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PubMed1984

Electrogenic Cl- absorption by Amphiuma small intestine: dependence on serosal Na+ from tracer and Cl- microelectrode studies.

The Na+ requirement for active, electrogenic Cl- absorption by Amphiuma small intestine was studied by tracer techniques and double-barreled Cl- -sensitive microelectrodes. Addition of Cl- to a Cl- -free medium bathing in vitro intestinal segments produced a saturable (Km = 5.4 mM) increase in short-circuit current (ISC) which was inhibitable by 1 mM SITS. The selectivity sequence for the anion-evoked current was Cl- = Br- greater than SCN- greater than NO-3 greater than F- = I-. Current evoked by Cl- reached a maximum with increasing medium Na concentration (KM = 12.4 mM). Addition of Na+, as Na gluconate (10 mM), to mucosal and serosal Na+-free media stimulated the Cl- current and simultaneously increased the absorptive Cl- flux (JCl m----s) and net flux ( JClnet ) without changing the secretory Cl- flux ( JCls ----m). Addition of Na+ only to the serosal fluid stimulated JClm ----s much more than Na+ addition only to the mucosal fluid in paired tissues. Serosal DIDS (1 mM) blocked the stimulation. Serosal 10 mM Tris gluconate or choline gluconate failed to stimulate JClm ----s. Intracellular Cl- activity ( aiCl ) in villus epithelial cells was above electrochemical equilibrium indicating active Cl- uptake. Ouabain (1 mM) eliminated Cl- accumulation and reduced the mucosal membrane potential (psi m) over 2 to 3 hr. In contrast, SITS had no effect on Cl- accumulation and hyperpolarized the mucosal membrane. Replacement of serosal Na+ with choline eliminated Cl- accumulation while replacement of mucosal Na+ had no effect. In conclusion by two independent methods active electrogenic Cl- absorption depends on serosal rather than mucosal Na+. It is concluded that Cl- enters the cell via a primary (rheogenic) transport mechanism. At the serosal membrane the Na+ gradient most likely energizes H+ export and regulates mucosal Cl- accumulation perhaps by influencing cell pH or HCO-3 concentration.

4-Acetamido-4'-isothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfo↗
PubMed1995

Analysis of an insertional operator mutation (gntOi) that affects the expression level of the Bacillus subtilis gnt operon, and characterization of gntOi suppressor mutations.

The Bacillus subtilis gnt operon is negatively regulated via interaction of the gnt repressor (GntR) with an operator upstream of gntR, which is antagonized by gluconate. An 8 bp insertional operator mutation (gntOi) of the gnt operon was constructed which affected the expression level of this operon. Two suppressors of this gntOi mutation, exhibiting normal expression, were also isolated; one involved a threonine substitution for the Ala-48 residue (gntR48T) within the helix-turn-helix DNA-binding motif of GntR, and the other an adenine substitution for the guanine at nucleotide -4 within the gntOi operator (gntOiM4A) (+ 1 is the transcription initiation site). The gntR48T mutation by itself rendered the gnt operon partially constitutive. When the gntR43L mutation, which renders the gnt operon fully constitutive, was introduced into the gntOi or gntOiM4A mutant, the operator mutations were found not to affect the promoter activity of the gnt operon. These in vivo results indicate that the gntOi mutation affects the operator interaction with GntR, causing a low expression level even in the presence of gluconate. In vitro gel retardation and DNase I footprint analyses demonstrated that even when gluconate was present, GntR still bound to the gntOi operator region.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2006

The role of reduced iron powder in the fermentative production of tetanus toxin.

When tetanus toxin is made by fermentation with Clostridium tetani, the traditional source of iron is an insoluble preparation called reduced iron powder. This material removes oxygen from the system by forming FeO(2) (rust). When inoculated in a newly developed medium lacking animal and dairy products and containing glucose, soy-peptone, and inorganic salts, growth and toxin production were poor without reduced iron powder. The optimum concentration of reduced iron powder for toxin production was found to be 0.5 g/l. Growth was further increased by higher concentrations, but toxin production decreased. Inorganic iron sources failed to replace reduced iron powder for growth or toxin formation. The iron source that came closest was ferrous ammonium sulfate. The organic iron sources ferric citrate and ferrous gluconate were more active than the inorganic compounds but could not replace reduced iron powder. Insoluble iron sources, such as iron wire, iron foil, and activated charcoal, were surprisingly active. Combinations of activated charcoal with soluble iron sources such as ferrous sulfate, ferric citrate, and ferrous gluconate showed increased activity, and the ferrous gluconate combination almost replaced reduced iron powder. It thus appears that the traditional iron source, reduced iron powder, plays a double role in supporting tetanus toxin formation, i.e., releasing soluble sources of iron and providing an insoluble surface.

