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PubMed2006

Sex differences in dieting trends, eating habits, and nutrition beliefs of a group of midwestern college students.

The influence of sex on dietary trends, eating habits, and nutrition self-assessment and beliefs of a group of college students at a large Midwestern university was investigated. A questionnaire was completed by 105 male and 181 female undergraduate students. Men had significantly higher (P<0.0001) height, weight, and body mass index values. Significantly higher percentages of women than men had tried a low-fat diet (P=0.0075) and a low-carbohydrate diet (P=0.0285). Significantly lower percentages of women than men had never tried a diet (P=0.0173). Significantly higher percentages of women than men reported gaining nutrition knowledge from family (P=0.0033) and magazines/newspapers (P=0.0345). Significantly higher percentages of women than men agreed that they had too much sugar in their diets (P=0.0157), that it is important to limit carbohydrate consumption (P=0.0077), that it is important to limit the amount of fat consumed to lose weight (P=0.0194), and that they needed to lose weight (P<0.0001). It is important to eat a variety of foods for good health according to 94.4% of subjects. Sex differences existed in these college students with regard to anthropometric measurements, certain choices of diets, some sources of nutrition knowledge, and some nutrition beliefs.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

[E-Learning in radiology; the practical use of the content management system ILIAS].

PURPOSE: Due to the possibility of using different kinds of visualization, e-learning has the advantage of allowing individualized learning. A check should be performed to determine whether the use of the web-based content management system ILIAS simplifies the writing and production of electronic learning modules in radiology. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Internet-based e-learning provides access to existing learning modules regardless of time and location, since fast Internet connections are readily available. RESULTS: Web Content Management Systems (WCMS) are suitable platforms for imparting radiology-related information (visual abilities like the recognition of patterns as well as interdisciplinary specialized knowledge). The open source product ILIAS is a free WCMS. It is used by many universities and is accepted by both students and lecturers. Its modular and object-oriented software architecture makes it easy to adapt and enlarge the platform. The employment of e-learning standards such as LOM and SCORM within ILIAS makes it possible to reuse contents, even if the platform has to be changed. CONCLUSION: ILIAS renders it possible to provide students with texts, images, or files of any other kind within a learning context which is defined by the lecturer. Students can check their acquired knowledge via online testing and receive direct performance feedback. The significant interest that students have shown in ILIAS proves that e-learning can be a useful addition to conventional learning methods.

Computer-Assisted Instruction↗
PubMed1999

Knowledge, attitudes and practices of mothers and knowledge of health workers regarding care of the newborn umbilical cord.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) of mothers and the knowledge of health workers regarding care of the newborn umbilical cord. DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey. SUBJECTS: Mothers with infants less than three months of age attending well child clinics and health workers (HW) in the clinics, maternity and newborn units of public health, facilities serving an urban slum area in Nairobi, Kenya. RESULTS: Of the 307 mothers interviewed, 91% and 28% of mothers knew of the need for hygiene whilst cutting and tying the cord, respectively. Regarding postnatal cord care, 40% had good knowledge and 66% good practice. Fifty-one percent of mothers knew and 54% practised postnatal cord care for the appropriate duration of time. Seventy-nine percent of mothers were afraid of handling an unhealed cord. After multivariate analysis, the following variables showed significant independent association with good maternal KAP; increased level of education (OR 2.3, p < 0.001), living in middle class areas rather than slums (OR 1.5, p < 0.03), increased maternal age (OR 1.8, p < 0.001), acquisition of knowledge from a HW rather than from other sources (OR 1.5, p < 0.001), and living in stone/brick houses rather than mud houses (p = 0.01). Fifty per cent of HW had correct knowledge on type of postnatal cord care, and 79% had correct knowledge on duration required for the same. The knowledge of 50% on type of care was incorrect by international standards, but was in keeping with Nursing Council of Kenya teaching. CONCLUSION: Mothers had good knowledge on the need for hygiene when cutting the cord, had poor knowledge and practice in other aspects of cord care, and were afraid of handling the cord. Poor KAP was associated with young, poor mothers of low education, who had acquired their knowledge from sources other than HW. The knowledge of a large proportion of HW was incorrect and outdated. We recommend that health education on cord care be given at all levels of contact with mothers and that knowledge of all primary HW on cord care be updated.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Adaptive coastal planning and the European Union's water framework directive: a Swedish perspective.

