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PubMed1990

Condoms and cosmology: the 'fractal' person and sexual risk in Rwanda.

While condoms are readily available in the urban centers of Rwanda, where the AIDS epidemic has ranged most intensely, researchers report that women are reluctant to have their partners use them. When asked to explain their reluctance, these women express the fear (along with other misgivings) that the condom might remain lodged in the vagina after intercourse. This behavior flies in the face of the biomedical assessment of risk. Rwandans, however, perceive risk in a manner which is consistent with their views concerning the social construction of the moral person. Of prime importance in this process is the body's perceived aptitude to engage in meaningful exchange and fertile sexuality. Moreover, these notions take root within a coherent cosmological matrix which emphasizes the socially ordered flow of fertility fluids. Only when these issues are considered in light of the concept of the 'fractal person' does the meaning of risk--as it relates to sexual behavior and AIDS in Rwanda--become clear.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed2004

Lymphedematous fibroepithelial polyps of the glans penis and prepuce: a clinicopathologic study of 7 cases demonstrating a strong association with chronic condom catheter use.

This report describes an underrecognized entity of the penis that is associated with chronic condom catheter use and phimosis. Our study group consisted of 7 patients who presented with polypoid or cauliflower-like masses that involved the glans penis or prepuce and that ranged in size from 2 to 7.5 cm in greatest dimension (median size, 2.5 cm). The majority of lesions affected the ventral surface of the glans, near the urethral meatus. The patients ranged in age from 25 to 58 years (median age, 40 years) at the time of initial surgical resection. The preoperative duration of the lesions ranged from 6 months to 10 years. Five patients had a history of long-term condom catheter use (duration: 5 to 21 years), and 1 patient had paraphimosis. The background history for 1 patient is unknown. Histologically, all specimens had a polypoid configuration and a keratinizing squamous epithelial surface. The underlying stroma was notably edematous, and there was vascular dilation of preexisting vessels, and in many instances, a focal mild small vessel proliferation. The stroma had mildly to moderately increased cellularity with mononucleated and multinucleated mesenchymal cells. A mild inflammatory infiltrate was often present. Two cases were examined with immunohistochemistry, and the stromal cells had limited immunoreactivity for muscle-specific actin, alpha-smooth muscle actin, and desmin and had no reactivity for S100 protein or CD34. Surgical intervention was local in all instances. Follow-up information was available for 5 of the 7 patients (71%), with a mean follow-up interval of 11 years 4 months. Two patients developed a local recurrence of the process at intervals of less than 1 years and 3 years 7 months. Both recurrent lesions were also managed by local excision.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Invasive candidal balanitis due to a condom catheter in a neutropenic patient.

A 58-year-old man with acute leukemia had balanitis and penile ulceration due to Candida tropicalis after a condom catheter was used because of urinary incontinence. This case illustrates that condom catheters can be associated with serious complications in neutropenic patients and should be used only when absolutely necessary.

Agranulocytosis↗
PubMed1987

Condom ileus: result of a practical joke.

Ingestion of toy balloons and condoms filled with drugs is well recognized. A case is reported in which a fluid filled condom ingested as a result of a practical joke caused intestinal obstruction.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Evaluation of the amount of nonoxynol available in condoms for the inhibition of HIV using a method based on HPLC.

A method is described for detection of nonoxynol in condoms, based on methanol-water extraction followed by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Using this method, we found that approximately 50% of the nonionic surfactant lubricant nonoxynol migrated into elastomers (rubber latex), resulting in a concentration of nonoxynol insufficient to inhibit human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (less than 0.05%). In order to minimize the risk of sexual transmission of HIV, and to ensure spermicidal effect and optimal rubber properties, the concentration of nonoxynol in condoms, therefore, should either be increased, or nonoxynol should be packed separately. Further studies are needed to clarify and determine the solubility and migration of nonoxynols into elastomers.

Biological Availability↗
PubMed1990

Reasons for non-use of condoms by homosexually active men during anal intercourse.

Sixty-eight homosexually active men attending an STD clinic were questioned to ascertain the percentage of the time they did not use condoms during anal intercourse, and the reasons for this. Data indicated that the reasons most commonly given were being in a steady relationship (32.8%), being unprepared (19.4%), couldn't be bothered (19.4%), use of alcohol or drugs (7.5%), being bisexual (4.5%), attractiveness of partner or partner attitude toward sex, and knowing the partner (3% each). These data suggest that both trust and situational variables are barriers to consistent condom use in homosexually active men.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

The attitude/behavior discrepancy as a methodological artifact: comment on 'sexually active adolescents and condoms'.

A recent questionnaire-based study published in the American Journal of Public Health found that although sexually active adolescents both believe that the use of condoms offers protection against sexually transmitted diseases and value such protection, they do not intend to use (or have their partners use) condoms. This attitude/behavior discrepancy is more apparent than real. Six methodological problems in the study are discussed in detail in order to demonstrate how the overly simplified treatment of a complex behavior can lead to invalid conclusions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Prevention of AIDS: free condoms to drug abusers in the Municipality of Copenhagen.

The slogan "safer sex" was presented in a questionnaire investigation carried out over an interval of 6 months among intravenous drug addicts (N = 116) attending three different outpatient clinics in Copenhagen. Despite this, many of the patients, who were mainly heterosexual and many of whom were HIV positive, continued to practice sexual and injection behaviors which exposed both them and others to HIV infection. Free condoms and advice have been offered as a part of the campaign against AIDS. The initiative was well accepted by the drug addicts and within a period of 6 months there was an increase of 19% in the group which employed condoms. It is concluded that there is still a need for initiatives and research to support the changes achieved in the behavioral pattern of the population.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1997

Condom Availability in High Schools.

