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PubMed2003

Relationships between necrotic cactus availability and population size in a cactophilic Drosophila (Diptera, Drosophilidae) located on a sandstone table hill in Brazil.

Drosophila gouveai is a cactophilic species endemic to South America. In southeast Brazil it is found on summits of isolated hills, which apparently are current refugia resulting from climatic changes during the Quaternary Period. It breeds only in necrotic cactus cladodes of Pilosocereus machrisii. Temporal differences in necrotic cactus availability could have a great impact upon D. gouveai population size, and could thus influence its evolutionary history. We analyzed the relationship between necrotic cactus availability and population size of D. gouveai. The fluctuation in the population size, variation in necrotic cactus availability and exploitation of this resource by larvae were surveyed bimonthly for one year on a sandstone table hill in central-south Brazil. Temporal necrotic cactus availability did not vary significantly, though in June there was a moderate decrease Larval populations were highest in October and December. The D. gouveai population size was highest in February and remained relatively stable the rest of the year. The observed fluctuation in population size was not a function of temporal necrotic cactus availability in quantitative terms.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

The epidemiological profile of tuberculosis in southern Brazil in times of AIDS.

SETTING: Urban area in southern Brazil. OBJECTIVE: To investigate human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) co-infection among new cases of tuberculosis recorded in 2000 in Porto Alegre, Brazil. DESIGN: Cross-sectional population-based study. RESULTS: Among 1713 new tuberculosis cases, HIV testing was not available for 29.8% and results were unknown for 1.8%. Of 1171 with known results, 47% had HIV co-infection. HIV seropositivity was 44% higher in males. The 15-59 years age group had 3.4 times more seropositive cases than the group aged >59 years. Individuals with <8 years of schooling presented 57% more co-infection. HIV positivity was twice as frequent in extra-pulmonary and combined forms of tuberculosis as in pulmonary forms. Hospitalization was 2.4 times more common in HIV-positive individuals. The overall cure rate was 69.8%, while in co-infected patients it was 43.9%. The determinants of risk of death from tuberculosis included <8 years of schooling (PR 2.2, 95%CI 1.2-3.7), HIV seropositivity (PR 8.0, 95%CI 5.0-12.9), combined pulmonary and extra-pulmonary tuberculosis (PR 1.7, 95%CI 1.2-2.5) and diagnosis during admission rather than in out-patient clinics (PR 5.4, 95%CI 2.9-10.1). CONCLUSIONS: The co-occurrence of tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS indicates a need to integrate the control programs for these two diseases. The health care system should invest in early diagnosis and adherence to treatment for both diseases.

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗
PubMed2004

[Combating foot and mouth disease in Brazil: private sector participation].

The fact that cattle herds in Brazil are in such good health and that the meat on the domestic and international markets is safe and of high quality is largely due to the campaign to combat foot and mouth disease and to the improvements that this campaign has made in the organisation of the Brazilian bovine production industry. Launched in 1965, the campaign set itself ambitious objectives, but thanks to the direct participation of producer organisations it received the necessary support and funding. The results are reflected in the growing number of states--fifteen to date--that are internationally recognised as free from foot and mouth disease with vaccination. Thanks to the active participation of producers and of the entire production chain in foot and mouth disease eradication efforts, Brazil has risen to become a leading player in the international beef trade.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Serological and molecular evidence of HTLV-I infection among Japanese immigrants living in the Amazon region of Brazil.

Human T-lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) infection was investigated in 168 Japanese immigrants (64 males and 104 females) living in the Tome-Acu county located in the State of Para, Brazil. The serological screening was performed using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and showed the presence of anti-HTLV in four women whose ages ranged from 50 to 88. Confirmation of infection and discrimination HTLV typing was performed using a nested PCR on the extracted DNA targeting the pX region. In three of the samples, infection was confirmed to be HTLV-I. Sequencing HTLV-I 5'LTR and the RFLP pattern using DraI and SacI endonucleases indicated that the virus is a member of the Cosmopolitan group. These three women originated from the Kyushu region, though two of the corresponding HTLV-I strains were phylogenetically related to the Japanese subgroup and the third to the Transcontinental subgroup, which probably reflects the geographical origin of the infected individuals. The Japanese community residing in the northern Brazil apparently have not contributed to increase the prevalence of HTLV-I in the country.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Nutritional status as a factor and a result of nutritional and food security and their representations in Brazil].

