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PubMed1986

Fast Inter Library Loans and Statistics, enhanced version 2.0.

F.I.L.L.S. is a library-specific software package developed by librarians for library staff with little or no computer experience. MacNeal Hospital's Health Science Resource Center designed F.I.L.L.S. to allow libraries to save 60 percent of the time devoted to the interlibrary loan function while improving service to users. As a management tool, F.I.L.L.S. creates a dozen (12) preprogrammed reports that provide invaluable information such as Number of Requests for Periodicals, including copyright information; which libraries are borrowed from frequently; and which libraries provide the fastest or slowest service in filling loan requests. The article describes F.I.L.L.S., its capabilities and its limitations in greater detail.

Computers↗
PubMed1987

Ethics in health sciences librarianship.

Against a background of discussion about drafting of an ethical code for librarians and a review of articles confronting ethical issues in librarianship, the authors surveyed the 150 institutional members of the Health Science Librarians of Illinois (HSLI) regarding their perceptions of ethical concerns. Among the issues addressed in the survey are library organization, personnel policies, and professional competency, along with the traditional concerns of professional versus personal values, privacy and confidentiality, access to materials, and materials selection criteria in a health sciences context. Based on a 60% response rate, survey results indicate widespread agreement on some issues and a conspicuous lack of consensus on others. Further research is suggested in order to assess the need for a separate ethical code for health sciences librarians.

Attitude↗
PubMed1994

Knowledge-based information management: implications for information services.

The 1994 Joint Commission on the Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) standards for information management will change the way health care librarians respond to JCAHO accreditation surveys and may affect the way libraries are managed. This article will highlight the changes in the standards and the new opportunities they offer. Implications for library operations and the challenges inherent in working with the new Accreditation Manual for Hospitals (AMH) are also explored. The long-awaited 1994 Joint Commission on the Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) Accreditation Manual for Hospitals (AMH) is now on most hospital library shelves. As expected, librarians will find that the section on Professional Library Services (the PR chapter) has disappeared and that the standards previously in that section are now incorporated in part into the new Management of Information, or IM chapter. Although this method of grouping standards may be new to many health sciences librarians, the incorporation of library services into IM may actually provide many more opportunities for librarians than the previous method of addressing library services separately.

Accreditation↗
PubMed1981

[The Latin American network of biomedical and health information: experience and future development].

One of the problems that have traditionally plagued the teachers and researchers of Latin America in their day-to-day work is a lack of adequate bibliographical information. In an attempt to remedy this situation, in 1968 the Pan American Health Organization set up the Regional Library of Medicine and Health Sciences (BIREME) in the Paulista Medical School in São Paulo under an agreement with the Government of Brazil. In this article the Director of BIREME discusses the present state of an outlook for biomedical information in the Region and summarizes the work done by the Library in recent years. BIREME is doing an outstanding job not only of searching for and disseminating scientific information and training specialized staff, but also of promoting the establishment of national biomedical information subcenters (there are already eighteen in Brazil). It is also the hub of the Latin American network of biomedical and health information. With the help of the National Library of Medicine of the United States, BIREME has succeeded in developing into a center of high prestige in its field. Its most notable accomplishments include the compilation of the Index Medicus Latinoamericano, which is published semiannually since 1979 and embraces the output of 250 scientific publications, thereby filling the major gap that had existed in this field.

Brazil↗
PubMed1979

The implementation of a large-scale self-instructional course in medical information resources.

The implementation of library orientation and bibliographic instruction in health sciences centers presents some interesting as well as perplexing problems. The Rowland Medical Library at The University of Mississippi Medical Center had to confront and reexamine these problems when faced with the requirement to teach 298 freshman and sophomore medical students in one ten-week quarter. This paper outlines the development and implementation of a large-scale self-instructional approach to library instruction. The package consisted of an audiotape, a videotape, a written program, self-teaching quizzes, a performance test, and a student evaluation. Performance test results and student evaluation data are presented which indicate that this format can successfully be employed to meet course objectives and to be accepted by students.

Audiovisual Aids↗
PubMed2005

Wrestling injuries.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this chapter is to review critically the existing studies on the epidemiology of pediatric wrestling injuries and to discuss suggestions for injury prevention and further research. DATA SOURCES: Data were obtained from the sports medicine and science literature since 1951. Literature searches were performed using the National Library of Medicine, Pubmed, Medline, Grateful Med, Sports Sciences, SportsDiscus. Keywords used included "Wrestling, Wrestle, Wrestling Injuries, Fractures, and Dermatologic". MAIN RESULTS: Only eight prospective or retrospective studies were found dealing with pediatric wrestling injuries and that provided sufficient information to allow the estimation of injury rates. Exposure-based injury rates were between 6.0 and 7.6 injuries per 1,000 athletic-exposures. Injury rates increased with age, experience, and level of participation. The head/spine/trunk was the body region that incurred the greatest frequency of injuries, followed by the upper and lower extremities. CONCLUSIONS: There are several potential areas for decreasing injury risk in wrestlers, including equipment, coaching, officiating and training. However, informed decisions with regard to preventing injuries are dependent upon the quality of the basic epidemiological data available, and at this time, analyses of risk factors and potential preventive measures are lacking.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Salary survey of the Medical Library Group of Southern California and Arizona.

