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PubMed1995

Sociodemographic and psychosocial factors in childhood as predictors of adult mortality.

OBJECTIVES: Childhood sociodemographic, psychosocial, and environmental factors are often assumed to affect adult health and longevity. These relationships were prospectively tested by using the 7-decade Terman Life Cycle Study of Children With High Ability (n = 1285). METHODS: Parental socioeconomic status, childhood health, objective childhood stressors (e.g., death or divorce of parents), and childhood personality were considered as potential predictors in hazard regression analyses of longevity through 1991. RESULTS: Parental divorce during childhood predicted decreased longevity, with sex controlled. Other potential social predictors failed to show significant associations with longevity. Three dimensions of childhood personality--conscientiousness, lack of cheerfulness, and permanency of mood (males only)--predicted increased longevity. The effects of parental divorce and childhood personality were largely independent and did not account for any of the gender difference in mortality. CONCLUSIONS: A small number of childhood factors significantly predicted mortality across the life span in this sample. Further research should focus on how these psychosocial factors influence longevity.

Aged↗
PubMed1988

Finances of unmarried elderly people over time.

This research assessed the effect of widowhood, divorce, and life-long singleness on income and evaluations of finances at two points, and investigated factors associated with satisfaction with level of living in old age. Data were analyzed from two interviews with 2,047 older, unmarried men and women. Models explaining satisfaction with level of living were relatively similar for the marital status groups. Marital status affected the economic circumstances and perceptions of finances of women more often than men. The strains of divorce and widowhood for women and divorce for older men had an enduring influence on finances, and in the instance of men, were heightened over time.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Mothers' experiences of serious life events increase the risk of diabetes-related autoimmunity in their children.

OBJECTIVE: Stressful life events have been shown to constitute a risk factor for type 1 diabetes during childhood. Our aim was to investigate in the general child population (i.e., irrespective of genetic risk for type 1 diabetes) whether mothers' experiences of serious life events, such as divorce and violence, were associated with diabetes-related autoimmunity in their children at age 2.5 years. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: The study cohort was comprised of the first 5,986 consecutive children and their families from the prospective population-based All Babies in Southeast Sweden project for whom 2.5-year study data were available. Data were drawn from parental questionnaires that included questions about experiences of serious life events and the blood samples taken from the children when the children were age 2.5 years. The blood samples were analyzed for diabetes-related autoantibodies against tyrosine phosphatase and GAD. RESULTS: Mothers' experiences of divorce (odds ratio 3.6, 95% CI 1.4-9.6, P < 0.05) and violence (2.9, 1.0-7.8, P < 0.05) were associated with diabetes-related autoimmunity in the children, independent of a family history of type 1 diabetes. CONCLUSIONS: The results support the beta-cell stress hypothesis and suggest that maternal experiences of serious life events such as divorce and violence seem to be involved in the induction or progression of diabetes-related autoimmunity in children at age 2.5 years, independent of family history of type 1 diabetes.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Suicide mortality in Finland during an economic cycle, 1985-1995.

This is a study on associations between suicide mortality, unemployment, divorce rate and mean alcohol consumption during an economic cycle in Finland, from 1985 to 1995. Data on annual suicide mortality, gross domestic product, unemployment, divorce rate and mean alcohol consumption were collected from official Finnish statistics. Regression analyses using a correction for serial autocorrelation were performed. Suicide mortality in both males and females increased during an economic upswing from 1985 to 1990 and decreased during an economic recession from 1990 to 1995. Suicide mortality was not associated with unemployment or divorce rate. These results are opposed to those of many previous studies. However, a significant association was found between male suicide mortality and mean alcohol consumption, in accord with other studies. In conclusion, the results suggest diversity in associations between suicide mortality, socioeconomic factors and alcohol consumption.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed2000

Allegations of sexual abuse in child custody disputes.

OBJECTIVE: Allegations of sexual abuse are increasingly made in the context of divorce proceedings. The aim of the study was to describe ideal typical patterns of family dynamics when sexual abuse is alleged in divorce proceedings. METHOD: Development of an assessment plan according to the methods of the qualitative descriptive social sciences and retrospective assessment of 24 legal cases of custody and visitation right proceedings in which allegations of sexual abuse (N = 30 children) were made. RESULTS: In our sample, we found a significant incidence of sexual deviations of a parent. With respect to the allegations of sexual abuse in divorce cases, we were able to identify four types of family dynamics. Our qualitative assessment of the data showed that distinguishing between actual abuse and false allegations cannot adequately help to clarify the family dynamics. Rather, it tends to conceal the fact that even a false allegation usually originates from a sexualized atmosphere in the family. The main family structures which were observed without exception in our sample generally already existed before the separation phase and had corresponding effects on the child which must be considered in the evaluation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Remarriage among women in the United States: 1985.

"This paper has presented a description of recent trends in remarriage for women in the United States.... The focus has been on who is most likely to remarry among women whose first marriage ends in divorce or widowhood.... The major findings in the paper indicate that remarriage is much more likely after divorce than after widowhood and that while characteristics like age, race, Hispanic origin, education, and presence of children have some role in determining remarriage prospects, age at divorce or widowhood exerts an overriding influence on the likelihood of remarriage."

