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PubMed1990

The development of sentence planning.

This is an exploratory case study of the relation between speech output disturbances (dysfluencies) and the development of language production processes. The data consist of transcribed weekly speech samples of a Dutch boy between 2;4 and 2;11. The period of observation captures the early phase of the transition from 'pre-grammatical' to grammatical language. The frequency of occurrence of dysfluencies (i.e. repetitions, revisions and incomplete phrases) shows a significant increase and a subsequent decline. Whereas in the first half of the observation period the dysfluencies are distributed relatively randomly over sentences, in the second half they tend to concentrate in function words and sentence-initial words. The decline of dysfluency rate is shown to be related to an abundant use of a few 'syntactic frames'. It is argued that these results reflect the emergence of a component in the speech production apparatus which is specifically dedicated to serial-order planning.

Child Language↗
PubMedDate not supplied

From development to evaluation. Making a competency plan work.

Staff development educators face numerous challenges because of the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) standards, continuous quality improvement, and economic constraints. For many, the most difficult challenge is complying with the JCAHO requirement for initial and ongoing competency, which must be validated for all nursing personnel. In this article, the authors describe how the educational nurse specialists of a tertiary care, regional referral medical center facilitated the development, implementation, and evaluation of a competency plan to validate initial and ongoing competency for all personnel within Nursing Services.

Clinical Competence↗
PubMed1997

Family planning services in developing countries: an opportunity to treat asymptomatic and unrecognised genital tract infections?

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of asymptomatic and unrecognised genital tract infections among women attending a family planning clinic in rural South Africa. METHODS: 189 consecutive women had genital samples taken to diagnose infection with Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, Trichomonas vaginalis, Candida albicans, Treponema pallidum, and HIV, and to diagnose bacterial vaginosis. RESULTS: Mean age was 25 years; 155 (82%) were unmarried, 156 (83%) were currently using contraception, and 41 (22%) reported having an STD treated in the preceding 12 months. Although none volunteered abnormal urogenital symptoms, 74 (39%) had at least one elicited by direct questioning. 119 women (63%) had at least one genital infection: N gonorrhoeae (eight; 4%), C trachomatis (14; 8%), T vaginalis (26; 14%), C albicans (56; 30%), active syphilis (15; 8%), HIV (44; 24%), and bacterial vaginosis (29; 15%). 49 women (26%) had multiple infections. Most infections (71; 60%) were asymptomatic. Symptomatic women failed to recognise and report their symptoms, and routine services failed to detect the infections. CONCLUSION: Prevalence of genital tract infection is high among these women, most infections are asymptomatic, and symptomatic infections are frequently not recognised. Women attending family planning clinics in such settings should be screened for syphilis and offered testing for HIV infection. Strategies to detect and treat other genital infections need to be developed.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Contribution of academic departments of general practice to undergraduate teaching, and their plans for curriculum development.

BACKGROUND: In 1991, the General Medical Council suggested the development of a new undergraduate curriculum, on a 'core plus electives' basis. The combination of National Health Service reforms and the rising profile of academic departments of general practice had led to a consideration of general practice as an alternative teaching environment. These departments now face escalating expectations from their medical schools of their ability to provide additional community based teaching. AIM: The aim of this study was to investigate the present contribution of academic departments of general practice to undergraduate teaching and their plans for curriculum development, including the introduction of community-based clinical skills teaching. METHOD: A questionnaire was circulated in June 1993 to all academic departments of general practice in the United Kingdom and Eire. RESULTS: Twenty seven out of 28 questionnaires were returned. Twenty two departments provided pre-clinical teaching and all provided a clinical practice attachment. Eight medical schools were organizing community-based clinical skills teaching, and in two this formed the basis for a community-based medical attachment. Eight planned to reduce the factual content of their curricula and introduce problem-based learning while nine were contemplating a 'core plus electives' option. Fourteen medical schools had primary care input in teaching basic clinical skills and an additional seven planned to introduce this. Problems encountered by the general practitioner tutors in teaching clinical skills included insufficient time and resources and poor self-esteem; they identified a need for good central and peripheral organization. CONCLUSION: Compared with a 1988 study, academic departments of general practice are increasingly involved in teaching both general practice and general medical skills at undergraduate level. Curriculum change is occurring rapidly, with an increasing trend towards community teaching; the implications for both academic departments and general practitioner tutors are discussed.

Curriculum↗
PubMed1989

Human resource development: the management, planning and training of health personnel.

