCLUSIONS: Pediatric nasal meningoencephaloceles with anterior skull base defects can be successfully repaired via a transnasal endoscopic technique, thus minimizing the complications associated with craniotomy and frontal lobe retraction. Triplanar computed tomographic and magnetic resonance imaging is paramount to evaluate the caliber of the skull base defect, consistency of the herniated intracranial contents, as well as the presence of cerebral vasculature.

Cerebrospinal Fluid Rhinorrhea↗