We approach the determining factors and results of food and nutritional security in Brazil. The following aspects are considered: i. The concept to be studied; ii, The form of measuring a particular factor; iii. A Brazilian characterization on the subject, and iv. conclusions. Nutritional status is primarily a result of the balance between the needs and the spending of food energy and other essential nutrients and, secondarily, of multiple determinants in a given space, represented by physical, genetic, biological, cultural, psychosocio-economic and environmental factors. According to this, there are 3 basic causes of nutritional disorders: food, health and care. Because the repercussions of the economic changes on the nutritional status are not immediate, food security is only one factor of nutritional status and because subjects adapt differently to low food intake, the most adequate nutritional indicators in studies of food and nutritional security are the childhood indicators and the indicators of historical trends. The interpretation of nutritional indicators poses 3 main problems: to determine if the problem is really one of food security; to establish the degree of importance of the problem, and to determine which could be the appropriate normative intervention. The studies of nutritional status in Brazil show considerable improvement in the anthropometric indicators, emphasizing that the worst conditions prevail in the North East region and in the rural areas. Regarding micronutrient deficiencies, the absence of nationwide studies and the great advances in the programs to tackle this deficiencies, mainly vitamin A and iodine deficiencies are highlighted.

Anthropometry↗
PubMed2004

[Heart failure in Brazil. The EPICA-Niteroi study].

In this paper we review various problems of cardiovascular disease, particularly heart failure (HF), in Brazil. Cardiovascular disease is the main cause of death in Brazil, and heart failure is the most common cause of hospitalization in the Brazilian health system. The problem is even more serious GIVEN that the population is ageing rapidly; by 2025 the country will be ranked sixth worldwide in terms of numbers of old people. According to figures from DATA-SUS, HF is the most important cause of hospital admissions among the elderly in the Brazilian health system. The most frequent etiologies of HF encountered in clinical practice are coronary artery disease and hypertension. Another problem is the difficulty experienced by a large proportion of the population in gaining access to public health services; the health system is unable to cope with the needs of the population and the costs involved. An important reason for including HF under the public health system is the low socioeconomic level of many patients, which leads them to abandon treatment.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Life support limitation at three pediatric intensive care units in southern Brazil].

OBJECTIVES: To describe causes of death and factors involved in the decision-making process related to life support limitation at three university-affiliated pediatric intensive care units in the south of Brazil. METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted, based on a review of the medical records of all deaths occurring during 2002 at three pediatric intensive care units in Porto Alegre. Three previously trained pediatric fellows from each service performed the study. Data were assessed relating to general case characteristics, causes of death (failed cardiopulmonary resuscitation, brain death, do-not-resuscitate orders, withholding or withdrawing life-sustaining treatment -- the last three modes were classified as the life support limitation group), length of stay in hospital, end-of-life plans and the participation of patients families and Ethics Committees. The Student t test, Mann Whitney, chi-square, odds ratio and multivariate analyses were used for comparisons. RESULTS: Close to 53.3% of fatal cases had received full cardiopulmonary resuscitation. The incidence of life support limitation was 36%, with statistical differences (p = 0.014) between the three hospitals (25 versus 54.3 and 45.5%, respectively). The most frequent form of life support limitation was a do-not-resuscitate order (70%). Life support limitation was associated with the presence of chronic disease (odds ratio = 8.2; 95%CI 3.2-21.3) and length stay in the pediatric intensive care unit (odds ratio = 4.4; 95%CI 1.6-11.8). The rate of involvement of families and Ethics Committees in the decision-making process was lesser than 10%. CONCLUSIONS: Cardiopulmonary resuscitation is offered more frequently than is observed in northern countries. In contrast, life support limitation is offered through do-not-resuscitate orders. These findings and the low participation of the families in the decision-making process reflect the difficulties to be overcome by those professionals who are responsible for handling critically ill children in southern Brazil.

Brazil↗
PubMed2005

Clinical survey of hantavirus in southern Brazil and the development of specific molecular diagnosis tools.

Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) is an emerging disease caused by an increasing number of distinct hantavirus serotypes found worldwide. It is also a very severe immune disease. It progresses quickly and is associated with a high mortality rate. At the prodrome phase, hantavirosis symptoms can resemble those of other infectious diseases such as leptospirosis and influenza. Thus, prognosis could be improved by developing a rapid and sensitive diagnostic test for hantavirus infection, and by improving knowledge about clinical aspects of this disease. This study describes clinical features and laboratory parameters throughout the course of HPS in 98 patients. We report the seasonality and regional distribution of this disease in Paraná State, Brazil during the last seven years. In addition, we evaluated a specific molecular diagnostic test based on a nested reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction for the detection of hantaviruses circulating in Brazil.

