Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Income”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,315 records · Page 73Linked to original sources
PubMed1986

Food procurement and the nutritional adequacy of diets in low-income families.

Seventy-six white and black low-income families were interviewed weekly during 1 month to determine how much they spent on food using Food Stamps, WIC coupons, and cash and how much additional food they obtained from different food and meals programs. After families had received their public assistance and Food Stamp allotments for the month, a 24-hour recall was obtained each week from each family member so that food intake could be monitored from the recalls as food-buying resources were depleted. Although families bought most of their food the first 2 weeks, they maintained a relatively constant food intake through the last week of the month. However, when nutrient intakes were compared with Recommended Dietary Allowances, the diets were found to be well supplied in protein, ascorbic acid, thiamin, niacin, riboflavin, vitamin B-12, vitamin A, and phosphorus, and inadequately supplied in vitamin B-6, vitamin D, vitamin E, iron, calcium, magnesium, zinc, and pantothenic acid. Since that finding was true not just at the end of the month but from the beginning, it indicated that the nutrition problems of low-income families are not intermittent, but continuous.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Sharing increasing costs on declining income: the visible dilemma of the invisible aged.

The federal government considers all persons aged 65 and over a single beneficiary group, and data collectors consider them a single cohort. As a result, the very old (80 years and over) are virtually invisible; little is known about their specific income benefits and economic resources. Costs for the very old--a more economically diverse group than the nonaged--are likely to grow disproportionately. Recent proposals to share costs will affect the distribution of income and assets among the aged and between generations.

Aged↗
PubMed1978

Low-income children's attitudes toward mentally retarded children: effects of labeling and academic behavior.

Effects of the label "mentally retarded" and academic competence on low-income sixth-grade children's attitudes toward peers were examined. Attitude was defined in terms of children's affective feelings and behavioral inclinations. The results showed that low-income children expressed more favorable attitudes toward a competent than an incompetent child and, paradoxically, toward a labeled than a nonlabeled child. The data also revealed that an academically incompetent child who was not labeled as retarded evoked negative attitudes, especially from boys, whereas an incompetent child who was labeled as retarded evoked positive attitudes. The findings were discussed in terms of the pros and cons of the current trend toward delabeling.

Achievement↗
PubMed1981

Earnings, relative income, and family formation.

The probability of first marriage for men who graduated from Wisconsin high schools in 1957 was analyzed with respect to their Social Security earnings records, Wisconsin income tax reports for parents, and other variables. The findings provide no support for Easterlin's hypothesis that marriage will occur earlier when young men judge their economic prospects favorably with respect to their parents' income. However, young men's earnings and time spent in schooling to increase them were found to be important influences on marriage timing. Additional schooling had little effect net of the time it absorbed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

Effects of age, sex, and income level on sex-role differentiation in preschoolers.

Sex-role differentiation in 337 three-, four-, and five-year-old girls and boys, approximately equally divided into lower- and middle-income groups, was measured by five sex-role tests. A composite z score was also used for increased reliability. The study was replicated in order to investigate the reliability of the measures. The results showed that sex and, to a partial degree, age, had significant effects, but income level had little effect on sex-role differentiation. A factor analysis of the sex-role tests is also discussed.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1995

Racial and ethnic differences in birthweight: the role of income and financial assistance.

This paper attempts to explain the differences in birthweight observed between blacks, white Anglos, Chicanos, and other racial and ethnic groups. The analysis focuses on the role of income and financial assistance from relatives and public programs. Using data from the NLS Youth Panel, I construct a casual model of birthweight containing exogenous social and demographic risk factors and intervening proximate determinants of birthweight. A substantial part of the gap in birthweight between white Anglos and other ethnic groups (especially blacks) can be explained by the unfavorable socioeconomic and demographic characteristics of the latter. On the other hand, blacks and other minorities smoke less and have other favorable proximate characteristics that depress differences in birthweight. When these proximate determinants are controlled, large ethic differences in birthweight remain unexplained by income and other sociodemographic factors.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Poverty, income inequality, and health care consumption in Thailand.

The Thai economy has grown rapidly during the past three decades of modern industrialization. The structure of the economy has been changing from an agricultural to manufacturing based. Because industrial development policies has been biased toward Bangkok and surrounding provinces, regional income disparities have been widening. Despite the high growth record, Thailand has failed to distribute the benefits of economic growth equitably. This problem of income distribution could have many important consequences of relevance to the health of population.

Developing Countries↗
PubMed1994

Sexual behavior and condom use among urban, low-income, African-American and Hispanic youth.

Low income, urban, African-American, and Hispanic youth have been identified as a group for which there is concern about the spread of HIV. Using data from a household probability sample of 1,435 minority youth aged 15 to 24 in Detroit, this paper evaluates levels of sexual activity, condom use, and reasons for condom use and non-use. Comparisons with national samples of minority youth indicated that Detroit low-income youth have similar patterns of sexual behavior to national samples, although males and African-American females began their sexual experiences earlier and were less likely to have used condoms or other protection from pregnancy or sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) at first intercourse. Recent levels of condom use also left many Detroit youth unprotected from STDs. Less than half used a condom at least intercourse in the last year with nonmarital partners that they "knew well." In addition, condom use with partners that they "did not know well" was very low for Hispanic youth: Among those who had at least one casual partner in the last year, only 30% to 33% had ever used a condom with that partner. Analysis of reasons for use indicate that both pregnancy prevention and disease prevention were important motivations for condom use. However, many youth did not use condoms for reasons such as unavailability of condoms or unplanned sex.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Contraceptive risk-taking in a medically underserved, low-income population.

