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PubMed2001

Class I MHC expression in the yellow baboon.

MHC class I molecules play a crucial role in the immune response to pathogens and vaccines and in self/non-self recognition. Therefore, characterization of MHC class I gene expression of Papio subspecies is a prerequisite for studies of immunology and transplantation in the baboon (papio hamadryas). To elucidate MHC class I expression and variation within Papio subspecies and to further investigate the evolution of A and B loci in Old World primates, we have characterized the expressed class I repertoire of the yellow baboon (Papio hamadryas cynocephalus) by cDNA library screening. A total of nine distinct MHC class I cDNAs were isolated from a spleen cDNA library. The four A alleles and four B alleles obtained represent four distinct loci indicating that a duplication of the A and B loci has taken place in the lineage leading to these Old World primates. No HLA--C homologue/orthologue was found. In addition a single, nonclassical homologue of HLA--E was characterized. Examination of nucleotide and extrapolated protein sequences indicates that alleles at the two B loci are much more diversified than the alleles at the A loci. One of the A loci in particular appears to display very limited polymorphism in both Papio hamadryas cynocephalus and Papio hamadryas anubis subspecies. The failure to detect a homologue of HLA--C in the baboon provides additional evidence for the more recent origin of this locus in the pongidae and hominidae: Further comparative analysis with MHC sequences among the primate species reveals specific patterns of divergence and conservation within class I molecules of the yellow baboon.

Alleles↗
PubMed1985

Human monkeypox: a newly emerged orthopoxvirus zoonosis in the tropical rain forests of Africa.

During the course of the recently concluded smallpox eradication program, a new human orthopoxvirus infection was discovered which is caused by monkeypox virus. The disease occurs sporadically in remote villages within tropical rain forests of West and Central Africa. The disease is rare; only 155 cases having been reported from 1970 to 1983. The symptoms and signs of human monkeypox resemble those of smallpox, differing significantly only in the occurrence of lymphadenopathy with human monkeypox disease. Of 155 cases, some 80% are believed to have resulted from infection from an as yet unknown animal reservoir; the rest occurred among unvaccinated close contacts among whom a secondary attack rate of 15% was observed. Although person-to-person spread appears to have occurred in some instances, few cases were observed in the third or fourth generation of transmission and none thereafter. Since 1982, the incidence of human monkeypox infections in Zaire has increased concomitant with an intensified surveillance program. Additional reasons which might explain the increased incidence are discussed. Further surveillance and research of this primarily zoonotic infection are warranted and are in progress.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Comparison of antigenicity of serum immunoglobulin G among human, cynomolgus monkey, African green monkey and squirrel monkey.

Antigenicity of IgG was compared among human, the cynomolgus monkey, the African green monkey and the squirrel monkey by the quantitative precipitation test using purified IgG of and rabbit anti-IgG serum to each species. Clear cross-antigenicity was observed between the cynomolgus monkey and the African green monkey and less clear cross-antigenicity between human and the cynomolgus monkey or the African green monkey. The cross-antigenicity observed between the squirrel monkey and the other three species examined was evidently weak.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Drug biotransformation in microsomes from the fetal stumptailed macaque, Macaca arctoides: hepatic N-demethylation.

The kinetics of the N-demethylation of benzphetamine, ethylmorphine, meperidine, and methadone have been studied in microsomes isolated from livers of the fetal stumptailed macaque (Macaca arctoides) during the last third of gestation. The apparent KM for each substrate did not change during this time period. Values were similar to those from livers of adult African green monkeys. The Vmax for each substrate, when expressed per mg of microsomal protein, did not change during the last third of gestation. N-demethylase activity (Vmax) per g of liver increased during the last third of gestation, as did the content of microsomal protein, cytochrome P-450 concentration, and liver weight. The amount of cytochrome P-450 per g of liver was greater in whole homogenates of the left physiological lobe than in those of the right physiological lobe of fetal liver obtained near term; no differences occurred in whole homogenates of the separate lobes of adult liver. This observation suggests that a differential capacity for drug (and possibly steroid) metabolism may exist between the two physiological lobes of fetal liver.

