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At least 1,315 records · Page 73Linked to original sources
PubMed1996

Motility and agglutination of fowl spermatozoa in media of different amino acid content and pH value in vitro.

The objective of the present experiments was to study some properties of fowl spermatozoa which may play a role in the sperm storage and emptying mechanism of the uterovaginal sperm storage tubules (SST) of the hen. The effects exerted by different amino acids (aspartic acid, Asp; glutamic acid, Glu; gamma-aminobutyric acid, GABA; glycine, Gly) and by the pH of the environment at 24 and 39 degrees C on the motility and agglutination of cock spermatozoa were studied in vitro. The spermatozoa did not show agglutination in the presence of Asp and Glu, and became immobilised if the concentration of Glu or the acidity of the environment was increased. In neutral solutions of GABA and Gly or in a faintly alkaline solution characteristic plait-like conglomerations could be seen. The motility of spermatozoa immobilised by Glu could be restored in a varying degree by the addition of GABA or Gly. At a temperature of 24 degrees C, the spermatozoa became immobilised in a medium of pH 6.0 while showed maximum motility at pH 7.1. At 39 degrees C, the spermatozoa were immobilised at higher pH (6.2) and required a pH value as high as 7.4-7.5 to show the highest motility. Spermatozoa inactivated in an acidic solution could be immediately mobilised by alkalisation of the medium, irrespective of the Ca2+ content of the solution. Thus, Ca2+ was not found to play a role in the reactivation of spermatozoa. Nevertheless, marked differences were observed in the maintenance of sperm motility between solutions either containing or lacking Ca2+. As the concentration changes of the above-mentioned amino acids and the pH changes were found to affect the motility and agglutination of spermatozoa in vitro, they may influence also the regulatory mechanism of the uterovaginal SST during the egg-formation cycle in vivo.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1996

Location of motoneurons supplying tail muscles in the domestic fowl.

The distribution of motoneurons innervating the tail muscles, levator caudae, depressor caudae, pubocaudalis externus, pubocaudalis internus, lateralis caudae and flexor cruris, in the adult domestic fowl was examined by retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase Labeled motoneurons supplying tail muscles were distributed in longitudinal column in the spinal cord below sacral spinal segment 3 and average diameters of cell bodies ranged from 27 to 59 microns. Each motor pool was localized in a characteristic position in the ventral horn.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Evaluation of a commercial quail pox vaccine (Bio-Pox Q) for the control of "variant" fowl poxvirus infections.

Groups of 3-week-old specific pathogen-free chickens immunized with a commercial live-virus quail pox vaccine (Bio-Pox Q) were not protected against challenge with "variant" poxviruses isolated from chickens that were previously vaccinated with commercial fowl pox vaccine. The percentages of vaccinated chickens resistant to challenge with each of the five variant field isolates were 0%, 20%, 0%, 20%, and 10%, respectively. However, when immunity engendered by the variant field isolates was challenged with the commercial quail pox vaccine virus, 80%, 70%, 80%, 50%, and 60% of the vaccinates, respectively, were protected. Results from cross-immunity studies indicate that the commercial quail pox vaccine does share some immunologic relationship with these variant poxvirus field isolates, but not enough to be used in the control of some outbreaks of pox caused by variant poxviruses.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A bacterin against fowl cholera in turkeys: protective quality of various preparations originated from broth cultures.

Bacterins prepared from broth cultures of Pasteurella multocida were studied for their immunogenicity against fowl cholera in turkeys. The various preparations differed in culture medium, method of inactivation, and adjuvants added. Eight-to-twelve-week-old turkeys were inoculated subcutaneously with each preparation. After challenge with a live culture of the homologous strain, protection was significantly better from a broth bacterin grown in brain-heart infusion broth, concentrated tenfold, inactivated with formalin, and emulsified in incomplete Freund's adjuvant than in controls (unvaccinated birds and birds receiving commercial products). In two separate trials, protection was 86% from the bacterin and 21 and 14% from a commercial product (P less than 0.05 and P less than 0.01, respectively). The broth bacterin could be prepared on a large scale at minimum labor and therefore might be suitable for commercial production.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Phylogenetic relationships among eight Eimeria species infecting domestic fowl inferred using complete small subunit ribosomal DNA sequences.

