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PubMed1982

Experimental transmission of Cytauxzoon felis from bobcats (Lynx rufus) to domestic cats (Felis domesticus).

Freshly collected blood and/or spleen homogenate from an experimentally infected Florida bobcat (Lynx rufus floridanus), which had died of feline cytauxzoonosis, was inoculated into domestic cats. All inoculated cats had clinical signs of feline cytauxzoonosis and died within 2 weeks after they were inoculated. Similar material collected from an eastern bobcat (Lynx rufus rufus) carrying an experimentally infected Cytauxzoon felis parasitemia was inoculated into domestic cats. All inoculated cats developed a parasitemia, but none developed clinical signs of disease and none died of the disease. Cats subinoculated with parasitemic cat blood also developed parasitemias and they too did not develop clinical signs of infection nor died. After carrying the blood phase of Cytauxzoon felis for various periods, the domestic cats were then challenge exposed with proven lethal Cytauxzoon inoculum of domestic cat origin. All cats died of cytauxzoonosis.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Mycoplasma gateae arthritis and tenosynovitis in cats: case report and experimental reproduction of the disease.

Polyarthritis and tenosynovitis were diagnosed in a cat. Clinical signs of 2 months' duration included swollen limbs, painful joints (sensitive to touch), lameness, and pyrexia. Laboratory test data revealed hypogammaglobulinemia, hypoalbuminemia, leukocytosis, and mild anemia. The cat was euthanatized and necropsied; there were chronic necrotizing fibrinopurulent tenosynovitis and arthritis with bone and cartilage erosions. Cultural examinations of synovia were positive for Mycoplasma gateae, but bacterial and viral cultural examinations were negative. Organisms propagated from the M gateae isolate were inoculated IV into 6 specific-pathogen-free cats--3 of these being subjected to immunosuppression induced with azathioprine. The 6 inoculated cats became lame 5 to 9 days later, and 5 became febrile. Cultural examinations of the pharynx in 4 cats were positive for M gateae and in 3 cats, the organism was isolated from various joints. Microscopically, arthritis and tenosynovitis were identified in all cats. Two specific-pathogen-free cats were used as controls (noninoculated); these did not become lame, had negative M gateae cultures, and were free of histopathologic abnormalities. Reproduction of disease with recovery of the causative agent indicates the pathogenicity of this particular isolate of M gateae in the cat when inoculated IV.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Therapeutic and toxic plasma concentrations of digoxin in the cat.

Nonanesthetized cats of both sexes were given oral digoxin (0.011 mg/kg of body weight) 3 forms: elixir, tablet, and crushed tablet mixed with food. Mean peak plasma concentrations of digoxin were highest with the elixir (1.89 +/- 1.02 ng/ml) and lowest with the crushed tablet mixed with food (0.66 +/- 0.35 ng/ml). Male cats had significantly higher (P less than 0.10) mean plasma digoxin concentrations than did female cats. A 2nd group of nonanesthetized cats of both sexes was given digoxin elixir orally at therapeutic amounts (0.011 mg/kg) once a day for 4 consecutive days. The cumulative effect of digoxin resulted in 62% increase in the mean peak plasma concentration and 231% increase in the 24-hour plasma concentration of digoxin over the 4-day period. Male cats had a significantly (P less than 0.05) higher mean plasma digoxin concentration than did the female cats. Significant changes in the ECG were not recorded. A 3rd group of nonanesthetized cats of both sexes was given a single toxic dose (0.11 mg/kg) of digoxin elixir orally. All cats showed clinical signs of digitalis toxicosis (depression, vomiting, salivation, and anorexia) before ECG changes appeared. Alterations in the ECG were minimal; the most important changes were a slight increase in the PQ interval, an elevated ST segment, and decreased heart rate. Plasma concentrations of digoxin at the time of vomition ranged from 4.45 to 12.12 ng/ml with a mean peak plasma value of 7.37 +/- 3.61 ng/ml. The cats were clinically ill for 48 to 96 hours. A plasma digoxin concentration of 2.3 ng/ml was not toxic.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Evaluation of factors associated with development of calcium oxalate urolithiasis in cats.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate dietary and environmental factors as potential risk factors for calcium oxalate urolithiasis in cats. DESIGN: Case-control study. ANIMALS: 84 cats with uroliths composed of at least 90% calcium oxalate and 258 age- and gender-matched control cats. PROCEDURE: Owners of cats with calcium oxalate urolithiasis and control cats were surveyed between November 1990 and August 1992. Owners completed a standard questionnaire administered during a single telephone interview. Data collected included information regarding signalment, environment, urination and defecation, diet, and medical history. RESULTS: Calcium oxalate uroliths tended to develop in middle- to older-aged, domestic shorthair cats of typical weight. A gender predilection was not detected. Factors associated with an increase in the risk of calcium oxalate urolithiasis in cats were feeding urine-acidifying diets, feeding a single brand of cat food without providing additional foods or table scraps, maintaining cats in an indoor-only environment, and being of the Persian breed. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Control of diet and environment may help prevent calcium oxalate urolithiasis.

