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PubMed2002

An EPR study on wastewater disinfection by peracetic acid, hydrogen peroxide and UV irradiation.

EPR spectroscopy was applied to obtain qualitative and quantitative information on the radicals produced in disinfection processes of wastewater for agricultural reuse. The DEPMPO spin trap was employed to detect hydroxyl and carbon-centered short living radicals in two different peracetic acid solutions and a hydrogen peroxide solution used for water disinfection either in the absence or in the presence of UV-C irradiation. Moreover, three different kinds of water (wastewater, demineralized water, distilled water) were analysed in order to assess the contribution of Fenton reactions to the radical production. The spectroscopic results were discussed in relation to the efficiency of the different oxidizing agents and UV irradiation in wastewater disinfection evaluated as Escherichia Coli, Faecal and Total Coliforms inactivation.

Disinfection↗
PubMed2002

[Guidelines for disinfection and sterilization].

I described the contents of the 'Guidelines for Disinfection and Sterilization' published based on the new infection law that came into effect in April 1999. This guideline does not recommend formaldehyde fumigation, disinfectant fogging, or the use of cresol soaps, but recommends disinfection methods with heat(hot water, steam).

Cross Infection↗
PubMed1976

[Effect of cleaning and disinfection in poultry processing plants (author's transl)].

The use of agar print plates was found to be suitable for checking the results of several cleaning and disinfection systems. Some poultry processing plants were tested several times with agar prints, as a control of the results of the cleaning and disinfection program. It seems that cleaning exclusively with water leads to no reduction of micro-organisms, in spite of a reasonable visual effect. Cleaning with cleansers produces a small micro-biological reduction. Really sterile surfaces however were only observed when, after cleaning with cleansers, disinfection was employed.

Abattoirs↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Efficacy of glutaraldehyde disinfectant against Cryptosporidium parvum in the presence of various organic soils.

The opportunistic protozoan Cryptosporidium parvum is highly resistant to disinfectants, including those specifically used for processing reused medical equipment in hospitals. C. parvum oocysts were dried onto glass and steel grooved penicylinders and challenged with 2.5% glutaraldehyde solution in the presence of 3 types of soil with exposures at 10 min, 90 min, and 10 h. The influence of organic soils on disinfection was measured with 5% fetal bovine serum (FBS), 10% FBS, and 5 mg mucin/mL. An in vitro excystation procedure and cell culture infection assay were used to determine survivability of oocysts after the germicide challenge. In the presence of organic soil, all oocysts removed from carriers excysted and infected cell monolayers after all germicide contact times. However, excystation was observed only from oocysts that received no protection from organic soil after 10 h exposure. In these samples, no infection was observed in the cell monolayers. The results of this research demonstrate the importance of thorough cleaning of medical equipment before disinfection.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

[Microbicidal effect of Lautercide, a new disinfectant].

The authors tested the effect of a new disinfectant Lautericide produced by Qualichem Co. Neratovice which contains as the active agent acetate amine of coconut acid. For experiments standard methods were used and standard strains for testing of the following microbial strains: St. aureus, E. coli, Ps. aeruginosa, Proteus vulgaris, Serratia marcescens, Candida albicans, spores of Bacillus subtilis, M. tuberculosis, M. fortuitum, M. avium. As a model virus E. coli bacteriophage OX 174 was used. In concentrations from 0.04% to 0.5% and exposures from 2 to 10 minutes Lautercide exerted a bactericidal and fungicidal action. On spores of B. subtilis the preparation was ineffective even in a 10% concentration and 32-minute exposure. Devitalization of mycobacteria occurred after 15 min. action of Lautercide on M. tuberculosis and M. fortuitum, in M. avium in a 10% concentration in 60 min. Lautercide is ineffective against small resistant viruses without an integument. It is recommended to use Lautercide in a 1% aqueous solution for a one-stage disinfection combined with cleaning in the health services, veterinary medicine and in the field of communal hygiene. Before cleaning objects contaminated with infectious material, 5% Lautercide with 30 min. exposure is recommended. In disinfection of objects contaminated with mycobacteria it is recommended to use a 5% solution with 10-minute exposure for M. tuberculosis and M. fortuitum and a 10% solution for M. avium with 60-minute exposure.

Acetamides↗
PubMed2003

Disinfection in a pilot-scale "advanced" pond system (APS) for domestic sewage treatment in New Zealand.

