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PubMed2005

[Cu and Zn pollution and soil enzyme activities in sewage irrigation area near smeltery].

This paper studied the Cu and Zn status in soil and rice plant as well as the soil enzyme activities in the sewage irrigation area near a smeltery. The results showed that the soils near the smeltery were polluted. The soil total and extractable Cu contents at the distance of 100 m were 182.45 and 81.91 mg x kg(-1), respectively, 9.3 and 34 times higher than the control. The Cu concentration in different parts of rice was in order of root > leaf and stem > grain, while the Zn concentration was in order of leaf and stem > root > grain. Zn was more mobile than Cu which was likely to accumulate in rice root. It was considered that root could act as a barrier which retarded the upwards transport of Cu and protected the above ground parts of rice from toxication. The Cu contents of rice stem and leaf had a significant correlation with soil Cu contents in the sewage irrigation area. Among the three test enzymes, urease was the most sensitive one to Cu, and its activity had a significant correlation with soil Cu content. Therefore, it is feasible to use soil urease activity as an indicator of soil Cu pollution in sewage irrigation area near the smeltery.

Copper↗
PubMed2005

[Developing models on water-saving agriculture through rainwater harvesting for supplemental irrigation in northern China semi-arid region].

Zhungeer of Inner Mongolia, an arsenic-bearing sandstone area of northern Loess Plateau, is one of the sites with most serious soil and water losses in China, while rainwater harvesting (RWH) for supplemental irrigation is the only approach to abate droughts in this region. In the ongoing water saving agriculture project, a national 863 project of China, Zhungeer was chosen as a demonstration zone of water-saving dryland agriculture through rainwater harvesting for supplemental irrigation in northern China semi-arid region. The traditional RWH and utilization lacks of holistic consideration, resulting in the blindness in engineering planning and production arrangement. Based on the analysis of the ecological, economic and societal conditions in the demonstration zone, this paper summarized the technological system of dryland cropping production centered on RWH for supplemental irrigation, and developed three models of RWH and highly effective crop-planting, RWH and ecological pasturing, and domestic RWH and economy. The water demand standards for integrative rainwater utilization in the demonstration zone were determined, and the ecological and socio-economic assessment on the three years implement effects of the models was conducted.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2004

Heavy metals accumulation in soils irrigated by municipal and industrial effluent.

Four soil profiles have been exposed in municipal, industrial effluents and municipal wastes mixed with industrial wastes (mixed effluent) and tube well irrigated areas of Indore district of Madhya Pradesh. Soil samples were collected horizon wise and analyzed for pH, electrical conductivity (EC), organic carbon, CaCO3, clay content, cation exchange capacity (CEC), exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) and heavy metals content viz. Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Cd, Cr, Co and Pb. Results showed all the heavy metals content decreased with increase in depth of soil profile. Municipal wastes / untreated sewage affected soil of Bhangarh village depicted highest content of heavy metals. The order of percentage availability of different heavy metals irrespective of the sources of irrigation is Pb>Co>Cr>Cd. However, continuous application of sewage indicated higher accumulation of heavy metals although the rate of accumulation was faster in case of industrial effluent within 2 years of irrigation. Organic carbon content had significant positive correlation with heavy metals except Cu and Zn, and negative correlation with pH and CaCO3. ESP had a negative correlation with all the metals. Zn, Mn, Cd and Co indicated significant negative correlation with the CEC of the soil. Inter-metallic correlation indicates a significant positive correlation in between Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn, Co, and Pb and among themselves.

Agriculture↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The possibility for the sanitary removal of enteroviruses from water reservoirs in the case of intensive irrigation agriculture].

The efficacy of elimination of enteric viruses from water in the process of exploitation of a closed irrigating system is evaluated. Experimental and natural observations showed the half-life of the index virus in the water objects of the irrigating system to be 1.57 days. The potentials of using a temperature-dependent variant of poliomyelitis virus as the internal control in studies of the prevalence of enteric virules among human subjects and in the environment under conditions of intensive irrigated agriculture are considered.

Agriculture↗
PubMed1989

The molluscicidal properties of Ambrosia maritima L. (Compositae). 4. Temporal and spatial distribution of Biomphalaria alexandrina in Egyptian village irrigation systems with reference to schistosomiasis transmission control.

Data on the temporal and spatial distribution of Biomphalaria alexandrina were collected throughout one year in two village irrigation systems near Alexandria, Egypt. Snails bearing Schistosoma mansoni cercariae were found from May to December but about 80% of annual transmission potential was confined from June to August. Although snail infection rates were generally 0-2%, higher rates were recorded and tended to be associated with smaller number snail collections. Infected snails were found in most canal and drain types and were judged to be present across most of the irrigated area of each village. In view of the dispersed nature of both infected snails and human-water contact in the area, it is suggested that schistosomiasis transmission is more widespread than focal. Effective transmission control using molluscicides should therefore require application to all village irrigation water-courses. The difficulties these various findings might impose on the use of commercial molluscicides are discussed and some possible advantages of the alternative plant molluscicide, Ambrosia maritima are noted.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Failure of peritoneal irrigation with heparin during pelvic operations upon young women to reduce adhesions.

