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PubMed2004

Theories of intelligence in children with reading disabilities: a training proposal.

A recent trend in the study of reading difficulties promotes multidimensional intervention, focusing on the reciprocal influences exerted by cognitive and emotional-motivational variables. This study evaluated improvements in reading performance as a function of metacognitive training in 36 children (M age = 8.7 yr.) with different representations of intelligence. Posttest evaluations show significantly more improvement in reading comprehension in children with an incremental theory of intelligence. These results indicate the importance of treatment programmes that take into account both the specificity of deficits and factors relating to the domain of motivation.

Child↗
PubMed2006

Reliability and validity of a measure of emotional intelligence in an Iranian sample.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the reliability and validity of the Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test, Version 2.0, in the Iranian culture. The sample included 353 students (168 male, 185 female) from senior high schools in Shiraz, ranging in age between 16 and 18 years (M=17.1), SD=.5), and 394 students (113 male, 281 female) from Shiraz University, ranging in age between 19 and 25 years (M=21.3, SD= 1.7). The subscale-total score correlations were in the upper fifties. Cronbach coefficient alpha was .86 for the full score and ranged from .58 to .86 for the 4 subscales of the test. The factor analysis supported 1- and 2-factor solutions of the emotional intelligence domain. The results generally supported the reliability of the test at the total score level for research in the Iranian culture.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

EEG correlation with intelligence test performance in senescence: a new pattern discriminative approach.

Two hundred and seventeen geriatric EEGs were quantitatively analyzed in relation to their intelligence test performances. The subjects were divided into three graded intellectual levels according to their test score in the three diagnostic categories classified with respect to hemiplegia. By means of a novel method using auto-regressive analysis and multivariate analysis, the mean spectrum patterns were numerically compared and classified in terms of general pattern similarities. As the results were in good accord with their intelligence test performances, it was suggested that there were proportional changes of EEG along with the intellectual deterioration. In that occasion, changes in frequency and dumping characters of alpha activity made the most significant contribution. These results suggest that an assessment of intellectual level might be possible through the EEG examination applied in this study and that a prediction of prognosis might also be expected.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

There is a direct relationship between nonverbal intelligence and serum testosterone level in young men.

It was confirmed that there is a direct relationship between serum testosterone level and nonverbal intelligence (Cattel's Culture Fair Intelligence Test) only in right-handed male subjects without familial sinistrality (FS-), with right eye preference. There was no significant correlation between these variables in young women and young men with mixed eye preference. It was concluded that testosterone would be an important factor which affects cognitive development in men.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Relationships among nonverbal intelligence, hand speed, and serum testosterone level in left-handed male subjects.

The relationships among nonverbal intelligence, hand speed, and serum testosterone level were studied in male left-handers ranging in age from 17 to 19 years. Hand speed was measured by a peg moving task. To assess the differences between nonverbal IQs. Cattell's Culture Fair Intelligence Test was used. There was a direct correlation between IQ and testosterone. IQ increased linearly with right-hand speed, which was directly related to testosterone. There was no significant correlation between IQ and left-hand speed, which was not significantly correlated with testosterone. IQ decreased with left- minus right-hand speed, which also decreased with testosterone. It was suggested that nonverbal spatial reasoning ability may be directly associated with the efficiency of left brain, which is favored by testosterone in male left-handers. It was also concluded that the left to right asymmetry in hand speed may depend on efficiency of the right brain in left-handed males.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Cognitive estimation in traumatic brain injury: relationships with measures of intelligence, memory, and affect.