The 1982 salary survey of the Medical Library Group of Southern California and Arizona (MLGSCA) indicates that 211 health sciences librarians in Southern California and Arizona earned a mean annual salary of $20,910 for 1982. Data analysis shows a positive correlation between salary and educational level. Other factors found to affect salary were job history, number of positions held, MLA certification, and professional responsibility. Age, gender, and MLA certification did not have a consistent positive correlation with salary. Results indicate that the salaries of hospital librarians are, on the average, roughly comparable to those of academic librarians in Southern California and Arizona.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1989

CD-ROM databases in academic libraries.

Of 200 libraries in 50 states 130 responded to a survey showing the major CD-ROM databases available: ERIC, PsycLIT, INFOTRAC/INFOTRAC II, Social Science Index, COMPACT DISCLOSURE. For 38 libraries costs prevented purchases.

Humans↗
PubMed2003

The randomised controlled trial design: unrecognized opportunities for health sciences librarianship.

OBJECTIVE: to describe the essential components of the Randomised Controlled Trial (RCT) and its major variations; to describe less conventional applications of the RCT design found in the health sciences literature with potential relevance to health sciences librarianship; to discuss the limited number of RCTs within health sciences librarianship. METHODS: narrative review supported to a limited extent with PubMed and Library Literature database searches consistent with specific search parameters. In addition, more systematic methods, including handsearching of specific journals, to identify health sciences librarianship RCTs. RESULTS: While many RCTs within the health sciences follow more conventional patterns, some RCTs assume certain unique features. Selected examples illustrate the adaptations of this experimental design to answering questions of possible relevance to health sciences librarians. The author offers several strategies for controlling bias in library and informatics applications of the RCT and acknowledges the potential of the electronic era in providing many opportunities to utilize the blinding aspects of RCTs. RCTs within health sciences librarianship inhabit a limited number of subject domains such as education. This limited scope offers both advantages and disadvantages for making Evidence-Based Librarianship (EBL) a reality. CONCLUSIONS: The RCT design offers the potential to answer far more EBL questions than have been addressed by the design to date. Librarians need only extend their horizons through use of the versatile RCT design into new subject domains to facilitate making EBL a reality.

Evidence-Based Medicine↗
PubMed2000

Evidence-based librarianship: an overview.

OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate how the core characteristics of both evidence-based medicine (EBM) and evidence-based health care (EBHC) can be adapted to health sciences librarianship. METHOD: Narrative review essay involving development of a conceptual framework. The author describes the central features of EBM and EBHC. Following each description of a central feature, the author then suggests ways that this feature applies to health sciences librarianship. RESULTS: First, the decision-making processes of EBM and EBHC are compatible with health sciences librarianship. Second, the EBM and EBHC values of favoring rigorously produced scientific evidence in decision making are congruent with the core values of librarianship. Third, the hierarchical levels of evidence can be applied to librarianship with some modifications. Library researchers currently favor descriptive-survey and case-study methods over systematic reviews, randomized controlled trials, or other higher levels of evidence. The library literature nevertheless contains diverse examples of randomized controlled trials, controlled-comparison studies, and cohort studies conducted by health sciences librarians. CONCLUSIONS: Health sciences librarians are confronted with making many practical decisions. Evidence-based librarianship offers a decision-making framework, which integrates the best available research evidence. By employing this framework and the higher levels of research evidence it promotes, health sciences librarians can lay the foundation for more collaborative and scientific endeavors.

Cohort Studies↗
PubMed1998

Health information multitype library reference referral networking: panacea for the '90s.

Librarians are exploring new approaches to information sharing to cope with a rapidly changing environment dominated by budget cuts, information explosion, and globalization of the economy, science, and culture. In 1990, the University of Illinois at Chicago Library of the Health Sciences (UIC LHS) initiated a pilot project aimed at establishing an effective balance between state-of-the-art information technology and traditional library methods and promoting cooperation among health information professionals by establishing the Health Information Referral Network (HIRN) in the state of Illinois. HIRN's background and development, Internet home page, and networking techniques reviewed in this paper are applicable to multitype libraries and information centers interested in improving information use and the referral process.

Computer Communication Networks↗
PubMed2004

From both sides now: librarians' experiences at the Rocky Mountain Evidence-Based Health Care Workshop.