Clostridium tetani↗
PubMed2002

Cloning and molecular analysis of poly(3-hydroxyalkanoate) biosynthesis genes in Pseudomonas aureofaciens.

Pseudomonas aureofaciens grown on octanoate or gluconate synthesized medium-chain-length polyhydroxyalkanoates (mcl-PHAs). To clone the PHA synthase gene(s) (phaC), the genomic library of P. aureofaciens was constructed using a cosmid vector. The recombinant cosmids that clone phaC were detected by the complementation with a PHA-negative mutant, P. putida GPp104. The resulting recombinant cosmid, named pVK6, contained a 13-kbp DNA insert. Genetic analysis of the pha locus in pVK6 revealed the presence of six ORFs, genes encoding two PHA synthases, 1 and 2 (phaC1 and phaC2), PHA depolymerase (phaZ), two PHA granule-associated proteins (phaF and phaI), and an unknown protein (phaD). The heterologous expression of pha genes from P. aureofaciens was confirmed. P. putida GPp104 regained the ability to accumulate PHA on introduction of pVK6. Wild-type strains P. oleovorans and P. fluorescens, which were unable to accumulate PHA when grown on gluconate, acquired the ability to accumulate PHA from gluconate when they possessed pVK6.

Acyltransferases↗
PubMed1997

The intrinsic Cl- conductance of mouse kidney cortex brush-border membrane vesicles is not related to CFTR.

Brush-border membrane vesicles (BBMV) were prepared from whole Balb/c mice kidneys by a Mg2+ precipitation technique. The presence of an intrinsic Cl- conductance co-expressed with Na+/glucose cotransport was inferred by the anion dependence of [14C]glucose uptake and overshoot with inward Na(+)-anion gradients. In Na(+)-equilibrated conditions, an inside-negative membrane potential difference (p.d.) produced by an inward Cl- gradient alone was capable of driving intravesicular [14C]glucose accumulation. The apparent anion conductance had a selectivity of Br- = I- = Cl- > F- > > gluconate, was inhibited by 0.5 mM 5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino)-benzoic acid (NPPB) but was unaffected by 0.5 mM 4,4'-diisothiocyanatostilbene 2,2'-disulphonate (DIDS). BBMV were isolated from mice in which the CFTR gene had been disrupted by a termination mutation (-/-) and compared with normal litter mates (+/+) and heterozygotes (-/+)[18]. [14C]Glucose uptake in NaCl media was significantly greater than glucose uptake in Na gluconate media for all three genotypes measured at 20 s: for homozygous -/- animals [14C]glucose uptake was increased by 2.80 +/- 0.53 fold in Cl- media compared to gluconate media, n = 6; for wild-type +/+, by 2.16 +/- 0.53 fold, n = 8; and for heterozygous +/- animals, by 2.17 +/- 0.45 fold, n = 8. The observation of a Cl-(-)dependent component in BBMV isolated from homozygous -/- mutant animals shows that the chloride conductance in these vesicles cannot be due to CFTR expression.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

A lower specificity PhaC2 synthase from Pseudomonas stutzeri catalyses the production of copolyesters consisting of short-chain-length and medium-chain-length 3-hydroxyalkanoates.

A polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) synthase gene phaC2 (Ps) from Pseudomonas stutzeri strain 1317 was introduced into a PHA synthase gene phbC (Re) negative mutant, Ralstonia eutropha PHB(-)4. It conferred on the host strain the ability to synthesize PHA, the monomer compositions of which varied widely when grown on different carbon sources. During cultivation on gluconate, the presence of phaC2 (Ps) in R. eutropha PHB(-)4 led to the accumulation of polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) homopolymer in an amount of 40.9 wt% in dry cells. With fatty acids, the recombinant successfully produced PHA copolyesters containing both short-chain-length and medium-chain-length 3-hydroxyalkanoate (3HA) of 4-12 carbon atoms in length. When cultivated on a mixture of gluconate and fatty acid, the monomer composition of accumulated PHA was greatly affected and the monomer content was easily regulated by the addition of fatty acids in the cultivation medium. After the (R)-3-hydroxydecanol-ACP:CoA transacylase gene phaG (Pp) from Pseudomonas putida was introduced into phaC2(Ps)-containing R. eutropha PHB(-)4, poly(3HB-co-3HA) copolyester with a very high 3-hydroxybutyrate (3HB) fraction (97.3 mol%) was produced from gluconate and the monomer compositions of PHA synthesized from fatty acids were also altered. This study clearly demonstrated that PhaC2(Ps) cloned from P. stutzeri 1317 has extraordinarily low substrate specificity in vivo, though it has only 54% identity in comparison to a previously described low-substrate-specificity PHA synthase PhaC1(Ps) from Pseudomonas sp. 61-3. This study also indicated that the monomer composition and content of the synthesized PHA can be effectively modulated by controlling the addition of carbon sources or by modifying metabolic pathways in the hosts.

Acyltransferases↗
PubMed1985

ATP-dependent proton transport by isolated brain clathrin-coated vesicles. Role of clathrin and other determinants of acidification.

We have systematically investigated certain characteristics of the ATP-dependent proton transport mechanism of bovine brain clathrin-coated vesicles. H+ transport specific activity was shown by column chromatograpy to co-purify with coated vesicles, however, the clathrin coat is not required for vesicle acidification as H+ transport was not altered by prior removal of the clathrin coat. Acidification of the vesicle interior, measured by fluorescence quenching of acridine orange, displayed considerable anion selectively (Cl- greater than Br- much greater than NO3- much greater than gluconate, SO2-(4), HPO2-(4), mannitol; Km for Cl- congruent to 15 mM), but was relatively insensitive to cation replacement as long as Cl- was present. Acidification was unaffected by ouabain or vanadate but was inhibited by N-ethylmaleimide (IC50 less than 10 microM), dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCCD) (IC50 congruent to 10 microM), chlorpromazine (IC50 congruent to 15 microM), and oligomycin (IC50 congruent to 3 microM). In contrast to N-ethylmaleimide, chlorpromazine rapidly dissipated preformed pH gradients. Valinomycin stimulated H+ transport in the presence of potassium salts (gluconate much greater than NO3- greater than Cl-), and the membrane-potential-sensitive dye Oxonol V demonstrated an ATP-dependent interior-positive vesicle membrane potential which was greater in the absence of permeant anions (mannitol greater than potassium gluconate greater than KCl) and was abolished by N-ethylmaleimide, protonophores or detergent. Total vesicle-associated ouabain-insensitive ATPase activity was inhibited 64% by 1 mM N-ethylmaleimide, and correlated poorly with H+ transport, however N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive ATPase activity correlated well with proton transport (r = 0.95) in the presence of various Cl- salts and KNO3. Finally, vesicles prepared from bovine brain synaptic membranes exhibited H+ transport activity similar to that of the coated vesicles.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Acridine Orange↗
PubMed1986

Mechanism of coupling between Cl- and OH- transport in renal brush-border membranes.

The coupling mechanism for Cl- and H+/OH- transport in renal brush-border vesicles was examined from intravesicular pH changes following imposed H+ and Cl- gradients. Vesicles were loaded with 6-carboxyfluorescein and exposed to H+ gradients and Cl-, gluconate, or sulfate gradients, each with and without a K+/valinomycin voltage clamp. Parallel experiments were performed with vesicles equilibrated with 10 mM HCO3- or 5 mM formate. Rate of H+/OH- transport was determined from the initial rate of change in 6-carboxyfluorescein fluorescence, vesicle buffer capacity and the relationship between fluorescence and vesicle pH. In contrast to gluconate or sulfate, Cl- caused enhanced H+/OH- transport under all conditions. This difference was eliminated with voltage clamping in the presence of gluconate, SO4(2-), or HCO3-, but not in the presence of formate. These findings were not affected by the method of preparation of the vesicles. Electrically coupled Cl-/OH- transport was not inhibited by 100 microM DIDS (4,4'-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonate) or 100 microM DBDS (4,4'-dibenzamidostilbene-2,2'-disulfonate). SITS (4-acetamido-4'-isothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonate) was found to be a protonophore at concentrations greater than 500 microM. As a control for the method, we demonstrated amiloride inhibitable, electroneutral Na+-H+ exchange (H+ flux = 107 +/- 9 nmol/s per mg, 100 mM Na+) and electroneutral, DBDS inhibitable Cl(-)-HCO3- exchange in sealed human red blood cell ghosts. Therefore, electroneutral Cl(-)-OH- or HCO3- exchange does not measurably contribute to Cl- transport in the proximal tubule brush border. Cl(-)-formate exchange with formic acid recycling appears to be the only electroneutral coupling mechanism between Cl- and OH- transport demonstrable in renal brush-border membrane vesicles.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Conducting and voltage-dependent behaviors of potassium ion channels reconstituted from diaphragm sarcoplasmic reticulum: comparison with the cardiac isoform.

Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) K+ channels from canine diaphragm were studied upon fusion of longitudinal and junctional membrane vesicles into planar lipid bilayers (PLB). The large-conductance cation selective channel (gamma(max) = 250 pS; Km = 33 mM) displays long-lasting open events which are much more frequent at positive than at negative voltages. A major subconducting state about 45% of the fully-open state current amplitude was occasionally observed at all voltages. The voltage-dependence of the open probability displays a sigmoid relationship that was fitted by the Boltzmann equation and expressed in terms of thermodynamic parameters, namely the free energy (delta Gi) and the effective gating charge (Zs): delta Gi = 0.27 kcal/mol and Zs = -1.19 in 250 mM potassium gluconate (K-gluconate). Kinetic analyses also confirmed the voltage-dependent gating behavior of this channel, and indicate the implication of at least two open and three closed states. The diaphragm SR K+ channel shares several biophysical properties with the cardiac isoform: g = 180 pS, delta Gi = 0.75 kcal/mol, Zs = -1.45 in 150 mM K-gluconate, and a similar sigmoid P(o)/voltage relationship. Little is known about the regulation of the diaphragm and cardiac SR K+ channels. The conductance and gating of these channels were not influenced by physiological concentrations of Ca2+ (0.1 microM-1 mM) or Mg2+ (0.25-1 mM), as well as by cGMP (25-100 microM), lemakalim (1-100 microM), glyburide (up to 10 microM) or charybdotoxin (45-200 nM), added either to the cis or to the trans chamber. The apparent lack of biochemical or pharmacological modulation of these channels implies that they are not related to any of the well characterized surface membrane K+ channels. On the other hand, their voltage sensitivity strongly suggests that their activity could be modulated by putative changes in SR membrane potential that might occur during calcium fluxes.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗
PubMed1982

Long-term prenylamine therapy: effects on responses to myocardial ischaemia in the isolated rat heart.

The effects of long-term administration of prenylamine gluconate were studied to define changes induced by chronic treatment that may alter the responses of the myocardium to ischaemic stress. Prenylamine gluconate was administered orally to rats (10 mg or 100 mg/kg per day) for 2 weeks. At the end of this period, hearts were excised for perfusion studies. In comparison with gluconate-treated controls, hearts from the group treated with the lower dose of prenylamine showed a significant reduction in basal cardiac function that was not apparent in the group treated with the higher dose of prenylamine. After a period (35 min) of ischaemia stress (reduced flow), a reduction in enzyme leakage and an increase in post-ischaemic functional recovery were observed in hearts from animals treated with the lower dose of prenylamine. In contrast, hearts from the group treated with the higher dose showed no significant improvement. However, chronic prenylamine therapy was shown to reduce in a dose-dependent manner the incidence of post-ischaemic arrhythmias. Thus, although the antiarrhythmic efficacy of long-term treatment with this agent appears to be proportional to the dosage, the ability of prenylamine to reduce ischaemic damage and promote functional recovery does not show a linear relationship with the drug dose.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗
PubMed1984

Excessive intake of copper: influence on longevity and cadmium accumulation in mice.

Feeding copper gluconate in the drinking water to C57BL/6J male for a lifetime decreased the mean survival times by 14.4% when given at a concentration of 5 X 10(-3) M (317 ppm copper). The maximum life span was reduced by 12.8% (from 986 to 874 days). Survival data at lower copper concentrations are also reported. Serum, brain, heart and kidney copper concentrations were unaltered by feeding 5 X 10(-3) M copper gluconate. Only liver concentrations increased. Cadmium concentrations in liver and kidney of 168-, 406- and 644-day-old mice were essentially unchanged after feeding copper gluconate for 104 days. We conclude that chronic consumption of copper does not prevent or reduce the normal accumulation of cadmium found in aging mice.