The implementation of the EU Water Framework Directive and the achievement of its water quality objectives will to a large degree depend on scientific knowledge about the sources and status of water resources and the effects of mitigative measures. Coastal waters will be of central interest, since the management of whole river basins may be affected if coastal water status is not satisfactory. The Water Directive's general directions on what information the water authorities need and on suitable methods for obtaining such information leave it to the Member states to decide on more precise instructions. Improved legal mechanisms are needed to assist and guide the managers and scientists charged with implementing the directive and achieving its water quality objectives, particularly when faced with insufficient information, flawed knowledge, or changed circumstances. We assess progress in the current process of implementing the Water Directive in Sweden, focussing on coastal waters, and on general problems arising using this type of legal technique.

Conservation of Natural Resources↗
PubMed1988

Alcohol-related knowledge, beliefs and attitudes among health and clerical personnel.

Health personnel has been thought to pay too little attention to alcohol-related problems. Knowledge, attitudes and beliefs related to alcohol were studied among 225 physicians, 296 nurses, and 279 clerical employees. Knowledge scores were constructed by giving one point for every correct answer. For knowledge on alcoholic beverages and biological facts (11 questions), the mean scores were: physicians 7.7, nurses 6.7, and clerical employees 6.5. For etiologic knowledge (12 items), the means were: physicians 8.6, nurses 6.9, and clerical employees 6.3. The respective scores for prognostic knowledge (9 items) were: physicians 6.8, nurses 6.3, clerical employees 5.5. For knowledge on prevention and treatment the mean scores were: physicians 2.7, nurses 2.2 and clerical personnel 2.3. Physicians had more permissive attitudes towards alcohol use in various social situations and were less likely to recommend compulsory treatment than nurses or clerical employees. With respect to the prevention of alcohol problems, all groups considered face-to-face health education to be the most effective approach, followed by radio and TV education, and then voluntary treatment. Beverage price increases were regarded to be the least effective approach by nurses and clerical employees, while physicians felt that the press was the least likely source of enlightenment. Knowledge was only remotely related to age, marital status and permissive attitudes. Health personnel knew more about alcohol-related problems than lay people, but there is room for further improvement.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

The measurement of cardiac markers: where should we focus?

Cardiac markers are presently a hot topic, with active debate on their use. They now have a major role for cost-effective management of acute chest pain and suspected acute coronary syndrome. The laboratory has a pivotal role in proper selection and interpretation of available markers, depending on the creation of evidence-based knowledge about test utilization and sources of variation. This article reviews this knowledge in the field of biomarkers determination and summarizes the major analytic and clinical issues, with reference to various recent recommendations of laboratory medicine and cardiology expert groups.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2006

[Knowledge and practices of university day care center workers relative to acute respiratory infections in childhood].

Given the increasing frequency of acute respiratory infections in day care centers, the objective of this work was to identify knowledge and practices of day care center workers relative to the prevention, precocious detection and management of these illnesses. Through fourteen structured interviews in two university day care centers of the city of São Paulo, it was verified that the workers: demonstrate familiarity with several respiratory illnesses; indicate fever and noisy breath as danger signals; consider pollution and transmission as main causes; refer to environment care as the best form of control; keep continuous observation of the child and interventions of hygiene and comfort, and greater emotional care; consider education and care complementary in child attendance, revealing the need for better preparation for caring; have in daily activities the source of their knowledge.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2001

What can the clinician trust--research? Theory? Clinical knowledge?: introduction to a serious problem and preview of some solutions.

This article addresses a serious problem faced by the field of psychotherapy in relying upon and trusting research, theory, clinical knowledge, or other sources as real, hard, and objective. The serious underlying problem is that the field lives and works in an aerie-faerie world composed of ethereal, illusory, false "psychorealities." Although grand solutions have been introduced, none has succeeded in solving the problem. The introduction concludes with a preview of some current solutions by some of the leading proponents dealing with the problem of what the clinician can trust.

Attitude↗
PubMed2006

Understanding the information needs of general practitioners managing a rare genetic disorder (osteogenesis imperfecta).

BACKGROUND: Lack of adequate knowledge is a common problem in medicine, but is a particular problem in a rapidly advancing field like genetics. This study uses the example of a rare genetic disorder (osteogenesis imperfecta) to understand the information needs of primary care physicians (GPs). OBJECTIVES: To determine whether a knowledge gap is recognised, how GPs currently attempt to overcome it, and what features of an information resource are preferred by GPs. METHODS: GPs of children affected by osteogenesis imperfecta in and around Greater London were interviewed, using both questionnaire-based semi-structured interview and a qualitatively analysed open-ended discussion. Consultations in both primary and tertiary care settings over a 5-year period were compared. RESULTS: Problems due to osteogenesis imperfecta were presented to GPs in about one third of consultations with these patients. GPs reported finding such patients difficult to manage due to lack of knowledge. Knowledge from tertiary sources, which was authoritative, accessible and relevant, was preferred, particularly when reasoning was explained. Primary literature and clinical guidelines were not favoured. CONCLUSIONS: Empirical evidence supports and elaborates theoretical models for provision of clinically useful information. A model for improved information services using authoritative web-based information linked to electronic patient records is suggested.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Eco-environmental degradation in the source region of the Yellow River, Northeast Qinghai-Xizang Plateau.

