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PubMed1991

Sharing a residence with an adult child: a cause of psychological distress in the elderly?

The effects of residence-sharing on the psychological well-being of the elderly is examined among a stratified random sample of elderly persons in a major metropolitan area. Multivariate analysis produces findings that counter the generally held belief that elderly people who share a residence with an adult child are more likely than other elderly people to experience psychological distress.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1993

Somatization of dissociated traumatic memories in a case of reflex sympathetic dystrophy.

In this single case report, I examine the treatment of reflex sympathetic dystrophy (RSD) with hypnosis and ego-state therapy in a subject with a dissociative disorder. RSD is an unusual, debilitating, chronic pain syndrome with a usually poor outcome. The subject achieved temporary symptomatic relief using hypnosis and auto-hypnotic pain-management techniques. Eventually, she achieved permanent relief of RSD symptoms that continued over a two-year follow-up period. She achieved this permanent relief through a process of psychologically integrating physical functions that she experienced as specific to several dissociated ego states. This case illustrates the role of metaphor and imaginative symbolism in constituting a physical condition. It also illustrates how imaginative transformation of the symbolic imagery can induce psychological and physical change.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2001

Pain, coping, emotional state and physical function in patients with chronic radicular neck pain. A comparison between patients treated with surgery, physiotherapy or neck collar--a blinded, prospective randomized study.

PURPOSE: To describe and explore the relationships between pain, emotional state and coping strategies in patients with chronic radicular neck pain before and after surgery or conservative treatments. METHODS: We randomize 81 conseutive patients with cervical radicular pain and nerve root compression, verified by MRI, to either surgical decompression with fusion or physiotherapy or neck collar. Emotional state was both measured with Mood Adjective Check List. Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and with a Coping Strategies Questionnaire. Pain was measured with VAS and function with Disability Index Rating. Measurements were made before treatment, and follow ups after 3 and 12 months post treatment. RESULTS: We found generally a low emotional state with anxiety, depression and sleep-disturbances not only connected to pain. Pain improved faster in the surgery group but after one year no differences were seen. Surgery and physiotherapy improved function with heavy work compared to collar after 3 months. Many patients used active coping before treatment, but after treatment more passive coping strategies were found. CONCLUSION: We recommend a multidisciplinary rehabilitation with cognitive behavioural therapy and psychological interventions.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1998

Neuroticism, coping and change in MCMI-II clinical syndromes: test of a mediator model.

The aim of the study was to examine prospectively whether coping mediated the relation between Neuroticism and change in different clinical mental syndromes. Assessments were conducted with 154 former psychiatric outpatients six and seven years after their initial contact with an outpatient clinic. Dispositional coping mediated the relation between Neuroticism and change in four of the nine clinical scales of the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory (MCMI-II) (Millon, 1987). High Neuroticism led to coping strategies of disengagement and the venting of emotions and to a lack of problem-focused coping, which in turn translated into a relative increase on the MCMI-II scales. The mediator model of coping was found to apply to the MCMI-II scales 'somatoform disorder', 'dysthymia', 'alcohol dependence' and 'thought disorder'. Results are discussed under the perspective of an integration of the positions of the transactional theory of stress and personality psychology.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2005

Nursing practice as bricoleur activity: a concept explored.

The debates concerning the nature of nursing practice are often rooted in tensions between artistic, scientific and magical/mythical practice. It is within this context that the case is argued for considering that nursing practice involves bricoleur activity. This stance, which is derived from the work of Levi-Strauss, conceives elements of nursing practice as an embodied, bricoleur practice where practitioners draw on the 'shards and fragments' of the situation-at-hand to resolve the needs of the individual patient for whom they care. This conceptualisation of nursing practice will be analysed with a particular emphasis on its implication for nursing epistemology, pedagogy and praxis. The evidence to support this argument is drawn from empirical work that investigated nurses' use of intuition, the work of Levi-Strauss, and issues in nursing epistemology and ontology. The paper itself is written from the perspective of a bricoleur who uses 'bits and pieces' from the domains of nursing, philosophy, psychology, education, sociology and anthropology.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1978

Paranoid episodes in manic-depressive psychoses.

The author reports on 7 patients with a primary diagnosis of manic-depressive psychosis who had brief but well-defined episodes of paranoid symptomatology. These episodes apparently represent alterations of psychic defense structure during the dynamic flow of the psychosis toward recovery. In manic-depressive psychosis, with its genetic and physiologic components, the paranoid episodes reaffirm the unitary nature of humans, in whom heredity and physical and psychological factors inextricably interact.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1988

Psychotherapeutic implications of severe physical disability.