Aging↗
PubMed1994

Preparation and characterization of a glucose-responsive insulin-releasing polymer device.

A new glucose-responsive insulin delivery system composed of phenylboronic acid (PBA) groups was prepared and investigated. Complexation of various diol-containing molecules with PBA gel beads was evaluated using frontal chromatography. The structural features of the diol-containing molecules strongly influenced their binding to PBA gel beads. In particular, open-chain monosaccharides demonstrated higher association constants (ca 9.5 x 10(2) to 5.1 x 10(3) l/mol) than glucose (ca 6.3 x 10(2) l/mol). Furthermore, a model system utilizing a fluorescent derivative of tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane was synthesized and bound to PBA gel beads. The molecules were released in a pulsatile manner in response to glucose. In addition, gluconic acids were chemically attached to insulin molecules. The modified insulin, containing two gluconic acid units per insulin molecule, was isolated using ion-exchange chromatography. This gluconic acid-modified insulin (G-Ins) was bound onto a PBA gel column, and the G-Ins release profile in response to varying glucose concentrations was investigated. The results demonstrate that the PBA gel beads release G-Ins in response to glucose concentration. Thus, this new system may be applied for self-regulated insulin delivery.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Influence of two handwashing frequencies on reduction in colonizing flora with three handwashing products used by health care personnel.

Four handwashing products (containing either 2% chlorhexidine gluconate, 0.6% parachlorometaxylenol, 0.3% triclosan, or a nonantimicrobial control) at two handwashing frequencies (6 or 18 times/day) were compared with regard to their effectiveness in reducing colonizing hand flora. Eighty adult volunteers were assigned by block randomization to one of the four products and one of the two frequency schedules (n = 10/group) and washed their hands under supervision for 5 consecutive days. There were no significant differences between products in mean log10 colony-forming units after the initial wash (p = 0.61), nor were there significant differences in products after 5 days among subjects washing six times per day. For those who washed 18 times per day, however, the effectiveness of all three antimicrobial soaps was significantly better than that of the control soap (p less than 0.05). Chlorhexidine gluconate produced significantly greater reductions than triclosan or parachlorometaxylenol (p less than 0.05), which were not significantly different from each other. On the basis of these findings an antimicrobial soap is recommended when handwashing frequency is high and a long-term reduction in colonizing flora is desirable. When handwashing frequency is low (6 times/day), there seems to be less advantage of one product over another, although the use of chlorhexidine gluconate resulted in greater reductions at both high and low handwashing frequencies.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

The effect of surgical handwashing routines on the microbial counts of operating room nurses.

Many factors may affect the efficiency of handwashing techniques. This study examined two interdependent factors: the time taken to wash the hands and the type of antiseptic solution used. A 3-minute initial scrub and 30-second consecutive scrub regimen was compared with a current standard regimen of a 5-minute initial scrub and a 3-minute consecutive scrub. Chlorhexidine gluconate 4% and povidone-iodine 7.5% were the antiseptics used in the two regimens. The sample (n = 34) was drawn from nurses employed in the operating room suite of a 950-bed hospital. Chlorhexidine gluconate was found to be responsible for lower numbers of colony-forming units of bacteria than povidone-iodine. The duration of the scrub had no significant effect on the numbers of bacteria when povidone-iodine was used. The optimal regimen was found to be the 5-minute initial and 3-minute consecutive scrubs with chlorhexidine gluconate.

Chlorhexidine↗
PubMed2005

Zinc pyrithione in alcohol-based products for skin antisepsis: persistence of antimicrobial effects.