"Advanced" pond systems (APS) have the potential for improving treatment, including disinfection, over conventional WSPs. Disinfection in a pilot scale APS at Ngatea, New Zealand was studied. This system comprises a high-rate algal pond (HRP) that optimises growth of settleable colonial green algae, followed by an algal settling pond (ASP) that removes much of the nutrients and solids as non-noxious algal sludge, and then a maturation pond (MP) for effluent polishing. Monitoring of this pilot-scale system over 2 years showed excellent overall removal of E. coli (average of 2000-fold reduction), with approximately 1 log removal in each of the three stages. Experiments in the pilot scale HRP suggest that most E. coli removal in this stage is inactivation by sunlight exposure, but with an important contribution from continuous dark processes. Preliminary experiments on the pilot scale algal settling pond (APS) suggest the combined effect of sedimentation of bacteria and sunlight disinfection of the (clarified) supernatant water.

Biodegradation, Environmental↗
PubMed2003

[Cleaning and disinfection: tips for the practice].

Cleaning (removal of visible dirt) and disinfection (reduction of the number of micro-organisms to an acceptable level) are necessary to limit 'carry over' of infections agents between patients and people as much as possible. Loose dirt should be removed prior to the use of a detergent. Apart from cases of contamination of an otherwise clean surface or in case of a highly infectious agent, thorough cleaning should always precede disinfection. Several active ingredients are approved for disinfection of animal accommodation. From the point of view of safety and effectiveness, individual chemicals should never be mixed or added to detergents. Queries about the use of chemical agents can be addressed to the College voor de Toelating van Bestrijdingsmiddelen or the manufacturer of the product.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Bacteria and disinfection byproducts in water from southern Mexico City.

Disinfection byproducts and microorganisms present in drinking water may have deleterious effects on human health. The authors examined bacterial indicators (enterobacteria and Helicobacter pylori [H. pylori]), physicochemical parameters, and trihalomethane (THM) levels to conduct a water quality evaluation in Mexico City, where little is known about disinfection byproducts and microbial counts. Analyses were performed by standard membrane filtration for the enumeration of total coliforms, fecal coliforms, fecal streptococci, and Vibrio species. Other testing consisted of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for H. pylori, physicochemical parameters by selective electrodes, and THMs by head-space with the use of a gas chromatograph. Indicator bacteria and enterobacteria were detected in 23% of samples, with significant differences between total coliforms, fecal coliforms, and fecal streptococci before and after chlorination. H. pylori was detected in 69% of samples prior to chlorination and 57% postchlorination. THM levels were < 200 microg/l. Chlorine concentrations ranged from < 0.05 mg/l to 35 mg/l. Disinfection at the well does not ensure good water quality for the Mexico City population. The next step will be the monitoring of water quality in the distribution system that supplies dwellings, as well as water obtained directly from the tap.

Chlorine↗
PubMed2003

Use of reflectors to enhance the synergistic effects of solar heating and solar wavelengths to disinfect drinking water sources.

Aluminum reflectors were added to solar units designed to inactivate faecal microorganisms (faecal coliform, E. coli, enterococci, FRNA coliphage, C. perfringens) in stream water and diluted sewage by the two mechanisms (solar heat, solar UV) known to inactivate microorganisms. During sunny conditions, solar units with and without reflectors inactivated E. coli to <1 CFU/100 ml to meet drinking water standards. Solar units with reflectors disinfected the water sooner by increasing the water temperature by 8-10 degrees C to 64-75 degrees C. However, FRNA coliphages were still detected in these samples, indicating that this treatment may not inactivate pathogenic human enteric viruses. During cloudy conditions, reflectors only increased the water temperature by 3-4 degrees C to a maximum of 43-49 degrees C and E. coli was not completely inactivated. Under sunny and cloudy conditions, the UV wavelengths of sunlight worked synergistically with increasing water temperatures and were able to disinfect microorganisms at temperatures (45-56 degrees C), which were not effective in inactivating microorganisms. Relative resistance to the solar disinfecting effects were C. perfringens > FRNA coliphages > enterococci > E. coli > faecal coliform.

Aluminum↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Studies of polyester fiber as carrier for microbes in a quantitative test method for disinfectants.

Tests were conducted by a Task Force on Disinfectant Test Methods that was appointed to investigate controversies regarding the accuracy of AOAC test methods for disinfectants as presented in AOAC's Official Methods of Analysis, Chapter 6. The general principles for new and improved AOAC tests are discussed, and a disinfectant test using microbes labeled onto a polyester fiber surface is described. The quantitative test measures the survival of test microbes as a function of exposure time as well as the exposure conditions required to kill 6 log10 of the test microbes. The time required was similar to that for the kinetics of the kill of Bacillus subtilis-labeled cylinders as tested by methods of the AOAC Sporicidal Test 966.04.

Bacillus subtilis↗
PubMed1992

[Waste water pollutants due to the use of disinfectants in the hospital].

It is assumed that the antiseptic effect of disinfectants in effluents from hospitals can severely disturb the growth of microorganisms in the different stages of aeration of sewage plants. Regular biological catabolism could therefore be damaged. The impact of substances on the waste water depends on the concentration of disinfectants they contain. Consequently this essay first examines the expected quantities of antiseptic substances in the effluent of a medium-sized hospital (440 Beds). The effluents treated here however showed a low concentration of disinfectants and it could be proved that these quantities do not have any harmful effects on the examined parameters such as BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand), COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) and pH-value.