Prevention of intraperitoneal fibrin formation has attracted attention in attempting to limit development of peritoneal adhesions. Operations on the pelvis for infertility were performed upon 92 patients, in all of whom the exposed peritoneal serosa was irrigated throughout with warm isotonic Ringer's lactate solution. In 44 randomly assigned patients, heparin 5,000 International units per liter was added to the irrigating solution. Forty-eight patients received no heparin. Laparoscopy was carried out in all patients within 12 days of operation in order to diagnose and treat pelvic adhesions. Analysis of adhesion improvement scores in relation to initial adhesion scores showed that no significant benefit was obtained from the use of heparin. The probability that an important beneficial effect of heparin was missed in the study was slight (p less than 0.03, 1-tailed). It is concluded that the use of heparin to irrigate the peritoneal serosa during elective operations upon the pelvis has no important action in reducing the development of peritoneal adhesions.

Adult↗
PubMed1973

Molluscicide for the control of schistosomiasis in irrigation schemes: a study in Southern Rhodesia.

The development of large areas of irrigation farming in the south-eastern lowveld of Southern Rhodesia has produced the risk of severe transmission of schistosomiasis over an extent of some 30 000 ha. Control measures instituted by the Ministry of Health were primarily directed against the large and widely distributed snail populations by using molluscicides. The chemical was applied to the irrigation water by drip-feed methods once every 6-8 months. The drains, however, were treated routinely by pairs of rangers searching for snails and applying chemical where they were found. The efficacy of control operations has been assessed by longitudinal studies in children free from infection to determine the incidence of infection. The results indicate that transmission of both Schistosoma haematobium and S. mansoni has been reduced to a level below that measured in areas of the country where irrigation is not practised. The total annual cost for this work was US$ 54 800-55 500.

Agriculture↗
PubMed1974

Sodium efflux and potential differences across the irrigated gill of sea water-adapted rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri).

Sodium extrusion (J(out) (Na)) was measured across the gills of rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri, adapted to sea water (SW) using a gill-irrigation system of small volume. The potential difference (TEP) was also measured under similar conditions. J(out) (Na) was usually between 100-250 microeq (100 g)(-1) h(-1), about an order of magnitude faster than in fresh water (FW)-adapted trout, but slower than has been reported for any other marine teleost. The TEP was between 10-11 mV, body fluids positive to SW. When the external medium was changed from SW to FW J(out) (Na) was reduced to about 25 % of the initial value, and the TEP was reduced by 40-50 mV (i.e. body fluids negative by 30-40 mV). Addition of either Na(+) or K(+) in SW concentrations reversed the changes; J(out) (Na) increased and the gill repolarized. The electrical behavior and sodium efflux in irrigated trout gill is qualitatively the same as has been reported for unanaesthetized, free-swimming fish of other species. Thus, the irrigated gill provides an adequate model for studying the mechanism of sodium extrusion in marine teleosts.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1967

Field trials to evaluate the effectiveness of the molluscicide N-tritylmorpholine in irrigation systems.

In field trials with the molluscicide N-tritylmorpholine (Frescon, WL 8008), a prolonged low-dosage technique has been developed for use in irrigation systems. In Tanzania a dose of 0.025 ppm applied for 30 days to the headworks of a 5000-acre (2025-ha) irrigation system gave effective control of Biomphalaria pfeifferi, the snail host of Schistosoma mansoni, for a period of 3-4 months. This was comparable to the effectiveness of other molluscicides and other dosage regimes but the technique had the advantages of simplicity, lower cost and lack of toxicity towards fish or other aquatic fauna. Similar trials have been carried out in Egypt and Southern Rhodesia. Theoretical and practical considerations involved in the choice of dosage regimes are discussed and a general formula is suggested for choosing dosage regimes in irrigation systems.

Molluscacides↗
PubMed1970

The development of snail control methods on an irrigated sugar-cane estate in northern Tanzania.