Brazil↗
PubMed1992

Cestode parasites in Potamotrygon motoro (Natterer) (Chondrichthyes: Potamotrygonidae) from southwestern Brazil, including Rhinebothroides mclennanae n. sp. (Tetraphyllidea: Phyllobothriidae), and a revised host-parasite checklist for helminths inhabiting neotropical freshwater stingrays.

Specimens of 5 species of cestodes were collected in 6 specimens of the freshwater stingray species Potamotrygon motoro (Natterer), collected in the vicinity of Corumba, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Acanthobothrium regoi, Potamotrygonocestus orinocoensis, Rhinebothroides venezuelensis, and Rhinebothrium paratrygoni are reported from P. motoro and from southwestern Brazil for the first time. Rhinebothroides mclennanae n. sp. appears to be the sister species of Rhinebothroides glandularis, the only other member of the genus exhibiting darkly staining glandular cells lying free in the parenchyma surrounding the terminal genitalia. The new species resembles Rhinebothroides glandularis, Rhinebothroides freitasi, and Rhinebothroides scorzai by having poral ovarian arms that extend anteriorly beyond the posterior margin of the cirrus sac, coiled vaginae, and vitelline follicles not interrupted on the poral side in the vicinity of the genital pore. It differs from all 6 previously described members of the genus by possessing an average of 31 testes per proglottid, compared with an average of 45 for R. glandularis, 55 for R. freitasi and R. venezuelensis, 77 for Rhinebothroides circularisi and Rhinebothroides moralarai, and 80 for R. scorzai. An updated phylogenetic tree for Rhinebothroides is presented.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Application of an alternative Aedes species (Diptera: culicidae) surveillance method in Botucatu City, Sao Paulo, Brazil.

One of the main problems with dengue is the control of Aedes aegypti, its major vector. In Brazil, the current control program for Ae. aegypti and Aedes albopictus populations includes larval density surveys. An interesting alternative is the use of a distinct index, the Premise Condition Index (PCI). This tool relates conditions of property, such as houses and yards, and the degree of shade with the occurrence of Aedes sp. oviposition, and is calculated as scores from 3 to 9. The lowest score indicates property in good condition and an unfavorable breeding environment, while the highest score indicates property at high risk for infestation by Aedes sp. The present study is based on the application of the PCI in an urban area of Botucatu, Brazil to confirm its effectiveness.

Aedes↗
PubMed2005

Occupational health nursing in Brazil: exploring the world through international occupational health programs.

1. Brazil's recent industrialization has led to the recognition of occupational health nursing as an important, emerging field. 2. Major occupational health concerns in Brazil include occupational illness and accidents, slavery, and child labor. 3. Legislation must be reformed to allow for the expansion of occupational health practice to include preventive measures as well as the assistance measures currently seen in Brazilian occupational health.

Brazil↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Natural helminth infection in Sicalis flaveola (Linnaeus, 1766), by Acuaria mayori Lent, Freitas and Proença, 1945 (Nematoda: Acuarioidea) in Brazil].

This is the first report of a natural infection in the saffron finch Sicalis flaveola (Linnaeus, 1766) captured in Brazil, with the establishment of a new host record for the acuarioid nematode Acuaria mayori Lent, Freitas and Proença, 1945, previously referred in Cyanocorax chrysops (Vieillot, 1818) from Paraguay and Sporophila caerulescens caerulescens (Vieillot, 1823) and C. cyanomelas (Wied, 1821) from Brazil and Myarchus nuttingi (Ridgway, 1883) from Costa Rica.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Community ecology of the metazoan parasites of the grey triggerfish, Balistes capriscus Gmelin, 1789 and queen triggerfish B. vetula Linnaeus,1758 (Osteichthyes: Balistidae) from the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Sixty-six specimens of grey triggerfish Balistes capriscus Gmelin, 1788 and thirty specimens of queen triggerfish B. vetula Linnaeus, 1758 (Osteichthyes: Balistidae) collected from the coastal zone of the State of Rio de Janeiro (21-23 degrees S, 41-45 degrees W), Brazil, from April 2001 to May 2003, were necropsied to study their metazoan parasites. All fish were parasitized by at least one parasite species. Twenty-seven parasites species were collected: 22 in B. capriscus and 15 in B. vetula. Ten parasite species were common to the two host species. Balistes capriscus and B. vetula were a new host record for 16 and seven parasite species, respectively. Hypocreadium biminensis and Taeniacanthus balistae were recorded for the first time in Brazil. The copepod T. balistae and the nematode Contracaecum sp. were the dominant species with highest parasitic prevalence and abundance in the parasite community of B. capriscus and B. vetula, respectively. The metazoan parasites of B. capriscus and B. vetula showed typical aggregated pattern of distribution. The infracommunities of adult endoparasites showed highest values of mean abundance and parasite species richness. The parasite species richness, the total number of specimens and the mean Berger-Parker's index of the infracommunities of B. capriscus and B. vetula showed significant differences.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Hormone therapy following the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) study: perception of gynecologists in Brazil.