Increased incidence of sexually transmitted diseases, especially HIV/AIDS, and unintended pregnancies among adolescents call for immediate measures that should educate adolescents and reduce risk from such outcomes. This article discusses school-based condom availability programs as one means to facilitate access to condoms and provide additional counseling for prevention of undesired consequences of adolescent sexual behaviors.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2002

US: condoms distributed to gay inmates in LA.

The Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department has quietly begun distributing condoms to gay inmates at its downtown jail, joining just six other jails and prisons in the US that make condoms available to prisoners in an effort to reduce the spread of HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases in prisons.

HIV Infections↗
PubMed1992

Changes in sexual behavior and condom use associated with a risk-reduction program--Denver, 1988-1991.

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) risk-reduction programs have been developed to discourage homosexual/bisexual men (i.e., men who have sex with men) from engaging in anal and oral sexual intercourse with partners who are infected with HIV or whose infection status is unknown (1). The consistent and proper use of latex condoms with adequate lubrication may reduce the risk for HIV transmission during intercourse (2). To assist these men in understanding and following "safer" sexual behaviors, the Denver Disease Control Service conducted a longitudinal cohort study as part of CDC's Demonstration Projects for HIV Prevention and Risk Reduction. This report describes the effects of individual counseling sessions--including a basic introduction to the availability and proper use of condoms and lubricants--on short- and long-term behavior change among a group of homosexual/bisexual men in Denver during 1988-1991.

Bisexuality↗
PubMed1992

Surgical sterilization among women and use of condoms--Baltimore, 1989-1990.

Since 1980, surgical sterilization among women has become the most common contraceptive method used among women aged greater than 30 years in the United States and is used by 28% of women aged 15-44 years. A previous report of women in drug treatment suggested that women who have been surgically sterilized were less likely to report condom use--an effective measure for prevention of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)--than were nonsterilized women. This report summarizes a study of the relation between surgical sterilization, risk status for STDs and HIV, and use of condoms among women who reside in two inner-city, minority neighborhoods in Baltimore.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Using humor to teach responsible sexual health decision making and condom comfort.

Using a lively classroom activity and a sense of humor is helpful in conveying a serious message about responsible sexual behavior to college students. The activity described takes only 1 hour, requires simple and easily obtainable equipment, and generates animated discussions. Students learn to feel more comfortable about using condoms after demonstrations of the strength and flexibility of these increasingly available items.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Understanding use of condoms among Canadian ethnocultural communities: methods and main findings of the survey.

The aim of this study was to understand the intention to use a condom for each instance of sexual intercourse with a new partner in three of Canada's non-dominant ethnocultural communities: Latin American (N = 346), English-speaking Caribbean (N = 358), and South Asian (N = 355). All respondents were recruited from multiple ethnocultural venues using predetermined sampling frames and quotas for each community. Anonymous questionnaires assessing culturally specific theoretical constructs were completed. This paper presents the methodology and the main findings. The high quality of the results of this study demonstrate the advantage of establishing strong partnerships with members of communities being studied.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1997

Attitudes about AIDS education and condom availability among parents of high school students in New York City: a focus group approach.

This paper describes parents' views of the New York City Public High School's AIDS Education and Condom Availability Program. It presents findings from 12 focus groups with 81 parents of students at six representative high schools. Focus groups were conducted as part of an independent, comprehensive 3-year evaluation of the program, consisting of both qualitative and quantitative components. Participants were mostly supportive of the program, citing intense concern about AIDS among adolescents, fear that teenagers do not adequately perceive themselves as being vulnerable, and personal experiences with infected relatives and friends. Implications of these findings for program development are discussed and recommendations for social policy changes are presented.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1998

Truck crew and risk of contraction of STDS, including HIV: encouraging the use of condoms by the method of applying theories.

Studies from India conclude that the long distance truck crew are at a high risk of contracting and transmitting STDs and HIV on account of their high risk sexual behaviours. These studies indicate the necessity of changing the behaviour of the truck crew in favour of safer sexual practices. This article addresses this important issue of developing an intervention to decrease the risk of contraction of STDs, including HIV, by encouraging the use of condoms by the method of applying psycho-social theories, which aim at changing behaviours of the target group.

Condoms↗
PubMed1992

Prevalence of antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and condom use among outpatients at a sexually transmitted disease clinic in Rome.

To assess the prevalence of HIV-1 infection and study selected risk factors among patients attending a clinic for sexually transmitted diseases in Rome, 1442 outpatients seen consecutively between 20 February and 12 December 1989 were anonymously tested for anti-HIV-1. An evaluation of the trend of the HIV-1 infection was attempted by comparing the results of the present study with those obtained from a similar sample studied in 1986 in the same clinic. The overall estimated prevalence of anti-HIV-1 was 1.2% among heterosexual non-drug user subjects and 16.1% among homosexual or bisexual men. The anti-HIV-1 seropositivity was significantly higher in heterosexual subjects who reported sexual contact with intravenous drug users, as compared with those who did not report such exposure (12.5% vs 0.8%, p less than 0.005). Comparing the present data with those of a study conducted in 1986 in the same clinic, a lower prevalence of anti-HIV-1 was found among heterosexual subjects (1.2% in 1989 vs 6.0% in 1986, p less than 0.001). The availability after 1986 of several outpatient facilities attracting seropositive subjects and a change in the sexual behaviour of anti-HIV-1 positive subjects could explain this finding. Twenty percent of the heterosexual subjects and 62% of the homosexual or bisexual men reported consistent use of condoms.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