In an attempt to prevent the transmission of Schistosoma mansoni on an irrigated sugar-cane estate, molluscicide experiments were carried out to find the optimum methods for controlling the intermediate-host snails, Biomphalaria pfeifferi. The ease of application of N-tritylmorpholine led to its adoption as the molluscicide of choice for the two separate irrigation systems on the estate. Experiments on the frequency and duration of molluscicide treatments were carried out, and from these it was concluded that 5-day applications of N-tritylmorpholine at 0.025 ppm every 7 weeks might lead to a break in transmission by control of the snails.In another set of trials, drainage ditches were treated alternately with N-tritylmorpholine and niclosamide ethanolamine salt, and although the chemicals differed only slightly in their effect, the latter-being ovicidal-was chosen to be applied at approximately 4 ppm by knapsack sprayer every 8 weeks. Extra treatment of small pools with the same compound was carried out during the long rains when irrigation was unnecessary and most of the canals were dry.It is pointed out that the effect of the control methods on S. mansoni transmission will need to be evaluated by studying the incidence of the disease in the population.

Agriculture↗
PubMed1984

[Pathogen distribution in waste water sprinkler irrigation].

The spray irrigation with pretreated wastewater was investigated on the sewage farm of the Braunschweig Sewage Utilization Association. The emission of airborne bacteria was measured by means of Andersen sampler (AS), Reuter centrifugal sampler (RCS), and sedimentation plates (SP). There was a good correlation of results obtained by parallel measurings of AS and RCS. The RCS was more effective by the factor 11.5 than the AS sampling airborne microorganisms. However, the AS gaves the distribution curve of differently big airborne particulates (Table 1). The medium decrease of bacteria from the sprinkler determined by AS and SP was similar (Fig. 1). With low wind velocity, an aerosol containing enterobacteria was yet detectable at a distance of 60-160 m down-wind from the spray sprinkler. The transport of bacteria as a function of the wind velocity is given in Fig. 2 increasing about 25 m for an increase of the wind velocity of 1 m/sec. During the spray irrigation, the composition of bacteria in the airborne particles is varying continuously. The following order of succession of die-away rates was found: Aeromonas, Plesiomonas, Vibrio greater than Acinetobacter, Pseudomonas greater than Enterobacter greater than Citrobacter greater than E. coli greater than Klebsiella greater than gram-positive bacteria (Table 3). Only seldom and under extreme conditions, gram-negative bacteria were detected in a range between 200-300 m beyond of concentrations as they were found also in controls without irrigation. This result substantiates a minimum protective distance of 300 m between sprinkler and human settlements.

Air Microbiology↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Biological activity of the soils of the rice irrigation systems in the southern Ukraine].

The biological activity of soils was studied in the irrigation systems of the Southern Ukraina. Aerobic microorganisms were found to be widely distributed in all these soils. The cell number of Azotobacter and the activity of nitrogen fixation differed among various irrigation systems. Active nitrogen-fixing microbial associations were isolated from the soils; some of them were capable of fixation of 19.4 mg N per 1 g of assimilated glucose. The microbiological processes of certain irragation systems were characterized by reductive processes such as the intensive growth of sulphate reducing bacteria and the high activity of denitrification. The activities of protease, catalase and dehydrogenase differed among various soils, and were the lowest at a level of ground waters being 0.8 m. Flooding is one of ecological factors affecting the biological activity of the soils of irrigation systems.

Aerobiosis↗
PubMed1981

[The effect of normothermic and hypothermic gastric irrigation on blood flow of the canine stomach (author's transl)].

A gastric irrigation by an open naso-gastric tube with ice-solutions is a standard procedure in the management of upper gastrointestinal bleeding. In 6 dogs the effect of an increased intragastric pressure and of gastric cooling upon gastric blood flow was examined, using radioactive microspheres. Filling the stomach with saline solution of 38 degrees C to an intragastric pressure of 15 cm H2O reduces canine gastric blood flow from 21,3 +/- 4,4 ml X 100 g-1 X min-1 to 12,6 +/- 2,9 ml significantly. Probably as a consequence of compression only mucosal blood flow is lowered. Blood flow during local hypothermia (21 degrees C at the outer wall of the stomach) at the same intragastric pressure is 60% less than the control value at empty stomach and 33% less than the value at increased pressure without lowered temperature (p less than 0,01). Blood flow to the muscularis is now reduced too. This may be explained by vasoconstriction. However, local hypothermia causes the stomach wall bleeding time to increase three times (13), whereas irrigation by 38 degrees C fluid doesn't alter the coagulation of blood. An irrigation with high volumes of a fluid with body-temperature, which lowers gastric blood flow without changing coagulation and with an open system, which allows the cleaning of the stomach, seems to be more valuable than local hypothermia by a ballon system.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Irrigation, faecal water content and development rate of free-living stages of sheep trichostrongyles.