Age Distribution↗
PubMed1995

Detection of Toxoplasma gondii-specific IgA in the aqueous humor of cats.

Toxoplasma gondii-specific IgA, IgM, and IgG were measured by ELISA in the serum and aqueous humor of 29 client-owned cats with endogenous uveitis and 7 specific-pathogen-free cats tested sequentially for 20 weeks after inoculation with T gondii. Local antibody production in aqueous humor was estimated by multiplying the aqueous humor-to-serum T gondii-specific antibody ratio by the serum-to-aqueous humor total IgG (C value) or calicivirus-specific IgG (CTC value) ratio. Evidence for local production of antibody in aqueous humor was defined as C value greater than 8 or CTC value greater than 1. Toxoplasma gondii-specific IgM CTC values, IgG CTC values, or IgA CTC values greater than 1 were detected in the aqueous humor of 18 of 29 (62.1%) client-owned cats with endogenous uveitis; 2 cats had IgA CTC values greater than 1 without detectable IgM or IgG in aqueous humor. Toxoplasma gondii-specific IgM was not detected in the aqueous humor of experimentally inoculated cats before or after inoculation. Immunoglobulin G C values greater than 8 were detected in all 7 experimentally inoculated cats and ranged from 10.4 to 145.5. Immunoglobulin G C values greater than 8 were first detected 4 to 8 weeks after T gondii inoculation and were undetectable by week 16 after inoculation. Immunoglobulin A C values greater than 8 were detected in 4 of 7 cats and ranged from 12.7 to 264.3. Immunoglobulin A C values greater than 8 were first detected 4 to 8 weeks after inoculation, and were detected in 2 cats during week 20 after inoculation. It was concluded that some cats infected with T gondii develop detectable concentrations of T gondii-specific IgA in aqueous humor.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Comparison of fibrosarcomas that developed at vaccination sites and at nonvaccination sites in cats: 239 cases (1991-1992).

Questionnaires were sent to veterinarians who had submitted a fibrosarcoma from a cat to the surgical pathology services of the veterinary schools of the University of Pennsylvania and Tufts University between Jan 1, 1991 and June 30, 1992. Questionnaire items included signalment, FeLV and feline immunodeficiency virus status, site of sarcoma, vaccination site, vaccines used, treatment, biologic behavior of the tumor, and final outcome. Data were analyzed, using Student's t-test for continuous data, chi 2 test for categoric data, and log-rank test for survival estimates. Comparing results for cats with vaccination-site (VS) tumors and nonvaccination-site (NVS) tumors, we determined that VS tumors developed in younger cats and were larger than NVS tumors. Although VS sarcomas were biologically aggressive and redeveloped more often than NVS sarcomas, metastasis was not detected, and cats with VS tumors survived longer than cats with NVS tumors. Vaccination-site sarcomas developed in cats after injection of many types of vaccines, administered singularly or in combination. Of the cats in the VS group administered a single vaccine, 37% were given rabies, 33% were given feline viral rhinotracheitis/calicivirus/panleukopenia virus, and 30% were given FeLV vaccines. Cats with VS tumors were more likely to have received FeLV vaccine and less likely to have received rabies vaccine than those with NVS tumors. Although vaccines produced by certain manufacturers were used most often in cats with VS and NVS sarcomas, it was believed that this probably represented marketing practices and brand popularity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
PubMed1994

Assessment of the histopathological lesions and chemical analysis of feral cats to the smoke from the Kuwait oil fires.