Some effects of physical disability on psychological functioning are reviewed. Special roles are proposed for fantasy and therapist counter-transference in psychotherapy with physically disabled people. This report of the treatment of a man with severe cerebral palsy has implications for the physical and psychological management of the disabled.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1986

Childhood amnesia: a conceptualization in cognitive-psychological terms.

Childhood amnesia is defined operationally as the forgetting of early life events to a significantly greater degree than is accounted for by "normal" forgetting, which is an increasing recall decrement as time since occurrence increases. Three cognitive processes and their developmental changes are discussed which, when considered with psychodynamic factors, may broaden the understanding of childhood amnesia. It is argued that psychoanalytic theory and technique can benefit from the research and methods of cognitive psychology.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2005

Psychosocial adjustment and psychopathology of men sexually abused during childhood.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate psychosocial adjustment and psychopathology among men sexually abused during their childhood and arrive at a better understanding of the reasons for which, following such sexual experiences, some adult males manifest greater distress than others. In total, 64 participants were interviewed and completed eight questionnaires covering various aspects of childhood and adult life. Results suggest the existence of three types of sexual abuse scenarios. Participants in each of these three groups presented with an adult-specific adjustment. However, the methodology and multivariate analyses used in this study suggest that some of these problems were not only associated with the sexual contacts but also with other childhood experiences and with the participant's cognitive, affective, and psychological resources.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Disrupted lives: investigating coping strategies for non-healing leg ulcers.

The aim of this study was to explore the lived experience of people who have non-healing venous ulcers using hermeneutic phenomenology. Unstructured interviews were carried out with five people who also completed a diary. Interpretative phenomenological analysis was utilized to identify themes and patterns. The core themes identified through analysis were biographical disruption, ways of coping, social implications and therapeutic relationships. The emergent themes reveal the impact of chronicity in participants' experience of chronic leg ulcers, their various emotional and problem-focused coping strategies and the positive role the district nurse plays in their lives. This study places leg ulceration within the body of literature on chronicity, linking nursing theory with the insights offered from health psychology.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2000

Cognitive behavioural therapy in pain management for sickle cell disease.

It is well established that the treatment of pain is improved by the incorporation of psychological, social and behavioural components in that treatment (Rosenthiel and Keefe), 1983). However, until very recently, the management of sickle cell disease (SCD) in British hospitals has focused exclusively on the physical dimension of pain (Thomas et al, 1998). Although pain is wrong (vaso-occlusive crisis), every individual reacts in a different way. This reaction is influenced in part by immediate role models, usually within the family, and by a person's cognition (thought patterns, beliefs and expectations) in relation to the pain. This paper presents research that has shown that cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) in SCD is an effective aid in the treatment of chronic pain, reducing psychological distress and boosting confidence.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1992

Influences of stress and situation-specific mastery beliefs and satisfaction with social support on well-being and academic performance.

The present study examined the effects of stress and cumulative situation-specific mastery beliefs and satisfaction with social support on somatic and psychological symptomatology and academic performance of 146 college men. Stress was directly related to increased symptomatology and decreased grade point average, whereas mastery beliefs were directly associated with reduced depression and anxiety. Satisfaction with social support was related to anxiety through an interaction with mastery. Neither mastery nor satisfaction with support appeared to act as a stress-buffer through a statistical interaction with stress to moderate effects of high stress. However, earlier analysis of some of the same data showed that total stress, the best predictor of each outcome in this study, was reduced by the combination of strong situation-specific mastery beliefs and high satisfaction with support for subjects who faced many stressors. The combined findings show that situation-specific mastery beliefs reduced appraisal of stress and were associated with better psychological adjustment.

Achievement↗
PubMed1993

Vulnerability to psychological distress: empirical and conceptual distinctions between measures of neuroticism and negative affect.

In two studies, 97 and 176 individuals (47 men and 50 women, M age 34.2 yr.; and 88 men and 88 women, M age 34.8) known to have experienced a recent period of psychological distress were compared with otherwise similar individuals who reported no such experience on measures of neuroticism, extraversion, and positive and negative affect. In both studies, the neuroticism measure was a significant independent discriminator between the groups while the negative affect measure was not. This suggests that (a) measures of neuroticism tap factors additional to those tapped by scales measuring only levels of characteristic negative affect and (b) these factors are related to individual differences in vulnerability to psychological distress.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1999

Differentiation of self, need fulfillment, and psychological well-being in married men.