Age Factors↗
PubMed2004

[Co-production of knowledge about custody criteria with subjects affected by their parents' custody dispute: a participatory study].

This article explores methods within a longitudinal study for allowing subjects more direct participation in research as co-producers of scientific knowledge concerning custody decision-making after divorce. The purpose of the longitudinal study was to evaluate the scientific custody criteria that were applied to children after their parents' divorce. The results of the study, published after the first survey, showed the relevance of children's personal preferences and residence wishes for custody regulations. This was formulated as a general rule for custody decision-making. In the second survey, a copy of our scientific publication written after the first survey, including summaries and a questionnaire was sent to the children involved. They were asked to judge the presentation of the custody problem, the custody recommendations and the presentation of their case history in our publication. Most of the participants (60%) voted for the application of the custody criterion "personal relationship preferences and residence wishes", but they also pointed out the difficulties for the child to articulate those wishes. Together with other studies, the participatory study contributed to a paradigm shift: from an understanding of the custody problem as a structural question concerning the suitability of maternal, paternal or joint custody to a conceptualisation of the custody problem as a decision-making process that demands the participation of the child and professional support if need be. Finally, the value of participatory research methods in divorce research and longitudinal social studies of children and childhood are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

The effect of marital disruption on children's health.

This study uses retrospective illness histories to investigate whether children's health deteriorates after parental separation. Separation is associated with illness in a multivariate cross-sectional analysis as well as in an analysis of a sample of disrupted children only, in which illness rates before and after separation are compared. Three explanations are hypothesized: (1) divorce reduces the resources available to children, (2) the stress of divorce depletes children's health, and (3) frailer children are selected into divorce. The first hypothesis has stronger support than the second, but the data are too poor for a rigorous test of either. The selection hypothesis is not supported.

Child↗
PubMed1987

Disputed child custody: strategies and issues in mediation.

Disputed child custody is a significant life stressor for both adults and children. Recent efforts have been made to develop a model for family mediation and subsequent clinical strategies that can attempt to address the stressors involved in divorce and perhaps resolve, through mediation, the posttrauma stress experienced by both spouses and children. Reviewed is the literature on the impact of separation and divorce on families and the use of family mediation to resolve disputes. It further addresses psychologic factors involved in the mediation process and the possible effects of mediation on divorce. An established family mediation model for treatment is presented in detail, as are clinical issues often addressed in the family mediation process. Issues and import for clinical application and research are offered.

Child↗
PubMed1987

Incidence of prostate cancer and marital status.

Analyses were made of the marital status of 48,106 men with adenocarcinoma of the prostate, who were reported to the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program of the National Cancer Institute during the 9 years ending in 1981. The hypothesis tested was that widowers and possibly divorced men were at higher risk for developing this cancer than were married men. Age- and marital-specific incidence rates were calculated for 4 age groups (45-54, 55-64, 65-74, and greater than or equal to 75 yr) for U.S. white, black, and Puerto Rico Hispanic men. Risks for other marital status groups were calculated relative to "married." Among the 45-54 age group, all ethnic groups had an excess risk for widowed as compared to the risk for married men [whites, relative risk (RR) = 1.7; blacks, RR = 1.5; Hispanics, RR = 2.5]. These excesses were not significantly different from unity. In the other 3 age groups and among each ethnic group, among whom 97.3% of all prostate cancers occurred, there was no suggestion of an excess risk for the development of prostate cancer among widowed men relative to married men. Unexpected findings were significant deficits in risk for single, separated, and divorced white men as compared to the risk for married men. Thus this study does not support an association between widowerhood and an increased risk for the development of prostate cancer. Additional studies are required to investigate a suggestion of decreased risk for older, separated, and divorced men.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Family mediation: clinical strategies in mediating child custody.

Family medicine has only begun to explore the extent of its contribution to the process of family mediation--the clinical application of conflict resolution theory to the divorce process. This article reviews the literature on the impact of separation and divorce on families and recommends the use of family mediation as a clinical strategy to sensitize parents to the needs of the children during the divorcing process. Goals of family mediation include the assurance that the children have frequent and continuing contact with natural parents to the extent that this is to the benefit of the child. A specific model of family mediation is presented and the role of family physicians in the mediation is explored.

Child↗
PubMed1978

A comparison of the probability of the dissolution of first and second marriages.

This paper applies the techniques of multiple decrement life tables to marriage histories collected as part of the 1973 National Survey of Family Growth, in an attempt to examine differences in pattern and level of marriage dissolution by marriage order. The paper considers the process of marriage dissolution in two stages--marriage to separation and separation to divorce--in addition to considering the composite of these two, marriage to divorce. Second marriages are more likely to reamin intact only for blacks. For all subgroups of whites, second marriages are either as likely or more likely to dissolve than first marriages. For both first and second marriages, blacks are considerably less likely to obtain a divorce after separation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

Benefits for individual retired workers and couples now approaching retirement age.