Aging↗
PubMed1978

The distribution of the chorda tympani in the middle ear area in man and two other primates.

A serial section study of the distribution of the chorda tympani in the middle ear area was carried out in man, baboon and monkey. The tissues innervated by the chorda tympani could be related to a branchiomeric pattern. The early branches distributed post-trematic facial nerve fibres to hyoid arch tissues, where they were joined by elements from glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves. The rest of the distribution was to structures derived from mandibular arch tissue where branches of the auriculotemporal nerve were also present. Contributions to perivascular plexuses were noted as well as a connexion with the otic ganglion.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

[Antinuclear antibodies (ANA) in patients with malignant diseases: frequency of occurrence and immunological characterization (author's transl)].

We report about the occurrence and importance of antinuclear antibodies in patients with malignant diseases. - We analyzed 110 sera of patients with tumors and found in 42% ANA. In contrast a corresponding control group contained ANA in 1.8%. - Patients with bronchogenic carcinoma and those of the digestive tract possessed ANA in a comparable percentage of 36 and 39, respectively. - Sera of patients with mamma- and uteruscarcinoma contained ANA in nearly 50%. - A connection between the type of the tumor and occurrence of ANA can be assumed. - Antibodies were directed against different antigens of the nucleus, often simultaneously occurring. Antibodies which we have detected, belong to different classes of immunoglobulins (IgG, IgM and IgA). In most cases we found a combination of antibodies. In 51% of positive cases antibodies were able to fix complement.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Dopaminergic cell group A8 in the monkey: anatomical organization and projections to the striatum.

The first part of the study was a quantitative analysis of the distribution of A8 neurons compared with that of A9 and A10 neurons by means of tyrosine hydroxylase and calbindin-D(28K) immunohistochemistry and image analysis in monkeys. Then the striatal projection of A8 neurons was studied using retrograde and anterograde tracing methods. It was compared with that originating in cell groups A9 and A10 by performing injections of the retrograde tracer wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase into different regions of the striatum. Ten percent of all mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons are located in cell group A8. This cell group, along with A10 and the dorsal part of A9, constitutes the dorsal tier, which accounts for 28% of mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons. Double-staining experiments showed that the neurons located in the dorsal tier were calbindin positive, whereas those from the ventral tier were not. In terms of anatomical projection, the dorsal tier mainly projects to the ventral part of the associative striatum, with preferential projections of A8 neurons to the ventrocaudal putamen, of A10 neurons to the nucleus accumbens, and of dorsal A9 neurons to both. Conversely, the main targets of the ventral tier of mesencephalic neurons (ventral part of A9) are the sensorimotor putamen and the associative caudate nucleus. In conclusion, each mesencephalic cell group projects primarily to one specific striatal region but also participates, albeit to a lesser extent, in the innervation of all the remaining striatal parts.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

[Chromosome homologies between human and Francois' monkey (Semnopithecus francoisi) established by chromosome painting].

Chromosomal homologies were established between human and Francois' monkey (Semnopithecus francoisi, 2n = 44) by chromosome painting with chromosome-specific DNA probes of all human chromosomes except the Y. Except for human chromosome 1, 2, 6, 16 and 19 probes which gave signals on two nonhomologous S. francoisi chromosomes respectively, all other probes each hybridized to a single chromosome. Only two S. francoisi chromosomes (No. 12 and No. 21) were each labelled by two separate probes (14 and 15, 21 and 22, respectively). In total, 23 human chromosome-specific probed detected 30 homologous chromosomes and chromosomal segments in the haploid S. francoisi genome. The results indicated a high degree of conservation of chromosomal synteny between human and this langur. Only some chromosomal rearrangements occurred in this langur. Comparison of the hybridization patterns of human painting probes on this langur with the data on other primates suggested that Asian langurs were karyotypically more closely related to each other than to African langurs.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

The pathology of untreated and antibiotic-treated experimental tularaemia in monkeys.

