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PubMedDate not supplied

The resurgence of tuberculosis in the tropics. Improving tuberculosis control--social science inputs.

Public health has for long been dominated by the notion of 'control'. However, social science research on tuberculosis in the tropics indicates that policies and programmes that take 'control' as their primary focus may fail to meet the health needs of patients and their communities. It is proposed that research and programmes meet the public health goal of lowering the prevalence of disease in populations by forging and cementing partnerships which take the support and care of patients as their focus. These will be partnerships between researchers in the North and the South, between research and programmes/policy, between outside 'experts' and communities themselves and between (public) health and other social service sectors. Social science approaches to operations research in tuberculosis are outlined, and data from a recent project in New Delhi are introduced.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2006

Treatment and blood pressure control in 47,964 people with diabetes and hypertension: a systematic review of observational studies.

BACKGROUND: Many patients with diabetes also have hypertension, greatly increasing their risk for cardiovascular disease. It has been suggested that hypertension is poorly treated in those with diabetes. OBJECTIVE: To examine treatment and control of hypertension in people with diabetes. DATA SOURCES: Data sources included MEDLINE, EMBASE, HealthSTAR, CINAHL, Web of Science, clinical evidence and government health and statistical Web sites. METHOD: Databases were systematically reviewed and hand searches of the bibliographies of relevant studies (1990 to 2004) were conducted. Two investigators selected studies and extracted the data independently. RESULTS: A total of 44 studies (77,649 subjects with diabetes, 47,964 [62%] of whom also had hypertension) were included. While 83% (range 32% to 100%) of patients with hypertension received drug therapy, only 12% (range 6% to 30%) had their blood pressure (BP) controlled to 130/85 mmHg or less. While BP control rates differed by definition of control (those studies with the least stringent definitions for BP control--160/90 mmHg or less--reported mean control rates of 37%), treatment and control rates did not differ appreciably between countries or health care settings. CONCLUSIONS: Fewer than one in eight people with diabetes and hypertension have adequately controlled BP, with remarkable uniformity across studies conducted in a variety of settings. There is an urgent need for multidisciplinary, community-based approaches to manage these high-risk patients.

Antihypertensive Agents↗
PubMed2001

P53+/- hemizygous knockout mouse: overview of available data.

The performance of the p53-/- transgenic (knockout) mouse model was evaluated through review of the data from 31 short-term carcinogenicity studies with 21 compounds tested as part of the International Life Sciences Institute's (ILSI) Alternatives to Carcinogenicity Testing (ACT) project, together with data from other studies which used comparable protocols. As expected based on the hypothesis for the model, a significant number (12/16 or 75%) of the genotoxic human and/or rodent carcinogens tested were positive and the positive control, p-cresidine, gave reproducible responses across laboratories (18/19 studies positive in bladder). An immunosuppressive human carcinogen, cyclosporin A, was positive for lymphomas but produced a similar response in wild type mice. Two hormones that are human tumorigens, diethylstilbestrol and 17beta-estradiol, gave positive and equivocal results, respectively, in the pituitary with p53-deficient mice showing a greater incidence of proliferative lesions than wild type. None of the 22 nongenotoxic rodent carcinogens that have been tested produced a positive response but 2 compounds in this category, chloroform and diethylhexylphthalate, were judged equivocal based on effects in liver and kidney respectively. Four genotoxic noncarcinogens and 6 nongenotoxic, noncarcinogens were also negative. In total (excluding compounds with equivocal results), 42 of 48 compounds or 88% gave results that were concordant with expectations. The technical lessons learned from the ILSI ACT-sponsored testing in the p53+/- model are discussed.

Animal Testing Alternatives↗
PubMed2004

Mission-based reporting in academic psychiatry.

OBJECTIVE: This article describes a data entry and analysis system called Mission-Based Reporting (MBR) that is used to measure faculty and department activities related to specific academic missions and objectives. The purpose of MBR is to provide a reporting tool useful in evaluating faculty effort and in helping chairs 1) to better assess their department's performance in relation to other departments and their school as a whole, 2) to plan for the future, and 3) to reward individual faculty members. METHODS: Mission-Based Reporting summaries, generated for each faculty member and each department, illustrate contributions to each of four missions: research, teaching, clinical service, and administrative/public service. Data from MBR can be used to evaluate whether faculty scholarly contributions are appropriate to their rank and series. That report provides data from the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences at the University of California and the University of California Davis School of Medicine (UC Davis). CONCLUSIONS: Mission-Based Reporting is a useful management tool for department and school administrators. Improvements in implementation are proposed.

Data Collection↗