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PubMed1980

[Hepatic clearance of Escherichia coli during chronic alcoholic intoxication].

The effects of chronic ethanolic intoxication on the phagocytic and bactericidal activity of the hepatic reticuloendothelial system against viable Escherichia coli were examined using be in vitro perfused at liver system. Livers were isolated from control and ethanol treated animals (3 week) and perfused with a red cell-free medium containing 4% homologous serum from control rats. After addition of E. coli (2 X 10(7) cell/ml) to the perfusing medium hepatic clearance of bacteria was measured by determining the recovery of viable cells in the perfusate, liver and bile after 30 min experimental time. Livers from ethanol treated animal showed a slightly lower phagocytic activity respect control animals, but were not able to kill phagocytized bacteria (20% intraphagocytic killing occurred in control livers). Our date suggest that the higher susceptibility toward infections with gram negative bacteria during chronic ethanol intoxication might be mediated by a impairment of functional activity of hepatic macrophages which may be independent of changes in serum opsonins.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Children intoxicated by alcohol in Nottingham and Glasgow, 1973-84.

The circumstances of ingestion, clinical course, and long term sequelae were examined retrospectively in 143 children (108 boys, 35 girls) admitted with acute alcohol intoxication in Glasgow and Nottingham over the 12 years 1973-84. Fifty three of the children were aged less than 7 years and 90 were aged 7-14. Twelve of the children were hypoglycaemic on arrival at hospital. Trauma related to intoxication occurred in 14 cases, and nine boys became drunk under duress, which in four cases was associated with sexual abuse.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1992

Injury control in childhood.

The behavior and environment of individuals are key determinants of both unintentional and intentional injuries in childhood and adolescence. These two determinants often interact so that certain behaviors lead to different injury outcomes depending on the environmental context of the injury. For example, depression is more likely to lead to suicide in the presence of alcohol intoxication. Alcohol intoxication is much more likely to lead to the choice of a firearm in a suicide attempt. Children with poor pedestrian crossing skills are far more likely to be hit in a busy urban intersection than in a safer location. The science of injury control has attempted to learn more about both the behavioral, environmental, and agent characteristics that lead to injury. Each of these dimensions offers opportunities for injury prevention or amelioration of the outcome. Despite increasing knowledge about how certain behaviors are associated with specific types of injuries, there has been only limited success achieved by attempts to modify behavior, particularly by persuasion or education. More success has been derived by legislative mandates. The most success, particularly in the prevention of unintentional injury, has been achieved by modification of the environments and the agents that are most often associated with injury. Because intentional injuries involve extremely complex and aberrant behavior, there is a persistent concern that attempts to modify the environment (e.g., handgun control) will be overridden by those with a high level of intent, i.e., they will seek another method. Although this may be true for carefully premeditated acts, suicide attempts and assaults by youth are usually precipitated by an acute stressor that depends on the availability of a weapon at that immediate time. While we develop more sophisticated psychosocial epidemiologic models that accurately predict violent behavior, we must continue to analyze aspects of intentional injuries that offer an opportunity to reduce the injury severity after the injury has occurred. Pediatricians and other health providers of children have played three important historical roles in the field of injury control. As clinicians, we have a unique opportunity to discuss these concerns with our patients and use our influence to attempt to modify individual behavior and inform about risks. As investigators, pediatricians have been important advocates of research initiatives to use the same epidemiologic methods used to study infectious diseases and cancer and apply them to the study of injury. Finally, pediatricians have played a critical public policy role in the evolution of injury control. Pediatricians have been at the helm behind most legislative initiatives to reduce injury among all people.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Accident Prevention↗
PubMed2006

Actions of acute and chronic ethanol on presynaptic terminals.

This article presents the proceedings of a symposium entitled "The Tipsy Terminal: Presynaptic Effects of Ethanol" (held at the annual meeting of the Research Society on Alcoholism, in Santa Barbara, CA, June 27, 2005). The objective of this symposium was to focus on a cellular site of ethanol action underrepresented in the alcohol literature, but quickly becoming a "hot" topic. The chairs of the session were Marisa Roberto and George Robert Siggins. Our speakers were chosen on the basis of the diverse electrophysiological and other methods used to discern the effects of acute and chronic ethanol on presynaptic terminals and on the basis of significant insights that their data provide for understanding ethanol actions on neurons in general, as mechanisms underlying problematic behavioral effects of alcohol. The 5 presenters drew from their recent studies examining the effects of acute and chronic ethanol using a range of sophisticated methods from electrophysiological analysis of paired-pulse facilitation and spontaneous and miniature synaptic currents (Drs. Weiner, Valenzuela, Zhu, and Morrisett), to direct recording of ion channel activity and peptide release from acutely isolated synaptic terminals (Dr. Treistman), to direct microscopic observation of vesicular release (Dr. Morrisett). They showed that ethanol administration could both increase and decrease the probability of release of different transmitters from synaptic terminals. The effects of ethanol on synaptic terminals could often be correlated with important behavioral or developmental actions of alcohol. These and other novel findings suggest that future analyses of synaptic effects of ethanol should attempt to ascertain, in multiple brain regions, the role of presynaptic terminals, relevant presynaptic receptors and signal transduction linkages, exocytotic mechanisms, and their involvement in alcohol's behavioral actions. Such studies could lead to new treatment strategies for alcohol intoxication, alcohol abuse, and alcoholism.

Alcoholic Intoxication↗
PubMed1999

[Confusion syndrome in alcoholism. Faulty assessment can produce deleterious course].

Confusion is a frequent syndrome in alcoholism caused by a large number of neuropsychiatric and somatic disorders with severe alcohol intoxication, pathological intoxication, alcohol dementia and hepatic encephalopathy among them. Possible pathophysiologic mechanisms involved and therapeutic strategies are discussed.

Alcohol-Induced Disorders, Nervous System↗