Alcohol-based products for skin antisepsis have a long history of safety and efficacy in the United States and abroad. However, alcohol alone lacks the required antimicrobial persistence to provide for the sustained periods of skin antisepsis desired in the clinical environment. Therefore, alcohol-based products must have a preservative agent such as iodine/iodophor compounds, chlorhexidine gluconate, or zinc pyrithione, to extend its antimicrobial effects. Iodine, iodophors, and chlorhexidine gluconate are well-characterized antimicrobials and preservatives. The thrust of our effort was to examine the characteristics of the lesser-known zinc pyrithione and to evaluate its utility as a preservative in the formulation of alcohol-based products for skin antisepsis. This work includes a literature review of current zinc pyrithione applications in drugs and cosmetics, a safety and toxicity evaluation, consideration of the proposed mechanisms of antimicrobial action, in vitro and in vivo efficacy data, and a discussion of the mechanisms that confer the desired antimicrobial persistence. In addition, alcohol-based, zinc pyrithione-preserved, commercially available products of skin antisepsis are compared with other commercially available antimicrobials used for skin antisepsis and with additional alcohol-based products with different preservatives. The authors' conclusion is that zinc pyrithione is not only a safe and effective antimicrobial but that its use in certain alcohol-based formulations results in antimicrobial efficacy exceeding that of iodine and chlorhexidine gluconate.

Alcohols↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Duration of action of a single, early oral application of chlorhexidine on oral microbial flora in mechanically ventilated patients: a pilot study.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to describe the effect of an early post-intubation oral application of chlorhexidine gluconate on oral microbial flora and ventilator-associated pneumonia. METHODS: Thirty-four intubated patients were randomly assigned to chlorhexidine gluconate by spray or swab or to control group. Oral cultures were done at study admission, 12, 24, 48, and 72 hours, whereas the Clinical Pulmonary Infection Score (CPIS) was documented at study admission, 48, and 72 hours. RESULTS: Reductions in oral culture scores (less growth) were only found in the treatment groups (swab and spray); no reduction was found in the control group. There was a trend for fewer positive cultures in the combined treatment groups. The mean CPIS for the control group increased to a level indicating pneumonia (4.7 to 6.6), whereas the CPIS for the treatment group increased only slightly (5.17 to 5.57). CONCLUSIONS: Trends in the data suggest that use of chlorhexidine gluconate in the early post-intubation period may mitigate or delay the development of ventilator-associated pneumonia.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Prevention of oral lesions in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

UNLABELLED: Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common form of cancer in children and is responsible for severe stomatologic complications. Treatment consists of four phases of chemotherapy, the main side effect of methotrexate, the drug most used during the intensification phase, is oral mucositis. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinical aspects of the oral mucosa of children with ALL and to determine the effect of 0.12% chlorhexidine gluconate on the prevention of stomatologic complications in these patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Thirty-three children treated for ALL ranging in age from 2 to 15 years, without distinction of gender or race, were submitted to visual examination, digital palpation of the oral mucosa and cytologic examination of the buccal mucosa, and divided into two groups: group I consisted of 23 children using an oral solution of 0.12% chlorhexidine gluconate twice a day, and group II consisted of 10 children who did not receive this solution. All children received daily oral hygiene care guided by the dentist throughout treatment. RESULTS: Mucositis was observed in six children of group I and eight of group II, and was characterized by erythema, edema and ulcers. Uniform cytologic findings were obtained for the two groups, with a clear predominance of cells of the intermediate layer in all smears, in addition to a perinuclear halo in 18% of the smears. CONCLUSION: The present results suggest that systematic preventive treatment with 0.12% chlorhexidine gluconate and oral hygiene care reduce the occurrence of oral complications in children with ALL undergoing antineoplastic chemotherapy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Improved absorption of caseinophosphopeptide-bound iron: role of alkaline phosphatase.

Hydrolysis of proteins could lessen their inhibiting effect on the poor absorption of cow's milk iron (Fe), which is responsible for the high incidence of Fe deficiency worldwide. When bound to Fe, caseinophosphopeptides (CPP) derived from milk proteins resist luminal digestion, enhance Fe solubility and could improve its bioavailability; brush border enzyme alkaline phosphatase activity could influence iron absorption by releasing free Fe; this study assessed its role in the absorption of CPP-bound Fe. Rat duodenal loops were perfused with Fe gluconate or Fe bound to the CPP of beta casein [beta-CN (1-25)], with or without the addition of an inhibitor of alkaline phosphatase, Na2WO4. The uptake of Fe-beta-CN (1-25) was greater than Fe gluconate. Na2WO4 enhanced the uptake of Fe-beta-CN (1-25) and not of Fe gluconate. So the release of free, insoluble Fe, by alkaline phosphatase seems to be prevented by providing Fe in the Fe-beta-CN (1-25) complex form. Its good disappearance rate makes beta-CN (1-25)-bound Fe a candidate for food fortification.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