AIM: The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effects of the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) study on gynecologists in Brazil, with particular emphasis on knowledge, interpretation of the study and attitude regarding hormone therapy (HT). METHODS: A total of 806 gynecologists were evaluated through questionnaires. For the evaluation, questions regarding his/her degree of knowledge and interpretation of the WHI study, number of prescriptions written for HT and opinion regarding the ideal form of HT following the WHI study were analyzed. RESULTS: Physicians were found to have a good knowledge of the study (97.6%). The most common interpretation of the results of the WHI study referred to the single HT regimen used in the trial in patients with specific characteristics, this being the response of 66.3% of physicians. There was a reduction of 21.7% in the intention to prescribe HT, with 32.5% of gynecologists reporting changing to a different therapeutic regimen. After the WHI study, the gynecologists showed a preference for low doses of estrogens and progestogens. CONCLUSIONS: The WHI study had a relevant impact on the attitude of doctors in Brazil.

Brazil↗
PubMed1992

Serologic screening for Trypanosoma cruzi among blood donors in central Brazil.

The study reported here compares results obtained by blood banks screening sera for chagasic (Trypanosoma cruzi) infection with results obtained by the Chagas' Disease Reference Laboratory of the Federal University of Goiás in Goiânia, Brazil. It also evaluates results obtained using the ELISA technique to screen the study sera. The survey used data from six of eight blood banks serving the city of Goiânia, an urban region of Central Brazil where Chagas' disease is highly endemic. The survey population consisted of 1,513 voluntary first-time blood donors whose donations occurred between October 1988 and April 1989. This group included 50% of all the first-time blood donors in that period. The six participating blood banks, which accounted for about 90% of all blood donations in Goiânia during the study period, routinely used indirect hemagglutination (IHA) and complement fixation (CF) tests to screen sera for antibodies to T. cruzi. Comparison of the results provided by the blood banks with the reference laboratory's results indicated a relative sensitivity of 77%, which ranged from 50% to 100% depending on the blood bank studied. The comparison, which found 12 false negative results, indicated that transfusions of infected blood might have occurred despite the serologic screening performed by the blood banks. Relative to the standard of positivity established for the study, the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique was found to have a sensitivity of 96.3%. Considering as positive only those sera yielding positive IHA and indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) test results, the ELISA technique yielded 2 false negative and 41 false positive responses.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Epizootic botulism of cattle in Brazil.

The first diagnosis of botulism in cattle in Brazil and its epizootiology are reviewed. The high prevalence of the disease raised on phosphorus deficient pastures in Savanna regions has caused severe economic losses in the past. The temperature induced microcomplement fixation test (TIMCF) confirmed the clinical-pathological diagnosis in all of the 24 cases studied by this method. The most important reason why botulism has not been controlled satisfactorily in Brazil is the lack of an available effective vaccine (type C and D). Additional prophylactic measures are phosphorus supplementation and removal of carcasses from the pasture.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Respiratory syncytial virus infections in northeastern Brazil: seasonal trends and general aspects.

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is one of the most prevalent agents of acute respiratory infections in children. Consistent data about seasonality of infections caused by this virus in Brazil proceed only from southern and southeastern regions. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence and the seasonal pattern of RSV infections in children living in Fortaleza city in northeastern Brazil. Nasopharyngeal aspirates of 1,950 patients attending in ambulatories, emergency room, and wards of Hospital Infantil Albert Sabin were collected and screened for RSV infections during 43 consecutive months. RSV was detected in 21% of the cases. RSV seasons in Fortaleza lasted 6 to 8 consecutive months, starting in January or February and finishing in July or August, and were associated with the rainy season.

Brazil↗
PubMed2005

[The management of nutritional care in hospitals: comparative study Brazil-France].

This study had as its proposal a comparative analysis, with the support of anthropotechnology, the management of nutritional care in hospital food and nutrition services both in Brazil and France. Data was obtained from documents, designed interviews and direct observation. The results with respect to France show that the characteristics observed offer conditions which are more favourable for dieticians. In Brazil, the low investment in health and education is even more challenging to dieticians. The recommendations to qualify the management of nutritional care were formulated in relation to the following aspects: the technology of management of nutritional care, strategies of interaction and organisation between clinical-nutritional attendance and the production of meals and background of dieticians.

Anthropometry↗