This study examines the phenomenon of contraceptive risk-taking, which is the nonuse of contraception by women who are sexually active, fertile and not pregnant or trying to become pregnant. Based on a survey sample of low-income women in their childbearing years who had not received family planning care or advice from a doctor or clinic for at least three years, the study analyzed demographic predictors of contraceptive risk-taking and also compared levels of contraceptive knowledge and pregnancy histories of noncontraceptors versus barrier contraceptors. Contraceptive risk-taking was found to be higher for minority women, for parous women, for those age 30 and younger, and for those whose knowledge of the fertility cycle is incorrect, but risk-taking was found to be unrelated to the women's marital status. Noncontraceptors were less knowledgeable concerning contraceptive methods and substantially more likely to have had previous unwanted pregnancies due to nonuse of contraception, suggesting that current contraceptive risk-taking probably represents a relatively enduring feature of reproductive behavior for a subgroup of the medically undeserved low-income population.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Changes in employment, insurance, and income in relation to HIV status and disease progression. The Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study.

While patterns of health care financing for HIV have received considerable attention in the literature, the financial impact of disease on individuals living with HIV infection has been underexplored, particularly in relation to disease progression. Therefore, we sought to document changes in employment, income, and insurance coverage over time among HIV-negative, HIV-positive, and AIDS-diagnosed gay and bisexual men participating in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS) and to document measures of financial hardship. Persons with AIDS (PWAs) were 2.7 times more likely to lose full-time employment over a 6-month period than seronegative persons (p < 0.05), and loss of employment was strongly associated (p < 0.001) with both loss of private health insurance and loss of income. Twenty-seven percent of PWAs reported having financial difficulty meeting their basic expenses, compared with 10% of seronegative (p < 0.001), and 15% of PWAs, compared with only 9% of seronegative persons, said that, for financial reasons, they had not sought medical care that they thought they needed (p = 0.028). When 27% of PWAs in a cohort such as this report financial difficulty meeting their basic expenses, it is clear that the response of our public health and social welfare systems has not been adequate. Given that the problems experienced by most persons infected by HIV are considerably more severe than those experienced by MACS participants, the imperative for action is even greater.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Perceptions of cancer fatalism among African Americans: the influence of education, income, and cancer knowledge.

African Americans have greater colorectal cancer mortality rates, yet are less likely to participate in fecal occult blood testing (FOBT). Perceptions of cancer fatalism play a pivotal role in this lack of participation. Cancer fatalism is the belief that death is inevitable when cancer is present. However, predictors of cancer fatalism have not been consistently articulated. The Powe Fatalism Model guided this descriptive, correlational study which reports on the relationship between education, income, knowledge of colorectal cancer, and cancer fatalism. Participants (N = 192) were recruited from randomly selected congregate meal sites. The majority of the sample was African American and female. African Americans had lower education, income, and knowledge of colorectal cancer. These factors were all significantly related to perceptions of cancer fatalism. Specifically, cancer fatalism increased as these factors decreased. Nursing professionals must focus on the prompt identification of fatalistic individuals based on these predictors. In addition, research must identify coping strategies for cancer fatalism.

Black or African American↗
PubMed1998

Policy implications of physician income homeostasis.

Physicians tend to protect their desired target incomes in the face of declining fees by working more. This homeostatic "volume response" in the name of income protection can have budgetary consequences opposite of those intended: overall spending will probably rise. This is seen because when the physician tries to earn one extra dollar, he or she causes many additional dollars to be spent within the health care economy. The fraction of total costs represented by the physician's fee varies among specialties and procedures. Among certain medical services that are susceptible to doctor-induced demand, the Medicare standard physician payment may represent 10 percent or less of the total cost of that service. Accordingly, even if physicians were very inefficient at finding additional work to compensate for lower fees, cutting physician payments may still lead to increased spending. For example, a 50 percent decrease in the physician payment for a single operation, total hip replacement, may trigger nearly one billion dollars in additional annual Medicare spending, even if surgeons can find only half of the additional work they would need to neutralize the effect of the fee reduction. A sophisticated health care spending policy would recognize that cutting fees induces volume increases. It would recognize that such fee decreases without controls on the volume response will lead to increases in overall costs. Finally, it would recognize that the fiscal effect of the volume response varies between specialties and procedures, and thus flexible guidelines are in order.

Arthroplasty, Replacement, Hip↗
PubMed1998

Work, income, the economy, and married fathers as child-care providers.