Twenty-six adult or subadult feral cats were collected from Kuwait approximately 8 months after the ignition of the Kuwait oil wells. These animals were obtained from two sources: 12 animals from Kuwait City, a relatively smoke-free area, and 14 from the city of Ahmadi, an area with heavy smoke. Animals were euthanized and a complete set of tissues consisting of all major organs was taken for histopathology. Samples of lung, liver, kidney, urine, and blood were also taken for toxicology. Histopathological lesions observed in the lung were mild accumulations of anthracotic pigment in the lungs of 17 cats. Hyperplasia of the bronchial and bronchiolar gland in 8 cats, and smooth muscle hyperplasia of bronchioles in 14 cats. Tracheal gland hyperplasia was observed in 7 cats, and minimal squamous metaplasia of the tracheal mucosa in 17 cats, Laryngeal lesions consisted of submucosal gland hyperplasia in 2 cats and squamous metaplasia of the mucosa in 5 cats. Hyperplasia of the nasal submucosal glands was observed in 6 animals. The pharyngeal mucosa as well as other organs and organ systems were normal in all cats. Atomic absorption analysis for 11 metals was performed; vanadium and nickel levels (two metals that were present in the smoke from the oil fires) are not indicative of substantial exposure to the oil fires. Based on the histopathological findings and toxicological analysis, it is felt that inhalation of air contaminated with smoke from the oil fires had little or no long-term effect on the animals examined.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Evaluation of mesenteric lymphangiography and thoracic duct ligation in cats with chylothorax: 19 cases (1987-1992).

Mesenteric lymphangiography and thoracic duct ligation were performed on 19 cats with chylothorax between 1987 to 1992. Chylothorax was diagnosed on the basis of detection of chylomicrons in the pleural effusion or determination of a cholesterol concentration:triglyceride concentration ratio of < 1 in the pleural fluid. Preoperative medical treatment consisted of thoracentesis (19 of 19 cats) and feeding a fat-restricted diet (14 of 19 cats). Positive-contrast mesenteric lymphangiography was performed before thoracic duct ligation to identify an underlying cause for the effusion. Lymphangiectasia was diagnosed by use of radiography in 17 cats, none of which had evidence of a thoracic duct rupture. Thoracic duct ligation was performed via an incision made through the left 10th intercostal space. Lymphangiography was repeated immediately after ligation of the thoracic duct to document occlusion of all branches. Follow-up monitoring was done for 12 to 47 months (median, 28 months) and consisted of physical examination, evaluation for clinical signs related to pleural effusion, and thoracic radiography. Ten of 19 (53%) cats had complete resolution of pleural effusion. Nonchylous effusion, localized in the right hemithorax, was detected in 1 cat 2 months after thoracic duct ligation, but resolved after thoracotomy, breakdown of thoracic adhesions, and expansion of the right cranial lung lobe. Chylous effusion resolved 3 to 7 days (mean, 5.4 days) after surgery in the 10 cats that survived > 12 months after surgery. Four cats died between 2 and 13 days after thoracic duct ligation, but pleural effusion had resolved in 3 of these 4 cats at the time of death.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Clinical, cerebrospinal fluid, and histological data from twenty-seven cats with primary inflammatory disease of the central nervous system.