The first article in this issue of the Bulletin provides information on women and couples who were receiving retired-worker benefits in 1976. This article updates that information, focusing on potential full retired-worker benefits earned by men and women who will be reaching retirement age in the early 1980s. It is estimated that an increasing proportion of married women will become insured for benefits in their own right. Among female workers, the highest benefits are projected for those who never married. Divorced women show the next highest benefits, widowed woman are next, and then married women. Comparisons between men and women show little difference between the average benefits for those who never married; benefits for divorced women are projected to be about 80 percent of the benefits of divorced men; retired-worker benefits for married women are 58 percent as high as those for married men. This article also gives estimates of combined benefits for couples in which both husbands and wives will be insured workers. The highest average benefits are for couples in which the wife would be dually entitled; the lowest benefits are for couples in which the wife would receive only a spouse benefit.

Aged↗
PubMed1981

From wife to family head: transitions in self-identity.

Divorce and separation introduce extensive changes in the lives of married mothers. Their role as wife ends and, without the economic and social supports afforded by the marital institution, their role as mother is disrupted (Kohen, Brown, and Feldberg 1979). In turn they become heads of their families, a role discontinuous both with their socialization and marital experience and with the structure of their access to respect, status, jobs, and income from public institutions. Previous reports have emphasized the former changes-those which result from the loss of marriage (Bloom, White, and Asher 1979). Little attention has been devoted to the implications of changes demanded by the organization of post-divorce life. The contention of this study is that both must be considered in understanding the social and emotional consequences that follow the break-up of marriage. This paper focuses on them as dimensions within a general model of role change. The analysis assumes that roles provide the organizational bases for self-identity (Brim 1960; Turner 1978) and therefore, that self-identity will reflect the institutional patterns and personal experiences that are incorporated within the process of role change. Divorce is treated as an event occurring within the transition from married motherhood to single parenthood.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Income growth among nonresident fathers: evidence from Wisconsin.

This study examines the changes over time in the personal incomes of nonresident fathers--whether divorced or nonmarital--in Wisconsin. Using data from the Wisconsin Court Record data base and the Wisconsin Department of Revenue, the authors examine the incomes of these fathers over the first seven years following a divorce or the initiation of a paternity suit. They also study separately the income patterns of initially poor nonresident fathers and fathers whose nonresident children receive welfare. The most important finding is that the incomes of nonmarital fathers, which typically are low in the beginning, increase dramatically over the years after paternity establishment--often to a level comparable with the incomes of divorced fathers. On the basis of their findings, the authors conclude that failing to establish child support obligations for nonresident fathers simply because their incomes are initially low does not appear justified.

Divorce↗
PubMed1995

Excuses, excuses: accounting for the effects of partner violence on marital satisfaction and stability.

For both theoretical and practical reasons, it is important to understand processes that lead to marital dissatisfaction and dissolution among women who are targets of relationship violence. Because attributional tendencies may often forecast marital behavior and because alcohol use is often seen as providing an excuse for deviant behavior, we examine two potential moderators of the associations between husband violence and wife marital outcomes: wife attributional style and husband problem drinking tendencies. A community sample of married couples (N = 66) completed a comprehensive battery of marital assessments. Results suggested that responsibility attributions moderated the association between husband violence and wives' marital dissatisfaction but exerted a direct effect on wives' disposition toward divorce. Husband problem drinking moderated the impact of husband violence only on wives' disposition toward divorce. As would be expected from an "excuse" model of the associations between violence and marital outcomes, violence had less of an impact on marital satisfaction and divorce ideation when wives attributed responsibility for negative spouse behavior as external to their husbands and when husbands were problem drinkers, respectively.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Effects of family structure on the adolescent separation-individuation process.

This study examined the effects of college students' family structures on the separation-individuation process. Family structure groups investigated were (1) intact; (2) divorced, mother-custody, no remarriage; and (3) divorced, mother-custody, remarried. The components of the separation-individuation process examined were attachment to parents, conflictual independence, internal self-awareness, ego identity, and self-esteem. Results indicated that adolescents from intact families perceived themselves as having more conflictual independence from and more positive emotional relationships with their fathers than did those from divorced or remarried families. The groups did not differ in ego identity or self-awareness. Both attachment and conflictual independence from fathers were related to self-esteem. Conflictual independence from mothers was also related to self-esteem, while attachment to mothers was not. Ego identity was related to self-esteem, but self-awareness was not. The discussion addresses both clinical and future research implications.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

The effect of children on marital dissolution.

The relationship between the presence of children and divorce and separation is examined using data from the first four years of the National Longitudinal Surveys of Labor Market Experience in Women Aged 30 to 44. The data show that children were a deterrent to separation and divorce only when they were in the preschool ages. Once all the children in a family were in school, they did not seem to influence the probability of separation and divorce. It is suggested that the high costs of child care for preschool children, in terms of time, money, and effort, act as a deterrent to marital dissolution. The associations between several other social demographic variables and marital dissolution also are investigated.

Adolescent↗