Previous research on fathers as child-care providers indicates a need to study the father's role in child care in the context of different economic cycles. Using data from the 1988, 1991, and 1993 panels of the Survey of Income and Program Participation, we examine whether fathers' availability and the couple's economic resources are differently related to child care by fathers over time. We focus on the differences between 1991--a recession year--and 1988 and 1993--two nonrecession years. Increased availability of fathers is significantly related to higher levels of fathers' participation in child care in all three years. Relative economic resources between husbands and wives help explain care by fathers only during the recession year, whereas family income is important only in the nonrecession years. These results suggest that in the future, researchers should acknowledge fluctuations in the economy when studying husbands' participation in traditional female tasks, as macroeconomic shifts appear to impact the likelihood of married fathers caring for their preschoolers during mothers' working hours.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Do education and income buffer the effects of death of spouse on mortality?

In this paper, we estimate the effects of the death of a spouse on the mortality of the survivor in different education and income groups. These socioeconomic resources may buffer the harmful effects of the stressful life event of the loss of one's spouse. The data come from a prospective study of mortality among all 35- to 74-year-old married Finnish persons. Follow-up was established by record linkage to death certificate registers for 1986-1991 (about 86,000 deaths, of which almost 5,500 occurred among the bereaved). The relative mortality after the death of one's spouse was broadly similar in different education and income groups. Absolute differences in mortality rates between bereaved and nonbereaved persons were larger in the lower end of the social spectrum, however. This pattern held for four broad categories of death: both sexes and two age groups (35-64 years and 65-74 years). The degree to which socioeconomic resources buffer the effects of death of spouse depends on whether it is assessed in terms of rate differences or rate ratios. Nevertheless, regardless of measurement choice, the effects of bereavement exist in all socioeconomic groups analyzed in this study. Furthermore, because of the high absolute level of mortality, the burden of excess mortality experienced after the death of one's spouse is heavier in the lower social strata.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Surgeons in the United States. Activities, output and income.

In a national surgical manpower questionnaire survey, 76% of those MD and DO surgeons who were contactable returned questionnaires that included a log diary reporting details of their daily activities. Comparisons were made of allocation of professional time, number of operations performed, and net income of respondents by physician classification (including certification), specialty, practice arrangement, age, and census division. The mean professional workweek was estimated at 46 hours for all respondents. More than two thirds of the total professional time was spent in direct patient care; about half the surgeon's time was spent in the hospital, with nearly 20% in the operating room. The median annual work load of respondents was 170 operations. Their median annual net income was $45,700.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Emergency medical systems in low- and middle-income countries: recommendations for action.

Emergency medical care is not a luxury for rich countries or rich individuals in poor countries. This paper makes the point that emergency care can make an important contribution to reducing avoidable death and disability in low- and middle-income countries. But emergency care needs to be planned well and supported at all levels--at the national, provincial and community levels--and take into account the entire spectrum of care, from the occurrence of an acute medical event in the community to the provision of appropriate care at the hospital. The mix of personnel, materials, and health-system infrastructure can be tailored to optimize the provision of emergency care in settings with different levels of resource availability. The misconception that emergency care cannot be cost effective in low-income settings is demonstrably inaccurate. Emergencies occur everywhere, and each day they consume resources regardless of whether there are systems capable of achieving good outcomes. With better planning, the ongoing costs of emergency care can result in better outcomes and better cost-effectiveness. Every country and community can and should provide emergency care regardless of their place in the ratings of developmental indices. We make the case for universal access to emergency care and lay out a research agenda to fill the gaps in knowledge in emergency care.

Allied Health Personnel↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Prescribe for health. Improving cancer screening in physician practices serving low-income and minority populations.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate a health maintenance organization (HMO)-sponsored intervention to improve cancer screening in private physician practices serving low-income, minority populations. DESIGN: A randomized controlled trial with preintervention and postintervention measurements. Measurements were obtained by abstracting information from independent random samples of medical charts (N = 2316 at preintervention and 2238 at postintervention). SETTING: Forty-seven primary care physician practices located in low-income and minority urban neighborhoods in Chicago, Ill. INTERVENTION: Practices were encouraged to adopt an office chart reminder system and to use a patient health maintenance card. Activities to facilitate the adoption of these items and for compliance with cancer screening guidelines included on-site training and start-up assistance visits, a physician continuing medical education seminar, and quality assurance visits with feedback to physicians. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The proportions of patients with a chart-documented mammogram, clinical breast examination, Papanicolaou smear, or fecal occult blood slide test in the 2 years before preintervention and postintervention chart abstractions. RESULTS: Between baseline and postintervention, there was a net increase in the proportion of HMO members in the intervention, compared with the control practices, who received in the preceding 2 years a Papanicolaou smear (11.9%) and a fecal occult blood slide test (14.1%). There was a net increase in the proportion of non-HMO patients in the intervention compared with the control practices who received a clinical breast examination (15.3%) and a fecal occult blood slide test (20.2%). CONCLUSIONS: Implementation of an HMO-mediated, multicomponent intervention to improve cancer screening was feasible and effective for the Papanicolaou smear, fecal occult blood slide test, and the clinical breast examination, but not for mammography.

Adult↗