The Colorado Health Outcomes (COHO) Department of the School of Medicine at the University of Colorado Health Sciences Center (UCHSC) coordinates the Rocky Mountain Evidence-Based Health Care (EBHC) Workshop, which has been held annually since 1999. The goals of the workshop include helping participants-physicians, pharmacists, health care policy makers, journalists and librarians-learn and apply skills for critically appraising medical research literature and for effective use of evidence-based information resources. Participants are encouraged to share ideas and to plan local services and instruction for those working in clinical settings. Each year, librarians from UCHSC Denison Memorial Library participate as faculty by teaching searching skills (PubMed, Cochrane Library, ACP Journal Club, etc.), providing support to small groups, and staffing two computer labs. In 2002, Denison Library received a National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM) MidContinental Region Impact Award to fund the attendance of three health sciences librarians from the MidContinental Region, an academic education librarian, a clinical medical librarian, and a department librarian. In this paper, the participating librarians share the lessons they learned about how health care practitioners approach evidence-based practice. The participating librarians also share how they incorporated these lessons into their support of evidence-based practice related to teaching about evidence-based resources, assisting health care practitioners with developing answerable questions, enhancing the clinician-librarian partnership, and assisting practitioners in selecting evidence-based resources for quick answers to clinical questions.

Awards and Prizes↗
PubMed2003

[Impact of face-to-face counseling on duration of exclusive breast-feeding: a review].

OBJECTIVE: To review the scientific literature on and evaluate studies of face-to-face counseling for the promotion of exclusive breast-feeding. SOURCES OF DATA: Three databases were reviewed for the 1990-2001 period: MEDLINE, Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences ("LILACS"), and the Cochrane Library. We selected studies describing face-to-face counseling with mothers during only the postnatal period or both the pre- and postnatal periods. Studies describing interventions only during pregnancy were not considered. We classified the selected studies using a modification of the criteria of Downs and Black for assessing the methodological quality of studies of health care interventions. RESULTS: Nineteen studies were included. The duration of follow-up, type of intervention performed, and ethnic, socioeconomic, and reproductive characteristics of the groups studied varied widely. In terms of limitations, the most frequent ones were an inadequate description of confounding factors and of the characteristics of the sample, poorly documented methodology, and no adjustment for confounding factors. Seventeen studies reported a beneficial effect of the intervention, although the magnitude of this effect differed widely across the various studies. Two studies reported a dose-response effect, with the impact being directly proportional to the number of counseling sessions. Only one study reported no effect of the intervention on exclusive breast-feeding, at 3 and 5 months postpartum; of the 19 studies assessed, this one had the smallest number of counseling sessions, just one or two. CONCLUSIONS: Face-to-face counseling, given during different time periods, led to significant changes in the rate of exclusive breast-feeding. Our analysis suggests that the support to the mothers must continue after hospital discharge and must include guidance on breast-feeding techniques and ways to resolve problems that occur.

Breast Feeding↗
PubMed2000

Vitamin A supplementation for preventing morbidity and mortality in very low birthweight infants.

BACKGROUND: Vitamin A is necessary for normal lung growth and the ongoing integrity of respiratory tract epithelial cells. Preterm infants have low vitamin A status at birth and this has been associated with increased risk of developing chronic lung disease. Several studies have been undertaken to assess whether vitamin A supplementation beyond that routinely given in multivitamin preparations can reduce the incidence of this outcome. OBJECTIVES: To assess the benefit of supplementation with vitamin A in very low birthweight infants. SEARCH STRATEGY: Searches were made of the Oxford Database of Perinatal Trials, MEDLINE, Cochrane Controlled Trials Register, and Science Citation Index. The reference lists of relevant trials, recent issues of paediatric and nutrition journals, abstracts and proceedings from relevant conferences in the English language were hand searched. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised controlled trials which compared the effects of supplemental vitamin A with standard vitamin A regimes in infants with birthweight </=1500g, and which reported clinical outcomes (death, chronic lung disease or bronchopulmonary dysplasia) and/or vitamin A concentrations were considered for the review. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Data on mortality, requirement for supplemental oxygen at one month of age and at 36 weeks post-menstrual age, retinopathy of prematurity and nosocomial sepsis were excerpted by both reviewers independently. Data analysis was conducted according to the standards of the Cochrane Neonatal Review Group. MAIN RESULTS: Six eligible trials were identified, one having a much larger sample size than the others combined. The meta-analysis suggests supplementation with vitamin A results in benefit in terms of reducing oxygen requirement at 36 weeks post-menstrual age [summary RR 0.85 (0.73, 0.98), RD -8.5% (-15.9, -1.1), NNT 11.8 (6.3, 90.9)] and trends towards reduction in death or oxygen requirement at 36 weeks post-menstrual age [summary RR 0.89 (0.79, 1.00)], oxygen use in survivors at one month of age [summary RR 0.93 (0.86, 1.01)], and death or oxygen requirement at one month of age [summary RR 0.93 (0. 86, 1.00)]. Meta-analysis of the two studies which reported on retinopathy of prematurity suggests a trend towards reduced incidence in vitamin A supplemented infants. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS: Supplementing very low birthweight infants with vitamin A is associated with a reduction in oxygen requirement amongst survivors at 36 weeks post-menstrual age. Whether clinicians decide to utilise repeat intramuscular doses of vitamin A to prevent chronic lung disease may depend upon the local incidence of this outcome and the value attached to achieving a modest reduction in this outcome, balanced against the lack of other proven benefits and the acceptability of treatment. The benefits, in terms of vitamin A status, safety and acceptability of delivering vitamin A in an intravenous emulsion compared with repeat intramuscular injections should be assessed in a further trial.

Dietary Supplements↗