Disinfectants↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Drinking water decontamination with isolative sorbent disinfectants].

Drinking water can be decontaminated with the use of isolative sorbent disinfectants. Consideration of the effectiveness of water disinfectants and the sorptive power of porous materials against bacteria and viruses attested to the favour of iodine and silver-containing disinfectants and their compositions on porous aggressive carriers to be employed in extreme conditions such as on board crewed space vehicles.

Accidents↗
PubMed2005

[In vitro activity of commercially available disinfectants against Stenotrophomonas maltophilia].

In vitro antibacterial efficacy of 14 commercially available disinfectants against the hospital pathogen Stenotrophomonas maltophilia was tested. The test disinfectants included 5 "pure" quartenary ammonium compounds (QACs) and 9 combination formulations with QACs as the major ingredient. Antibacterial efficacy was expressed as MIC, ED50 and inhibition of the rate of incorporation of radioactive precursors [14C] adenine and [14C] leucine. Based on their activity, the disinfectants were divided into four groups. Group I characterized by high inhibitory activity (MIC 0.045-0.09 microg/ml) comprised benzalconium chloride and Triquart. Group II included formulations with good antibacterial activity (MIC 0.19-0.78 microg/ml) while group III formulations showed MICs between 1.56 and 25 microg/ml. The less active Cetrimid (MIC 50-100 microg/ml) was classified into group IV. When effects on biosynthetic processes expressed as R values (IC50 Ade : IC50 Leu) were tested, R < 1 was only recorded for the following formulations: Hexaquart plus, Diesen forte, Sokrena, Forten, ID 212 and Cetrimid. Lower values of IC50 Ade and IC50 Leu are suggestive of effects on the synthesis of nucleic acids and proteins leading to inhibition of the two precursors. Endogenous respiration was almost 50% inhibited by Cetrimid and Microbac forte at a concentration of 0.78 microg/ml, and 100% inhibited by Almyrol, Diesen forte and Microbac forte at a concentration of 6.25 microg/ml and by FD312, Triquart, Hexaquart plus, Hexaquart S, ID 212, TPH 5225 at a concentration of 12.5 microg/ml.

Disinfectants↗
PubMed2005

Application of a virological tracer method for the assessment of pathogen removal by physicochemical treatment and chemical disinfection.

Coxsackie B3 (CoxB3) virus was used as a virological tracer for an assessment of the efficiency of pathogen removal by several typical physicochemical treatment and chemical disinfection processes, such as coagulation-filtration, ultra-filtration, and disinfection using chlorine and ozone, with regard to the pathogenic quality of the treated domestic wastewater for reuse purposes. The CoxB3 virus was seeded to sterilized secondary effluent to make a raw water of known pathogenic level. After applying the raw water to each treatment or disinfection process, the residual virus in the finished water was concentrated, and virus assay was carried out by the Tissue Culture Infectious Dose technique. TCID50 was used as an indicative parameter of CoxB3 virus in the raw and treated water. Parallel experiments were also conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of each process for the removal of coliform bacteria. It was noticed from the experiment that both coagulation-filtration and ultrafiltration could achieve substantial removal of TCID50 at about the same level (2-log removal). However, the effect of the two processes on the removal of coliform bacteria was much different: 2-log removal by coagulation-filtration and 4 to 5-log removal by ultrafiltration. The TCID50 removal correlates more closely with the removal of turbidity than that of coliform bacteria. Chlorine was found to be effective in coliform removal but almost had no effect on TCID50. As ozone was applied, a high removal of both coliform bacteria and TCID50 could be obtained.

China↗
PubMed2005

[Molecular epidemilogy, antimicrobial and disinfectant resistance of Escherichia coli 0175:H7 in Shichuan].

OBJECTIVE: To study epidemiological characteristics of Escherichia coli O157:H7 isolated in Sichuan. METHODS: Multiplex PCR was used to analyze the slt1, slt2, eaeA, and hly gene. Plasmid profile and PFGE was utilized to investigate the homology among the strains. Drug and disinfectant resistance patterns of 67 stains were determined. RESULTS: The overall virulence gene prevalence was 62.7% (42/67); and the main virulence gene type was slt1 + slt2 + eaeA + hly. Of the 67 Escherichia coli O157: H7 strains, 5 plasmid profile and 6 PFGE types were acquired. 64.2% (43/67) Escherichia coli O157:H7 strains resisted to 7 antibiotics, namely, Ampicilin, Chloramphnicol, Tetracyline, Gentamicin, Cephlothin, SMZ, TMP-SMZ, and there were 23, 35, 34 strains resisted to Ampicilin, Tetracyline and SMZ respectively. The resistance types were different in Escherichia coli O157: H7 strains isolated from humans, animals, food, and environment. 80.6% (54/67) Escherichia coli 0157:H7 strains resisted to alcohol and quaternary ammonium, but all the stains were sensitive to chlorhexidiniacetas. CONCLUSION: The virulence gene prevalence rate was familiar of 67 Escherichia coli O157: H7 Strains isolated from Sichuan, but virulence gene type was not the same in different sources. Bacterial drug resistance was high. Bacterial resistance to common disinfectants was so high that the strains could be killed by big dosage disinfectants. There were some familiarity with drug resistance, plasmid profile and PFGE types of 67 Escherichia coli 0157:H7 strains isolated from different sources, which indicated homology of the strains.