The purpose of this report is to present the clinical, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and histological data from 27 cats with inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS). The cats were part of a study of 61 cats admitted to two university clinics over an eight-year period because of signs of CNS disease. The most frequent diseases were feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) (12/27) and suspected viral disease other than FIP (10/27). Typical CSF findings in cats with FIP were a protein concentration of greater than 2 g/L (200 mg/dL) and a white cell count of over 100 cells/microL, which consisted predominantly of neutrophils. In contrast, the CSF of cats with suspected viral disease had a protein concentration of less than 1 g/L (100 mg/dL) and a total white cell count of less than 50 cells/microL. In general, cats with FIP or suspected viral disease were less than four years of age. Neurological signs were usually multifocal in cats with FIP, but focal in cats with suspected viral disease. The CSF findings were variable in five other inflammatory diseases represented. Two cats with protozoan infection had normal CSF total cell counts but abnormal differential counts. The CSF findings were invaluable in differentiating FIP from other causes of inflammatory CNS disease.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Prognosis after surgical excision of cerebral meningiomas in cats: 17 cases (1986-1992).

Long-term follow-up information was obtained for 17 cats with cerebral meningiomas treated by surgical excision. Three cats died or were euthanatized in the immediate postoperative period: 2 cats, because of brain herniation and 1 cat, because of acute renal failure. In the remaining 14 cats, most clinical signs resolved within 1 week of surgery. Three cats (21.4%) had confirmed or presumed local tumor recurrence. Two of these cats developed recurrent neurologic signs, and died or were euthanatized at 3 and 9 months, respectively, after surgery. One cat was euthanatized for an unrelated problem 72 months after surgery, and on postmortem examination, had a recurrent meningioma at the surgery site. The remaining 11 cats (78.6%) did not develop evidence of local tumor recurrence within follow-up periods ranging from 18 to 47 months (median, 27 months).

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Primary myocardial disease in the cat. A model for human cardiomyopathy.

Thirty-four cats with primary myocardial disease were studied. The cats were divided into two groups, depending on the clinical, hemodynamic, angiocardiographic, and pathologic findings. Group A consisted of those cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and Group B consisted of those cats with congestive cardiomyopathy. Similarity in the characteristics of cardiomyopathy in the human cat was found. Both Group A and Group B consisted predominantly of mature adult male cats. The most common presenting signs were dyspnea and/or thromboembolism, systolic murmurs with gallop rhythms on auscultation, cardiomegaly with (Group A) or without (Group B) pulmonary edema, abnormal electrocardiograms, elevated left ventricular end diastolic pressures, and angiocardiographic evidence of mitral regurgitation with left ventricular concentric hypertrophy (Group A) or left ventricular dilatation (Group B). Some cats in Group A also had evidence of left ventricular outflow obstruction. The principal pathologic findings in these cats were left atrial dilatation, symmetric hypertrophy or asymmetric septal hypertrophy of the left ventricle (Group A), and dilatation of the four cardiac chambers (Group B). Aortic thromboembolism was commonly observed in both groups. These clinical and pathologic findings indicate that cardiomyopathy in the cat is similar to the two most common forms of cardiomyopathy in the human (hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, with and without obstruction, and congestive cardiomyopathy).

Age Factors↗
PubMed1993

Detection of Toxoplasma gondii antigen-containing immune complexes in the serum of cats.

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for the detection of Toxoplasma gondii antigen-containing IgM immune complexes (T gondii-specific IgM-IC) and IgG immune complexes (T gondii-specific IgG-IC) in the serum of cats were developed. Serum from clinically ill, naturally infected cats; healthy, naturally infected cats; and healthy cats experimentally inoculated with T gondii was assayed. All combinations of T gondii-specific IgM, IgG, antigens, IgM-IC, and IgG-IC were detected in naturally infected and experimentally infected cats. Clinically ill cats and cats with ocular signs of toxoplasmosis were more likely than healthy cats to have T gondii-specific IC in serum. It was concluded that T gondii-specific IC form in the serum of cats, may play a role in clinical disease development, and affect the results of T gondii-specific IgM, IgG, and antigen serologic assays.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Alkaline phosphatase bone isoenzyme and osteocalcin in the serum of hyperthyroid cats.