The Yellow River is the second longest river in China and the cradle of the Chinese civilization. The source region of the Yellow River is the most important water holding area for the Yellow River, about 49.2% of the whole runoff comes from this region. However, for the special location, it is a region with most fragile eco-environment in China as well. Eco-environmental degradation in the source region of the Yellow River has been a very serious ecological and socially economic problem. According to census data, historical documents and climatic information, during the last half century, especially the last 30 years, great changes have taken place in the eco-environment of this region. Such changes are mainly manifested in the temporal-spatial changes of water environment, deglaciation, permafrost reduction, vegetation degeneracy and desertification extent, which led to land capacity decreasing and river disconnecting. At present, desertification of the region is showing an accelerating tendency. This paper analyzes the present status of eco-environment degradation in this region supported by GIS and RS, as well as field investigation and indoor analysis, based on knowledge, multi-source data is gathered and the classification is worked out, deals with their natural and anthropogenic causes, and points out that in the last half century the desertification and environmental degradation of this region are mainly attributed to human activities under the background of regional climate changes. To halt further degradation of the environment of this region, great efforts should be made to use land resources rationally, develop advantages animal agriculture and protect the natural grassland.

China↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Moving upstream: Becoming a public health nurse, part 2.

This article extends the argument in Part 1 that stand- ards, protocols, textbook knowledge, and other external guidelines, while important for beginners, must yield to the "real world" of practice. Additional narratives document how the development of practical reasoning, perceptual skills, and responsiveness to clients supplants the beginner's reliance on external guidelines and promotes a situated understanding of practice. This growth in understanding and clinical know-how, cultivated by frontline experience with individuals and families, fosters a perceptual grasp of the "big picture" and makes it possible for the nurse to learn the community through the eyes of clients. Experiences from home visiting and community-based activities provide critical lessons that inform and inspire nurses to act and think upstream. This interpretation provides additional evidence for legitimizing clinical practice as a rich source of situated knowledge and clinical reasoning.

Clinical Competence↗
PubMed1998

Knowledge, attitudes and behaviours related to HIV and AIDS among chinese adolescents in hong kong.

The purpose of this study was to assess HIV and AIDS knowledge and attitudes, source of HIV and AIDS information, and behaviours related to HIV and AIDS among Chinese adolescents in Hong Kong. Participants included 1259 (826 females and 433 males) Chinese adolescents in Hong Kong between 12-18 years of age. Findings revealed that over 80% of the adolescents had rarely or never discussed HIV and AIDS with their family or teacher, and the primary source of HIV and AIDS information was media sources such as television and newspapers. Findings revealed HIV and AIDS misinformation among both male and female adolescents in the areas of transmission, facts, personal vulnerability and attitudes. However, participants reported engaging in little at-risk behaviour associated with HIV and AIDS. Implications for HIV and AIDS education and prevention are discussed.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed2004

The knowledge level and precautionary measures taken by older adults during the SARS outbreak in Hong Kong.

The study aims to examine the knowledge and the practice of the precautionary measures taken by older adults in Hong Kong against the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). Overall, more than half the participants responded correctly that droplet transmission is one of the main transmission routes of SARS. Those who received formal education demonstrated that they acquired greater knowledge of the sources and precautionary measures for SARS. The types of precautionary measures used and the factors affecting their behaviours were discussed. The results of the study could help the health-care professionals develop appropriate health promotion and disease prevention programmes for older adults.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Survey comparing clinicians' wound healing knowledge and practice.

A cross-sectional design in the form of a self-administered postal questionnaire was sent to 238 staff of a general hospital to compare wound healing knowledge and practice. Seventy-four questionnaires were returned (response rate = 31.09%). No significant statistical differences were identified between the groups. Wound care practices demonstrated a lack of evidence-based care along with the continued use of outdated and hazardous practices. Knowledge was primarily sourced from colleagues and personal experience, with journals and courses favoured by the specialized clinicians. The clinicians rated pre-graduate training as inadequate. Medical staff dominated decision-making in specialized groups, while the responsibility was shared between the nurse and the tissue viability nurse in non-specialized areas. The clinicians identified clinical effectiveness and availability as influencing their dressing choices.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1993

Calibration of the NPL secondary standard radionuclide calibrator for 192Ir brachytherapy sources.