Complete 18S ribosomal RNA gene sequences were determined for 8 Eimeria species of chickens and for Eimeria bovis of cattle. Sequences were aligned with each other and with sequences from 2 Sarcocystis spp., Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora caninum, and 4 Cryptosporidium spp. Aligned sequences were analyzed by maximum parsimony to infer evolutionary relationships among the avian Eimeria species. Eimecia bovis was found to be the sister taxon to the 8 Eimeria species infecting chickens. Within the avian Eimeria species, E. necatrix and E. tenella were sister taxa: this clade attached basally to the other chicken coccidia. The remaining Eimeria spp. formed 3 clades that correlated with similarities based on oocyst size and shape. Eimeria mitis and Eimeria mivati (small, near spherical oocysts) formed the next most basal clade followed by a clade comprising Eimeria praecox. Eimeria maxima, and Eimeria brumetti (large, oval oocysts), which was the sister group to Eimeria acervulina (small, oval oocysts). The 4 clades of avian Eimeria species were strongly supported in a bootstrap analysis. Basal rooting of E. necatrix and E. tenella between E. bovis and the remaining Eimeria species and the apparent absence of coccidia that infect the ceca of jungle fowl all suggest that E. necatrix and E. tenella may have arisen from a host switch, perhaps from the North American turkey, Meleagris gallopavo.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Comparison of live avirulent PM-1 and CU fowl cholera vaccines in turkeys.

The live avirulent PM-1 Pasteurella multocida vaccine, grown in brain-heart infusion broth, was evaluated and compared in two experiments with the Clemson University (CU) vaccine, which had been shown to be effective in preventing fowl cholera in turkeys. Experiment 1 was performed during warm environmental temperatures and Expt. 2 during cooler environmental temperatures. The PM-1 vaccine was comparable with the CU vaccine in protecting turkeys against challenge with virulent P. multocida but was considered no less virulent than the CU because turkeys died after vaccination with both the PM-1 and the CU vaccines. A significantly (P < 0.05) higher percentage of unvaccinated turkeys challenged during the cooler environmental temperatures died than did unvaccinated turkeys challenged during the warmer temperatures. A microtiter agglutination test demonstrated a significant (P < 0.01) correlation between the level of serum anti-P. multocida antibody found 1 wk after vaccination and survival after challenge with virulent P. multocida in Expt. 1 and a significant (P < 0.05) correlation between these parameters in Expt. 2. However, there was a significant (P < 0.01) negative correlation between serum anti-P. multocida antibody titer 1 wk after vaccination and body weight gained 4 wk after vaccination, but before challenge, in Expt. 1, suggesting that vaccination with the live vaccines may have had a negative effect on body weight gain. At 4 wk after challenge or 8 wk after vaccination in Expt. 2, there was also a highly significant (P < 0.001) negative correlation between these parameters in the surviving turkeys.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Sticktight fleas associated with fowl pox in a backyard chicken flock in California.

A mixed breed rooster, from a backyard flock of 13 chickens, was received at California Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory System-Turlock Branch for postmortem examination. The bird presented with thickened, featherless, scab-encrusted skin around the head region. Numerous sticktight fleas were found attached to the encrusted skin. Microscopic evaluation of the skin revealed a lymphoplasmacytic reaction in the dermis with visible embedded flea mouthparts. Also noted histologically in this region were epidermal hyperplasia and ballooned epidermal cells containing intracytoplasmic inclusions indicative of fowl poxvirus.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

A comparison of the virulence of three strains of Mycoplasma gallisepticum and one strain of Mycoplasma gallinarum in chicks, turkey poults, tracheal organ cultures and embryonated fowl eggs.

The virulence of three strains of Mycoplasma gallisepticum (S6 of low broth passage, S6 of high broth passage and A514) and of one strain of M gallinarum was investigated in specific pathogen free chicks, turkey poults, chick embryo tracheal organ cultures and embryonated fowl eggs. One strain of M gallisepticum, S6, of low passage, caused high mortality in newly hatched chicks, and turkey poults, high embryo mortality, and rapid suppression of ciliary activity in tracheal organ cultures. The other strains of M gallisepticum and M gallinarum had relatively less effect. In view of its greater sensitivity, chick embryo mortality is preferable to tracheal organ culture for assessing the virulence of experimental strains of M gallisepticum.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

[A case of fowl cholera (Pasteurella multocida) in six-week-old broilers (author's transl)].