The contributions of differentiation of self and need fulfillment within the marital relationship to the experience of psychological well-being were examined in a sample of 95 married men. Differentiation of self, interactional-emotional need fulfillment, and sexual need fulfillment were each associated with higher scores on psychological well-being. Perceived interactional-emotional need fulfillment was identified as the most important predictor of well-being, followed by differentiation of self, and then perceived sexual need fulfillment. Regression analysis indicated that collectively these variables accounted for a significant proportion (27%) of the variance in well-being within the sample. Men who perceived their marital partners to be meeting their interactional, emotional, and sexual needs and who are able to maintain interdependent relationships with their partners were more likely to experience positive mental health. The results point to the importance of attending to issues of self-differentiation and perceived need fulfillment within the context of the marital relationship to facilitate psychological health in men.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2004

[The validity of the three dimensional model to classify coping behavior].

The purpose of this study was to validate the three dimensional model of classifying coping behavior. The three are: Encounter-Avoidance, Problem-Emotion, Behavior-Cognition Dimension. A set of questionnaires on coping behavior and psychological stress responses were administered, and 1,604 undergraduates and 1,296 adults completed them. Analyses of covariance structure were performed, and results indicated that the three dimensional model, with eight coping style, showed the highest goodness-of-fit statistics. Multiple regression analyses also indicated that Problem-Emotion and Behavior-Cognition dimensions were useful for predicting the coping effects on psychological stress responses. Therefore, the two dimensional model of Problem-Emotion and Behavior-Cognition, with four coping style, would be helpful for further investigation of coping behavior that would buffer psychological stress responses.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2000

Coping in Antarctica: is it possible to generalize results across settings?

BACKGROUND: To gain knowledge about psychological issues in space, data have been collected from groups in isolated and confined settings on Earth. This study examines the possibility of generalizing psychological findings across such environments. HYPOTHESIS: Psychological reactions among personnel in different Antarctic environments show similar time patterns. Antarctic personnel differ in personality from submariners to crews confined in hyperbaric chambers to military recruits. METHOD: Psychological reactions were evaluated by the Revised Antarctic Questionnaire. The Personality Characteristic Inventory was used to measure personality. RESULTS: Personnel stationed on a ship (n = 19) showed high coping during the whole mission, whereas personnel on land bases (n = 18) showed a marked decline around the third quarter. Reduced coping in the land-based groups was associated with stress from interpersonal relationships. Compared with submariners (n = 54) and hyperbaric chamber crews (n = 20), Antarctic personnel scored lower on competitiveness and higher on achievement striving. CONCLUSIONS: Similarities in physical, individual and group characteristics should be considered before extrapolating psychological findings across settings.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2000

[Effect of controlled reconditioning training on performance and mood in patients after aortocoronary bypass operation].

The cardiovascular rehabilitation after coronary artery bypass surgery (CABS) is carried out in different intensities and intervals after the intervention in an inpatient or outpatient manner. Studies, which prospectively evaluate the influence of such programs concerning the physical and the psychological status are missing. The following questions were therefore pursued in the present prospective study (66 patients with recently performed myocardial revascularisation): 1. Is it possible by a controlled, regular physical training to normalize the functional capacity in patients after CABS in comparison with a healthy, not specially trained control collective? 2. Do psychological factors and/or age, sex and postoperative anaemia influence the recovery of the reduced functional capacity after the intervention? To answer these questions 66 patients were enrolled 16 +/- 1 days after CABS in a controlled, inpatient average three week-rehabilitation program. During this program the functional capacity of the patients doubled, however without reaching the values of the normal collective. Furthermore, physical and psychological wellbeing and disability as well as the initially mentioned feelings of despondency normalized in men and women. The improvement of fitness during the rehabilitation program was mainly dependent on the improvement of the social integration in women, whereas it correlated with the increase of the physical and psychological well-being in men. Moreover, only in the male patient group the correction of anaemia was an important factor. Age, sex and the preoperative left ventricular function didn't have any effect on the rapidity of recovery after the operation. In summary patients (aged between 30 and 75) of both sexes can already be enrolled in a regular training program two weeks after CABS, leading to a good recovery of their physical and psychological capacity.

Adaptation, Psychological↗