Safe and effective treatment with brachytherapy sources requires an accurate knowledge of the local tissue absorbed dose rate derived from the source reference air kerma rate. It is desirable that these air kerma rate measurements be traceable to national standards. The NPL has embarked on a programme that will enable the user to assay brachytherapy sources in a convenient manner prior to treatment. Calibration figures have been derived for the NPL secondary standard radionuclide calibrator for 192Ir brachytherapy sources manufactured by Amersham International plc. The calibration figures enable the user to accurately estimate the reference air kerma rate and activity of such sources by measuring the ionization chamber response. Calibration figures for other brachytherapy sources are also being derived.

Brachytherapy↗
PubMed2001

Clinical implications of pulsatile hormone signals.

In all biological systems, the information content of hormonal signals is conveyed by the modalities of pulsatile hormone secretion. New mathematical tools for the analysis of pulsatile behaviour and increasing knowledge of the sources of signal variability have enabled us to recognize altered hormonal pulsatility associated with human disease. Its consequences for our understanding of disease mechanisms, for diagnostic procedures and for therapeutic decisions are discussed at the level of single hormones. Increased disorderliness of hormone secretion is a hallmark of pituitary adenomas, indicating functional subsystem autonomy. The effects on target tissues of changing growth hormone therapy from low-frequency administration to long-acting preparations are still incompletely understood. In contrast, the gonadotropic axis is a paradigm for the successful therapeutic use of induced pulsatility changes, where therapy with long-acting gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists suppresses endogenous gonadotropin pulses and gonadal function, and pulsatile GnRH administration is used to restore normal gonadal function. Future development of endocrine therapies will depend on our knowledge of hormonal pulsatility.

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone↗
PubMed1993

Pattern discovery in gene regulation; designing an analysis environment.

Interactions that determine cellular fate are exceedingly complex, can take place at different levels of gene regulation and involve a large number of components (such as genes, proteins). 'Wet lab' biology has an inherent difficulty in considering multiple components within one experimental set-up. Thus, the individual experimental results may reflect the behavior of a sub-system and be missing some important information concerning interactions with other components. Computational tools can help in simultaneously analyzing many different pieces of biological knowledge from different data sources. Such tools will aid in comprehending the whole system (cell, organism) as a function of all of its components; this, in turn, will facilitate discovery of the global patterns in genetic regulation. The Worm Community System (WCS) which contains extensive knowledge from many different sources regarding model organism C. elegans, presents a suitable environment for development of the integrated analysis tools. Here we describe a working version of WCS and the strategies employed for the development of the global analysis tools within the System. The present paper deals with the construction of a highly interconnected information space (in the context of the problem) by introducing more sophisticated data objects representing knowledge about genetic regulation. We describe construction of the in-depth objects, development of the analysis tools and discuss the type of analysis feasible within such interconnected space. The analysis tools will serve as an ideal environment for 'dry biology' experimentation and provide a context for 'wet' experiments.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Tobacco use and cardiovascular disease: a knowledge, attitude and practice study in rural Kerala.

BACKGROUND: Tobacco consumption, either in smokeless form or as smoking, is reported to be responsible for major non-communicable diseases, namely, cardiovascular diseases, chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases and cancers. Whatsoever control strategy is being used, the community participation is of utmost importance, which will depend largely on the level of the knowledge in the community. AIM: To assess the knowledge and attitude of a rural community towards the harmful effects of tobacco use. SETTING AND DESIGN: Venganoor Gram Panchayat of Thiruvananthapuram district of Kerala; cross-sectional study. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Interview schedule was used to collect the information on pre-designed and pre-tested proforma. The information recorded, included the demographic characteristics and socio-economic characteristics. The awareness regarding tobacco use and the attitude towards its non-usage was done, by putting forward, open and closed-ended questions. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Percentages and proportions; t-test; chi-square test. RESULTS: The present study included 302 (64.7%) females and 165 (35.3%) males. Among the males, 44 (38.5%) were ever smokers. Though 451 (96.6%) of the subjects knew that tobacco use is harmful for health, only 101 (22.5%) of the subjects knew that it causes cardiovascular diseases. Electronic and print media were the common source of such knowledge being reported by 265 (58.7%) and 202 (44.7%) subjects, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The subjects were aware about the harmful effects of tobacco use. However, more efforts are needed to make them aware about the role of tobacco smoking and chewing, in causing cardiac problems.

Adolescent↗