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PubMedDate not supplied

Participatory action research: the Indian Family Stories Project.

Community-based research projects are critically needed to reduce health disparities and ensure the delivery of health care that is culturally appropriate and relevant to families and communities. The purpose of this article is to share experiences and lessons learned from utilizing a participatory action approach in a series of five subprojects within the Indian Family Stories Project. Participatory action research (PAR) focuses on identifying community needs and designing action plans in partnership with the community. To effectively implement PAR projects, investigators need to: (a) Build and maintain strong, collaborative working relationships with a broad network of community representatives, (b) Secure funding that addresses community needs and provides mechanisms for giving back to the community, (c) Ensure that the project fits the particular cultural and community context, (d) Evaluate and adapt the project as needed, (e) Keep the community informed, (f) Develop sustainable community resources, and (g) Advocate on behalf of the community.

Cultural Characteristics↗
PubMed2005

Involving the pharmaceutical and biotech communities in medication development for substance abuse.

Pharmacotherapy as adjunctive treatment is an integral part of the strategy for treating substance abuse. Although there are several approved drugs for the treatment of opioid, alcohol, and nicotine dependence, the pharmaceutical industry, for a variety of reasons, has been reluctant to enter this area to develop medications for substance abuse indications. Therefore, in 1990, a Medication Development Program was established by NIDA to carry out and assist in stimulating development of new pharmacotherapies. It is vital for NIDA to provide clear leadership and establish a collaborative working relationship with the pharmaceutical industry, providing scientific, development, and financial assistance, depending on the size, resources, and expertise of the company. An important NIDA role in this effort is setting standards, such as establishing Target Product Profiles (TPPs), predictive decision trees for selection of clinical candidates, and animal models to evaluate safety and potential effectiveness prior to human studies. NIDA can further establish standards for clinical studies, including Proof of Concept (PoC), Phase 2 (or Learning) trials to establish initial proof of safety and effectiveness, and Phase 3 (or Confirming) trials to validate Phase 2 findings. NIDA and other government agencies need to work to improve industry incentives to participate in medication development for substance abuse. Specific incentives, such as market exclusivity and patent extension, as provided in BioShield and pediatric drug legislation, should be strongly considered. NIDA can further assist industry to navigate the regulatory and, if needed, controlled substance scheduling processes, by establishing a true Federal partnership between NIDA, FDA, and DEA.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Development of microbial community structure and actvity in a high-rate anaerobic bioreactor at 18 degrees C.

Anaerobic digestion in the psychrophilic (< 20 degrees C) or sub-mesophilic temperature range has recently been proven as an effective treatment option for the mineralization of a wide variety of problematic wastewaters. In this study, an expanded granular sludge bed-anaerobic filter (EGSB-AF) bioreactor was seeded with a full-scale, mesophilic sludge and employed to evaluate the long-term operational potential, and underlying microbial ecology, of this approach for the treatment of a medium-strength (5 g chemical oxygen demand [COD] l(-1)), synthetic, volatile fatty acid-based wastewater. Throughout the trial period of 625 days, extended intervals of consistently stable and efficient wastewater treatment were sustained. These results were highlighted by a short start-up period (21 d), low hydraulic retention times (4.88h), high organic (up to 24.64kg CODm(-3)d(-1)), and volumetric loading rates (up to 4.92 m3 m(-3) d(-1)). A stable, well-settling granular sludge bed was maintained in the bioreactor for the majority of the trial; however, reduced treatment efficiency and biomass washout were observed at an imposed OLR of 36.96 kg COD m(-3) d(-1). The microbial biomass in the bioreactor was investigated using maximum specific methanogenic activity assays and polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. A temporal succession of both the bacterial and archaeal populations was noted during the trial, compared to the seed sludge, in response to bioreactor operation at lower temperatures, loading rate increases and to VFA accumulation in the bioreactor. During the trial, an increased contribution of hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis as a pathway of methane production was observed, along with the overall emergence of a highly active psychrotolerent-though still mesophilic biomass.

Anaerobiosis↗
PubMed1998

Developing guidelines for community child health staff and examining the referral pathways and outcomes of care in the support of emotionally and behaviourally disturbed children.

The East Sussex Public Health Commissioners had enquired whether referral guidelines were needed to ensure that the children with the greatest concerns achieved support from the Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services (CAMHS). Community child health doctors and nurses recorded all contacts with children with emotional and behavioural difficulties (EBD) over a one month period. Data on presenting difficulties and on intervention pathways were recorded. The same children were reviewed five months later and the outcome was measured by clinical assessment and by support offered. The work showed that child health staff were managing cases both through single advisory sessions and through planned on-going support. Additionally, the use of the three tier pathways recommended by the Department of Health was demonstrated. Analysis of recorded data was used to describe referral pathways and to give guidance on the characteristics of children who needed referral to CAMHS.

Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorder↗
PubMed2003

The leading role and responsibility of the international scientific community in test development.