The effect of hyperthyroidism on serum markers for increased bone metabolism and turnover was evaluated in 36 cats with elevated serum levels of thyroxine and alkaline phosphatase. Serum was analyzed for total and ionized calcium and phosphorous. Alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes were separated by agarose gel electrophoresis and osteocalcin was measured by radioimmunoassay. Values for hyperthyroid cats were compared with those for healthy cats. Alkaline phosphatase bone isoenzyme was markedly increased in all 36 hyperthyroid cats. Osteocalcin was increased in 44% of the cats. There was no correlation among the magnitude of increase in alkaline phosphatase bone isoenzyme, osteocalcin, and serum thyroxine concentrations. Increased serum phosphorus was found in 35% of the cats. Total calcium was within the reference range in all cats, while 50% of the cats had reduced levels of serum ionized calcium. We conclude that hyperthyroid cats do have altered bone metabolism, although it is usually clinically insignificant.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗
PubMed1997

Comparison of flea control strategies using imidacloprid or lufenuron on cats in a controlled simulated home environment.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the effect of monthly treatments with imidacloprid (an adulticide) or lufenuron (an insect development inhibitor) for protecting cats against Ctenocephalides felis felis in a simulated home environment. ANIMALS: 3 matched groups of 4 cats each. PROCEDURE: A self-propagating flea life cycle continuously exposing cats to 'natural' infestation was established in 3 pens. Small artificial infestations were later superimposed to mimic the effect of a cat roaming outdoors and acquiring extraneous fleas. One pen housed an untreated control group, and the other 2 pens housed cats treated every 28th day with an imidacloprid spot-on formulation or lufenuron suspension, respectively. Flea counts were performed at 14-day intervals for 112 days. RESULTS: Flea numbers increased on control cats around day 42 when mean counts on cats in the imidacloprid and lufenuron groups decreased by 100 and 86.8 percent, respectively. Fleas were not found on any imidacloprid-treated cat, but lufenuron-treated cats were consistently parasitized. CONCLUSIONS: Imidacloprid administered at monthly intervals maintained flea burdens below the limit of detection, whereas clinically important flea populations developed in the lufenuron treatment pen. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results from this experimental model suggest that flea populations within a home may be controlled by carefully timed on-host treatments with potent long-acting insecticides such as imidacloprid.

Administration, Cutaneous↗
PubMed1998

Comparison of gastric lesions in dogs and cats with and without gastric spiral organisms.

OBJECTIVES: To determine prevalence of gastric spiral organisms (GSO) in dogs and cats that were clinically normal or had primary gastrointestinal disease and to compare histologic lesions of the stomach in dogs and cats with and without GSO. ANIMALS: 21 dogs and 10 cats that were clinically normal and 56 dogs and 33 cats with gastrointestinal disease. DESIGN: Case-control study. RESULTS: Unevenness of the gastric mucosal surface was detected, using endoscopic techniques in 20 and 25% of clinically normal and abnormal dogs, respectively. On histologic examination, GSO were located on the mucosal surface within or beneath the mucus, in gastric pits, and within glandular lumina in 86 and 90% of clinically normal dogs and cats, respectively, and in 61 and 64% of clinically abnormal dogs and cats, respectively. Prevalence of GSO infection in dogs and cats that were clinically abnormal was not higher than in those that were clinically normal. Infection was detected in stomachs of > 60% of dogs and cats 1 year old or less. Helicobacter pylori was not isolated from any specimen; however, specimens in which GSO were found had positive results on a urease test. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Prevalence of GSO infection was high in clinically normal and abnormal dogs and cats, some of which were young. This should be considered during assessment of clinically normal animals with GSO as they can be a potential reservoir for infection in human beings.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Cobalt 60 irradiation of pituitary gland tumors in three cats with acromegaly.

Acromegaly was diagnosed in 3 cats with insulin-resistant diabetes mellitus (DM) on the basis of history and physical examination findings, which ruled out other causes of insulin-resistant DM, and by documenting high plasma concentrations of growth hormone. Computed tomography revealed a mass in the area of the pituitary gland in each cat. Pituitary gland tumors were irradiated with cobalt 60, and none of the cats developed complications to radiotherapy. Each cat received a total dose of 48 Gy of cobalt 60 during 12 treatments. After completion of radiotherapy, insulin requirements were less for all cats, although in 1 cat, this improvement was transient. Diabetes mellitus resolved in 2 of 3 cats. After treatment, decreases in insulin requirements correlated with decreases in plasma growth hormone concentrations in 2 of 3 cats in which DM resolved. On the basis of these findings, irradiation of pituitary gland tumors appears to be a treatment option for cats with acromegaly.