The morale of health personnel is fast becoming the major factor affecting both the sustainability and the quality of health care world-wide. Low morale mirrors problems ranging from declining balance of payments allocation to GNP, and a lack of support for the health system from the very top down to the rigid application of national pay, grading and career structures, and the stress of not being able to do the job properly. While many of these and other problems have been voiced again and again in the press and in the academic literature, much of the work on health manpower development has focused on the planning and production of personnel. This has been with the aim of producing specific categories of better-trained health workers with relevant qualifications, resulting in a heavy emphasis on a quantitative output. In this paper it is argued that the management of health personnel, the qualitative aspect of staff development, has been relatively neglected. Unless and until the management of human resource development receives the attention it needs, seeds of discontent, disillusion and dissatisfaction will ultimately lead to national health services losing their competitiveness as employers. The sustainability and quality of health programmes will then be in even greater jeopardy than they are at present. The planning, production and management components of health manpower development have developed haphazardly as verticle activities. A new term such as 'human resource development; the management of health personnel' might help ensure the concept of an integrated process contingent on economic, political, organizational and other important circumstances.

Career Mobility↗
PubMed1997

Implementing family planning programs in developing countries: lessons and reflections from four decades of Population Council experience.

Over the last three decades, contraceptive prevalence has risen from about 10% to nearly 60% in developing countries, but still about 1 in 4 births in developing countries (outside China) is unwanted. More than 120 million women in these countries who do not want to become pregnant do not use contraceptives. Nearly 600,000 women die each year from pregnancy-related causes, between 67,000 and 204,000 of them from unsafe abortions. At the 1994 International Conference on Population and Development in Cairo, delegates endorsed the view long advocated by the Population Council: the primary purpose of family planning programs should be to help women avoid unwanted pregnancy and achieve their fertility goals safely. That means, at the very least, that programs should address those reproductive health issues that are directly related to fertility regulation. To meet the Cairo challenge, progress is needed simultaneously on several levels. We need more and better contraceptive technologies that meet the needs of different groups; higher-quality family planning services; more outreach to underserved groups (such as men and adolescents); programs tailored to local cultures; and measures to address all the factors that prevent women who do not want to become pregnant from using contraceptives. The call for a client-centered, reproductive health approach to family planning constitutes a critique of programs driven by demographic goals. The new family planning paradigm puts a premium on 'quality of care'. Unfortunately, many family planning programs still fall substantially short of offering clients reproductive choice and supporting their reproductive health. The Population Council takes the view that contraceptive research and development is an essential component of a multilevel strategy to reduce unwanted fertility safely. New products, used ethically and provided with quality, would be of tremendous benefit to women and men throughout the world. The Population Council has developed, registered, and licensed seven products, including some of the most widely used contraceptives in the world. The Council is also one of the world centers for research on male reproductive physiology and male contraception. New contraceptive methods are only as good as the context in which they are offered. To accelerate the pace of overall fertility decline, governments must adopt policies that reduce the economic and social risks associated with having smaller families, and policies that promote later and planned childbearing.

Contraception↗
PubMed2005

Developing a game plan for good sportsmanship.

It is widely believed in the United States that competition is beneficial for youngsters. However, the media are full of examples of players, fans, and coaches whose behavior veers out of control. There have been well-documented examples of youth in livestock competitions illegally medicating show animals to make them appear calmer, officials biasing their rulings toward a team that will take the most fans to a playoff game, and team rivalries that have become so caustic as to be dangerous for competitors and fans. A university extension and its partners created a program called "Great Fans. Great Sports." in order to teach the kinds of behaviors we wish to instill among all who are involved in competitions. It requires entire communities to develop and implement plans for enhancing sportsmanship in music, debate, drama, 4-H, and other arenas, as well as sports. The goal is to make good sportsmanship not the exception but the norm. The authors provide anecdotal evidence that "Great Fans. Great Sports." is having a positive impact on the attitudes and behaviors of competitors, fans, and communities.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

In-service breastfeeding program development: needs assessment and planning.

In-service program development requires that the individual offering it be familiar with needs assessment techniques and program planning. In order to provide a program appropriate to the audience's needs, the presenter needs first to identify and set goals for the program, identify objectives relevant to the participants' needs, outline the material to be presented, and select the most appropriate presentation methodologies and ways of evaluating the program. This discussion includes examples and sample assessment forms that are specific to a breastfeeding program.

Breast Feeding↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Program planning for faculty development in allied health education.

The increased movement of allied health programs from hospitals into colleges and university settings has created a role-transition for the allied health practitioner from a predominately service/secondarily educational role to a predominately educational/secondarily service role. Equally significant is the fact that allied health faculty are employed largely on the basis of specific discipline preparation and work experiences and less on specific preparation for teaching. Thus an acute need exists for faculty development programs designed specifically to address a definite lack of preparation in instructional methodologies. This paper describes a conceptual model readily employable for planning and implementing a faculty development program. The simplicity and flexibility of this model lends well to acquiring a few participant-centered objectives in a one-day workshop or to several over an extended period of time.

Faculty, Medical↗