The possibility that one or more environmental factors may be affecting adversely the endocrine systems of humans and wildlife has been the subject of international study for the past 7 years. Irrespective of which factors are the most important contributors to the perceived problem; the decision has been taken to evaluate synthetic chemicals for such chemical toxicities. This decision requires access to reliable and relevant endocrine disruption (ED) assays. However, few such tests currently exist, albeit many candidate assays are currently under development. Faced with this situation, the US Environmental Protection Agency has taken the lead in supporting the development and validation of appropriate ED assays. Two of these assays, the rodent uterotrophic assay and the Hershberger anti-androgen assay, are in the final stages of validation, a project conducted under the auspices of the Organisation for Economic and Commercial Development. This article describes the particular scientific issues associated with the validation of these two assays and alerts to the continuing need to consider new assay protocols as they become available.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed2003

Life events, social support and depression in childbirth: perspectives from a rural community in the developing world.

BACKGROUND: High rates of depression associated with childbirth have been reported in many parts of the developing world. However, the prevalence and associations of antenatal and post-natal depression in the rural population remain unknown. Disability associated with depression and its impact on infant health and development could have important public health implications for many developing countries where large proportions of the population are rural. METHOD: All women living in southern Kahuta, Pakistan, in their third trimester of pregnancy were interviewed at 6 weeks before delivery (N = 632) and again at 10-12 weeks after delivery (N = 541), using WHO Schedule for Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry (SCAN), Personal Information Questionnaire (PIQ) and Brief Disability Questionnaire (BDQ). RESULTS: The point prevalence of ICD-10 depressive disorder was 25% in the antenatal period and 28 % in the post-natal period. Depressed mothers were significantly more disabled, had more threatening life events, and poorer social and family support than non-depressed mothers. Vulnerable mothers were more likely to be depressed during pregnancy, rather than have an onset in the post-natal period. CONCLUSION: Over one-quarter of mothers in a rural sub-district of Pakistan suffer from depression shortly before and after childbirth. Rapidly changing traditional family structures and practices may be increasing the risk of depression in many women. Recognizing and treating depression should be initiated during the antenatal, rather than post-natal period.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Development of microalgae communities in the Phytotelmata of allochthonous populations of Sarracenia purpurea (Sarraceniaceae).

The phytotelmata of the North American pitcher plant Sarracenia purpurea are colonised by a great variety of aquatic organisms and, thus, provide an ideal model to study trophic interactions in small freshwater ecosystems. Although algae are discussed as a potential food source for predators, little is known about the structure of algae coenoses in pitchers of S. purpurea. This study aims to elucidate temporal shifts in the algae community structure in pitchers of an allochthonous population of S. purpurea in Saxony, Germany. A total of 78 algae taxa was found in the pitchers. Mean algae abundances in new and old pitchers were similar (2.6 x 10(5) and 2.3 x 10(5) algae ml(-1), respectively). Taxa from the orders Chlamydomonadales, Chlorococcales, and Ochromonadales were the primary colonisers. With increasing age of the pitchers the filamentous green algae from the order Klebsormidiales became more abundant. In contrast, pennate diatoms dominated the algae coenoses in the fen. Algae community structure in vase-shaped 50 ml Greiner tubes was similar to those of natural pitchers. Differences in the temporal patterns of algae coenoses in individual pitchers suggested a colonisation of the pitchers by algae via trapped insects, air and rain water rather than via the surrounding fen. Biomass of algae approximated 0.3 mg C ml(-1), which corresponds to 82.8 % of the living biomass (bacteria, heterotrophic nanoflagellates, algae, protozoans and rotifers). Rotifers were abundant in new pitchers; nematodes and mites were seldom found in all pitchers. A similar qualitative and quantitative composition of the aquatic biocoenoses was observed in pitchers of another allochthonous S. purpurea population growing in Blekinge, Sweden. Biomass of algae represented nearly one quarter of the total organic matter content in the pitchers. Thus, nitrogen and phosphorus compounds present in the algae biomass might be used by the carnivorous S. purpurea plant as additional food source in allochthonous populations in Europe lacking top predators.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Developing and evaluating community based intervention programs for Alzheimer's patients and their caregivers.

Innovative community based social and behavioral interventions for individuals suffering from Alzheimer's disease and their family caregivers have increased substantially in creativity and recognition over the years. However, the commitment to the scientific design and evaluations of these programs has not followed suit. The goal of this paper is to explicate the benefits of a systematic approach to the design and evaluation of intervention programs with the challenges of the Alzheimer's dyad in mind. Because of the unique nature of the disease, Alzheimer's programs must flexibly apply existing intervention and evaluation techniques to program designs which accommodate the degenerative course of the disease and the unique strain experienced by family caregivers. Using existing literature as a vehicle to illustrate how successful and unsuccessful programs have addressed these goals, the paper stresses the need for design and evaluations which apply creative and robust treatments, but do not compromise scientific rigor.

Aged↗