Grivet monkeys were infected intranasally with the virulent Schu-S4 strain of F. tularensis. One group of animals remained untreated and two other groups received a 7-day course of kanamycin therapy starting on either the third or fourth day after infection. Untreated monkeys developed pyrexia and mucopurulent oculonasal discharge and died 5--7 days after infection. All had pyogranulomatous lesions in the liver, spleen, respiratory tract and lymph nodes. Electron microscopy of liver and spleen showed phagocytosis of F. tularensis organisms by macrophages and polymorphonuclear leucocytes, but many bacteria survived phagocytosis and were released on destruction of the cells. Kanamycin therapy enabled most monkeys to survive the disease, but it did not prevent the development of persistent lesions in all animals. Caseous nodules were larger and more widespread in the organs of monkeys in which treatment was delayed until the fourth day of infection.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Changes in whole blood and serum components of grivet monkeys with experimental respiratory Francisella tularensis infection.

Grivet monkeys infected with virulent Francisella tularensis Strain Schu S4 showed significant early changes in serum levels of trace metals, triglycerides and activities of alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase and alpha-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase. Free amino acid levels decreased slightly and there was a marked increase in the phenylalanine: tyrosine ratio. Serum lysozyme activity and seromucoid levels also increased. Kanamycin therapy produced remission of overt signs but the changes in blood constituents were less readily affected. Immunization with the live vaccine strain of F. tularensis induced transient responses similar to those resulting from Schut S4 infection. Immunized monkeys subsequently challenged with the virulent Schu S4 strain showed no clinical signs or marked changes in blood constituents.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Quantitative studies of the renal corpuscles iii: the influence of post mortem delay before taking renal tissue samples and of the duration of tissue fixation.

Comparative quantitative studies of glomeruli in biopsies of the guenon monkey kidney were made to give a numerical measure of the effect of varying periods of fixation of the biopsy tissue in Carnoy's fluid (1-2-24 hrs.), and of the effect of progressive post mortem delay before renal tissue samples were taken (2-4-6-12 hrs.). Additional aims were to determine possible quantitative differences between subcapsular, intermediate and juxtamedullary glomeruli, and to determine whether the glomerular area should be determined with reference to the inner aspect of Bowman's capsule (total area) or to tangents laid at the top of the capillary loops (corrected total area). The quantitative methods used were total and differential counts of glomerular nuclei by light microscopy and point counting for determination of glomerular and mesangial areas. Statistical evaluation was made by a two-way analysis of variance. The differential counts of nuclei were not affected by duration of fixation, nor by post mortem delay up to 12 hrs. before tissue samples were taken. The mesangial area expressed as a percentage of total area was significantly lower two hours post mortem, while total nuclear concentration was significantly lower at time 0 and two hours post mortem than at four, six and 12 hours post mortem. Total nuclear concentration increased as duration of fixation was increased, probably a reflection of tissue shrinking. Differences in nuclear concentration were also noted at different levels of the renal cortex. These differences were only apparent when the glomerular area was determined with reference to the inner aspect of Bowman's capsule, and disappeared when the corrected total area was used. It is concluded that duration of tissue fixation and post mortem delay before tissue samples were taken both affect method sensitivity, as reflected by some, not all, of the parameters measured. The numerical differences in the parameters were not large, however, and it will be the specific study which will determine whether variable fixation times and post mortem delay in obtaining tissue samples is acceptable. As most renal biopsies contain both subcapsular and juxtamedullary glomeruli there is probably no advantage in using the corrected glomerular area instead of the total glomerular area limited by Bowman's capsule.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

[Biological characteristics and the morphology of human and animal central nervous system tissue in organ culture].

It is shown that in using the method of multiple organ cultivation, the tissues of the CNS in the human and animal embryo preserve their organotypical characteristics. The use of a cartilage plate increases the viability of the tissues and the duration of its maintenance in cultures. During the process of explantation the cultivated tissue undergoes some morphological modifications. The data obtained are discussed in the light of a possible use of the CNS cultures for experimental purposes.

Animals↗