An outbreak of fowl cholera in a broiler-house with 6,000 six-week-old broilers is reported. The birds were affected with respiratory disease when they were four weeks old. Eight days after recovery, at an age of six weeks, 50 per cent of the birds were severly ill. The birds were reluctant to move and unable to drink. Four hundred birds died in one day. Post-mortem examination revealed marked swelling of the kidney and arthritis of all the hocks and knee joints in all fifteen birds studied. Pure cultures of Pasteurella multocida were isolated from all joints, the heart, the liver and the kidney. Treatment with chloramphenicol resulted in recovery of the birds which were slaughtered under the supervision of the Veterinary Services of the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries in the Netherlands. The disease was not observed in the two other broiler-houses on the same farm, which housed 11,000 and 12,500 broilers of the same age. The findings are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Subacute to chronic fowl cholera in a flock of Pharaoh breeder quail.

A total of 1300 birds in flock of breeder Pharaoh quail (Coturinix coturnix) experienced a moderate rate of mortality (13%) during a 7-day period. Clinical signs included depression, ruffled feathers, prostration, lameness, inapetence, diarrhea, and periorbital sinus swelling with mucoid discharge and lameness. Gross lesions observed in dead quail were emaciation, carcass congestion, mild hepatomegaly with green discoloration, congested intestinal mucosa, caseous purulent arthritis-osteomyelitis, and thickened crop mucosal epithelium. Histopathologic examination revealed mild hepatic amyloidosis, proliferative parabronchitis, splenic reticular cell hyperplasia, thymic cortical atrophy, subacute bacterial osteomyelitis, periarthritis, and crop mycosis. Pasteurella multocida was isolated from the joints of these birds and the isolates were serotype 3 x 4. These findings suggest that Pharaoh quail are susceptible to P. multocida and are likely to develop subacute to chronic fowl cholera.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Isolation of fowl adenoviruses serotype 4 from pigeons with hepatic necrosis.

Nine homogenized livers were taken to isolate the causative agent of adenovirus type I and type II infections in pigeons. The samples were passaged up to four times on primary chicken embryo hepatocytes. Adenoviruses were isolated from all of the six type II but none of the three type I infections. Serologically the isolated adenoviruses were classified as fowl adenovirus (FAV) serotype 4. Restriction enzyme analysis of two isolates in comparison with FAV4 reference strain KR5 confirmed the serological results and classification of the pigeon isolates as FAV4 strains.

Adenoviridae Infections↗
PubMed1976

Effects of prostaglandins E1, E2 and F2 alpha and polyphloretin phosphate of domestic fowl.

The predominant effect of PGE1, E2, and F2 alpha on systemic arterial pressure of domestic fowl is hypotension. PGE1 and E2 are approximately equiactive and PGF2 alpha is about 10 times less active than E1 and E2, PGE1 and E2 produce sudden hypotension with gradual recovery while F2 alpha produces fall in blood pressure with both slow onset and recovery. Polyphloretin phosphate itself produces depressor responses in chickens and antagonizes the depressor responses to the prostaglandins dose-dependently.

Acetylcholine↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Congenital anomalies of domestic fowl: seven cases.

In 13,483 necropsies of domestic fowl, six anomalies were recorded: bifurcation of the metasternum, duplication of the ileum, pancreas divisum (partial), vesica fellea occulta, aplasia of the left cecum, and aplasia of the right kidney (2 cases).

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Investigation on the biological activity of fowl plague virus ribonucleoprotein.

Fowl plague virus (FPV) ribonucleoprotein (RNP) bands in sucrose density gradient in a heterogeneous peak with sedimentation coefficients from 45 to 70 S, whereas in cesium chloride gradient it has a homogeneous density of 1.33-1.34 g/cm3. FPV RNP contains 7.4-8% RNA. Upon inoculation of chick embryo cell cultures. FPV RNP shows no infectivity, does not induce virus-specific protein synthesis and does not participate in complementation or recombination interactions with ts mutants of FPV. The biological activity of FPV RNP demonstrable under certain experimental conditions is due to admixture of undestroyed virions and is completely eliminated by treatment of the preparation with gamma-globulin fraction of antiserum to FPV haemagglutinin, but not with antiserum to RNP proteins.

Centrifugation, Density Gradient↗