Acromegaly↗
PubMed1998

Reference values for glucose tolerance and glucose tolerance status in cats.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the reference range for glucose tolerance, using a simplified glucose tolerance test (GTT), and to evaluate glucose tolerance status in cats. DESIGN: Prospective study. ANIMALS: 57 clinically normal cats. PROCEDURE: 2 catheters were placed in the cephalic veins of nonsedated cats at least 3 hours before the test. Blood samples were obtained before (0 minutes) and 2, 5, 10, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, and 120 minutes after glucose (0.5 g/kg [0.23 g/lb] of body weight) was injected i.v. Blood glucose concentration was measured by a glucose meter. Glucose half-life (t1/2) and disappearance of glucose (Kglucose) were calculated. RESULTS: Glucose tolerance in cats was considered normal when upper limits for glucose concentration were < or = 159 mg/dl at 0 minutes, < or = 322 mg/dl at 60 minutes, < or = 238 mg/dl at 90 minutes, or < or = 171 mg/dl at 120 minutes and glucose t1/2 was < or = 94.7 minutes or Kglucose was > or = 0.41%/min. Impaired glucose tolerance in cats was defined as a glucose concentration > or = 160 mg/dl at 0 minutes, > or = 323 mg/dl at 60 minutes, > or = 239 mg/dl at 90 minutes, or > or = 172 mg/dl at 120 minutes. The frequency of impaired glucose tolerance was 2%. Five cats had stress-affected GTT. Significant differences in glucose t1/2 or Kglucose between cats < 7 and > or = 7 years old were not found. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: The simplified GTT and measurement of glucose concentration by a glucose meter provides a simple and low-cost method of assessing glucose tolerance status in cats that are normoglycemic after food is withheld. Use of absolute glucose concentrations overcomes the need to calculate glucose t1/2 values. The high glucose concentration at 0 minutes found in this study may reflect a more realistic concentration to use in assessing client-owned cats in a hospital environment.

Aging↗
PubMed1998

Molecular, clinical, and pathologic comparison of two distinct strains of Haemobartonella felis in domestic cats.

OBJECTIVE: To characterize 2 strains of Haemobartonella felis by use of molecular techniques. ANIMALS: 35 specific-pathogen-free cats, 6 months to 4 years old. PROCEDURE: Intraperitoneal or IV inoculation with blood containing H felis small form (Hfsm, 18 cats) or H felis large form (Hflg, 11 cats); 6 cats were uninfected controls. Hfsm was evaluated for capability to cross-protect against the more virulent Hflg. Morphology of both strains was compared by light microscopy of Wright-Giemsa-stained blood smears, and the 16S rRNA genes were sequenced. RESULTS: Infection with Hflg induced signs of depression, fever, and severe macrocytic normochromic anemia with nucleated erythrocytes. More than 95% of erythrocytes were parasitized. Inoculation with Hfsm and uninfected control blood induced mild or no clinical signs and no hematologic abnormalities. Anti-H felis IgG was first detected on postinoculation day (PID) 21, and increased to maximal titer of 400 by PID 28. Reactivated infection was observed in 8 of 29 cats (4 Hfsm and 4 Hflg), with 5% parasitized erythrocytes during the later attack. On PID 8, Hflg-inoculated cats had positive results of polymerase chain reaction analysis (PCR) that persisted until cats were treated with doxycycline or oxytetracycline; Hfsm-inoculated cats had positive PCR results that persisted for duration of observation (3 months). CONCLUSIONS: Genetically and morphologically distinct strains of H felis infect cats in the field. The level of genetic difference suggested that these strains may be different species or genera. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: PCR is a critical diagnostic aid to detect occult Haemobartonella spp infection, as well as response to treatment and clearance of the organism.

Anaplasmataceae↗