The effect of irrigation by flooding the pastures on the ability of the eggs of sheep Trichostrongyles to develop into infective larvae (L3) was estimated in outdoor conditions by depositing parasitised faeces on plots, without irrigation or submerged, at different times and durations. The rates of development of Teladorsagia circumcincta, Trichostrongylus vitrinus and Chabertia ovina were very low in spring and summer in dry plots but proportional to the duration of submersion in the irrigated plots. T circumcincta was mainly favoured in spring, T vitrinus in summer, but higher rates were observed in autumn. The action of water had more effect on freshly deposited faeces. In laboratory experiments on T circumcincta, T vitrinus and Haemonchus contortus, the submersion of cultures was unfavourable to egg development but favoured L1 development. Cultures with different faecal water contents (FWC) simulating a submersion (7 or 16 h) or an alteration of spraying and dehydration, or at constant values of 60 and 50% enabled us to conclude that high FWC favoured the development of T vitrinus, had some negative effect on T circumcincta, but H contortus was more susceptible to variations of FWC. The FWC had an effect on the size of L3 and, for T circumcincta only, the survival rate of the small L3 obtained at low FWC seemed decreased. These data could explain the absence of H contortus, as well as the abundance of T vitrinus on the studied pastures.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Colonization of irrigation canals by Bulinus abyssinicus and upsurge of urinary schistosomiasis in the middle Awash Valley of Ethiopia.

The current status of urinary schistosomiasis and snail intermediate 1 hosts in the middle Awash Valley was assessed. Examination of urine by the filtration method for one camp (Assoba) in the Amibara Irrigation scheme showed high human prevalence (70%) and snail infection (7%). Of interest is the fact that now B. abyssinicus, the snail intermediate host of urinary schistosomiasis, has started colonizing the irrigation canals and that our of the infected individuals, 30.3% are itinerant population, possible irrigation workers. The immediate measures to be taken are suggested.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

[A course of pirarubicin vesical irrigation at thirty mg effectively prevents post-TUR recurrence of superficial bladder cancer].

In order to study its safety and anti-cancer dose-effectiveness in the prevention of cancer recurrence, two groups of patients having superficial bladder cancer (TUR-Bt) had their bladder intravesically irrigated post-surgically with 20 or 30 mg aliquots of (2''R)-4'-0-tetrahydropyranyl-adriamycin (THP). A total of 74 patients with bladder cancer were entered in the study. Four cases proved ineligible, and 30 could not complete the planned treatment. THP vesical irrigation of 14-17 sessions was regarded as a condition for eligibility: Clinical evaluation was feasible with 19 patients of 20 mg and 21 of 30 mg THP. Non-recurrence rates at 1, 2, 3 and 4 years were 89.5, 53.3, and 26.6%, respectively, for the 20 mg group, and 95.2, 84.3, 75.9 and 75.9%, respectively, for the 30 mg THP group. The incidence of side effects appeared slightly greater in the 30 mg THP group than in the 20 mg group, and there were no systemic adverse reactions. Topical reaction of cystitis was noted to be as low as 12.5%. Thus, THP vesical irrigations at 30 mg were found tolerable and effective for the prevention of local recurrence following TUR-Bt.

Administration, Intravesical↗
PubMed1976

Postpneumonectomy empyema in pulmonary carcinoma patients. Treatment with antibiotic irrigation and closed-chest drainage.

Seven patients with postpneumonectomy empyema who had had pulmonary carcinoma were treated with intrapleural antibiotic irrigation and closed-chest drainage. Two tubes were used to irrigate and drain the cavity. Although most patients had a bronchopleural or esophagopleural fistula, the treatment was successful in every case. Three of the 7 patients died of far-advanced carcinoma 1 to 2 years postoperatively, but none died of sequela of the empyema. In 3 patients with bronchopleural fistula, empyema recurred during the first postoperative year. However, it responded well to repeated irrigation and drainage. This simple, time-saving, and easily repeatable regimen proved to be both effective and also very comfortable for the patient. It has none of the disadvantages of open thoracic drainage or mutilating thoracoplasty.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Barrier function of corneal endothelium and the intraocular irrigating solutions.

I studied the in vitro effect of three intraocular irrigating solutions--a glutathione bicarbonate Ringer (GBR), a commercially available glucose glutathione bicarbonate solution (BSS Plus), and a citrate-acetate bicarbonate solution (S-MA2)--on the barrier function of the corneal endothelium. The major chemical differences between S-MA2 and GBR or BSS Plus are that S-MA2 does not contain glutathione and phosphate but does contain acetate and citrate. Paired rabbit corneas were perfused separately, and the endothelial permeability (Pac) to carboxyfluorescein was determined. Between the paired corneas perfused with GBR and BSS Plus, there was no significant difference in the Pac, while a significant difference in this factor was seen between the paired corneas perfused with GBR and S-MA2; the figure was about 20% larger for S-MA2. It is suggested that BSS Plus or GBR is less harmful to the endothelial barrier function than S-MA2 and that Pac to carboxyfluorescein can be a useful index in determining the safety of the intraocular irrigating solutions.

Animals↗