Ampicillin↗
PubMed2005

Improving chlorine disinfection of wastewater by ultrasound application .

The presence of soluble organic material as well as high concentrations of suspended matter in waters and wastewaters affect the efficiency when chlorine is used as disinfection agent. The objective of our work is to explore to which extend ultrasonic treatment can facilitate wastewater disinfection with chlorine in order to bring down doses of ecologically questionable chlorine and to shorten contact times. Sewage treatment plant (STP) effluents with different concentrations of suspended solids are exposed to sonication in combination with chlorine dosage. We observed that enhancement of chlorine efficiency is better for samples with higher concentrations of suspended matter. For samples with a TSS concentration of 50 mg/L chlorination efficiency (2 mg/L) can be doubled from 0.7 to 1.4 log when treated simultaneously with 20 kHz ultrasound for 5 minutes, i.e. levels of indicator organisms can be brought down to numbers that conventionally require far higher doses of chemical disinfectants. As subsequent sonication/chlorination does not have the same significant effect as simultaneous application of these two means, ultrasound does not just have a declumping effect; it seems that ultrasound application provokes a better chlorine dispersion in the aqueous media which improves the fast chemical and bactericidal reaction.

Chlorine↗
PubMed2006

Cleaning and disinfection in gastrointestinal endoscopy: current status in Romania.

BACKGROUND: Today, endoscopic procedures have become an important tool in the diagnosis and treatment of gastrointestinal diseases. In order to prevent cross infections, the cleaning and disinfection/sterilisation procedures of the endoscopes and accessories are primordial. The GOAL of this paper was to assess the way and the conditions in which endoscopic disinfection is achieved in our country. METHODS: A study-type questionnaire with eighteen questions, about reprocessing of flexible endoscopes and accessories, was addressed to 37 centres from Romania known to perform digestive endoscopy. RESULTS: Twenty-nine centres (78.37%) answered the questionnaire. In all the cases, the reprocessing is based on pre-established protocols and the endoscopy nurse has the principal responsibility (62.06%). Enzymatic type detergents are available in 75.86% and glutaraldehyde is the most used disinfector (55.17%). The costs (41.38%) and the financial resources (27.6%) are considered when selecting a product. Despite their advantages, automatic-disinfectors are available in only 34.48% of the cases. All the participants in the study (100%) reused endoscopic instruments, but only 31.03% used them after sterilization by steam autoclaving or ethylene oxide. Adequate facilities for manipulating potential toxic solutions are assured in 48.27%, but separate purpose-designed rooms are available in only 27.58%. Most centres (86.20%) regularly control the quality of the cleaning and disinfection by sampling. CONCLUSIONS: In general, the disinfection and sterilization of the endoscopes and accessories are carried out in good conditions. With regard to European Union integration, adequate facilities and funds are required to improve the reprocessing activity.

Disinfection↗
PubMed1991

Effectiveness of microwave moist-heat intraluminal disinfection of CAPD connectology.

Studies were performed to quantify the microbial population reduction achieved with the Peritoneal Dialysis Moist Heat Device (PDM-1). This microwave method is used to disinfect the inner lumen of connectors used in the exchange process for continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). The microwave heating technique was evaluated on different connector systems containing a suspension of 10(6) microorganisms. The most prevalent and most problematic peritonitis-causative microorganisms were tested. After heating, the degree of disinfection was measured by enumerating bacterial colonies of the treated suspension. D-value determinations were then performed. The D-value for spores of A. niger was found to be 7.1 seconds for one type of connector system. Two other connector systems containing different intraluminal solution volumes were also tested using spores of A. niger and D-values were determined to be 7.6 seconds and 9.5 seconds, respectively. Other organisms tested were determined to have D-value times shorter than that for A. niger. Rapid heating of the solution contained within the CAPD connectors is a key characteristic of the microwave technique since temperatures rise high enough for destruction of microorganisms while leaving the plastic safe to touch. Thus, this technique is a safe and effective method for providing intraluminal disinfection.

Colony Count, Microbial↗