Brain injury is associated with a reduced capcity to engage in effective cognitive estimation. The current study utilized two measures of this construct, the Cognitive Estimation Test (CET) and Luria Memory Test (Luria), to investigate the relationships between cognitive estimation and intelligence, memory, and affect in a sample of 30 traumatically brain-injured individuals. Results demonstrated significant correlations between cognitive estimation and tests of intelligence and memory. However, measures of depression and state anxiety were not meaningfully associated with cognitive estimation. The ability to recall stories accounted for the greatest portion of the variance for both the CET and Luria. Specifically, the 30-minute Logical Memory subtest from the Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised accounted for 38% of the variance in the CET, while the Logical Memory 30-minute savings score accounted for 47% of the variance in the Luria. Intellectual and affective variables explained only negligible amounts of variance on cognitive estimation tasks.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Sentences for testing speech intelligibility in noise.

A list of ten spoken Swedish sentences was computer edited to obtain new lists with exactly the same content of sound, but with new sentences. A noise was synthesized from the speech material by the computer to produce exactly the same spectrum of speech and noise. The noise was also amplitude modulated by a low frequency noise to make it sound more natural. This material was tested monaurally on 20 normal-hearing subjects. The equality in intelligibility of some of the lists was investigated. Repeated threshold measurements in noise showed a standard deviation of 0.44 dB when the learning effect was outbalanced. Only a small part of the learning effect was due to learning of the word material. Intelligibility curves fitted to the data points in noise and without noise showed maximum steepnesses of 25 and 10%/dB respectively. At constant signal to noise ratio (S/N) the best performance was achieved at a speech level of 53 dB.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Relationships among pre- and post-injury intelligence, length of coma and age in individuals with severe closed-head injuries.

Relationships among pre-injury ability, post-injury verbal intelligence, duration of coma and age were analysed in 34 closed-head injury patients, 7-28 years of age, whose coma lengths ranged from 5 to 180 days. The results obtained suggest that moderate to severe closed-head injury uniformly impairs verbal intellectual functioning without regard to premorbid status. Premorbid ability test scores had a markedly low correlation (0.04) with Wechsler Verbal IQs, obtained after patients had plateaued in intellectual recovery. Even when the effects of coma and age were controlled, the correlation was not significant. Mean post-injury IQs for patients grouped according to pre-injury intelligence (above average, average, below average) were all in the 80s. The findings do not support the prevailing assumption that the greater the premorbid ability, the greater the potential for intellectual recovery and the better the outcome. This study instead suggests that the higher the pre-injury IQ, the greater the IQ point loss. This has important implications for rehabilitation, counselling, discharge planning and follow-up. The greater the disparity between pre- and post-injury IQs, the more profound the loss and, hence, the greater the need for patient and family adjustments, coping and modifications of future personal, educational and vocational plans.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Is 20 years too long?: improving intelligibility in long-standing dysarthria--a single case treatment study.

Resource management decisions by most speech and language therapists would suggest that treatment for a dysarthric client of 20 years' duration should be a low priority. This study describes the therapy of a dystonic client who had been virtually speechless for 20 years because of his severe dysarthria. Assessment of his speech revealed that lip rounding was particularly difficult for him. He was offered eight sessions of general dysarthria therapy and eight sessions of therapy specifically designed to reduce lip tension. The hypotheses driving this therapy plan were that it would be possible to effect changes in his longstanding speech patterns and that therapy focused on reducing lip tension would be more effective than non-specific dysarthria therapy. An intelligibility test was designed to monitor any changes in his speech production. Therapy improved the client's intelligibility and increased his confidence and consequent functional use of speech.

Communication↗
PubMed2002

Horizontal localization and speech intelligibility with bilateral and unilateral hearing aid amplification.

Speech intelligibility and horizontal localization of 19 subjects with mild-to-moderate hearing loss were studied in order to evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of bilateral and unilateral hearing aid (HA) fittings. Eight loudspeakers were arranged in a circular array covering the horizontal plane around the subjects. Speech signals of a sentence test were delivered by one, randomly chosen, loudspeaker. At the same time, the other seven loudspeakers emitted noise with the same long-term average spectrum as the speech signals. The subjects were asked to repeat the speech signal and to point out the corresponding loudspeaker. Speech intelligibility was significantly improved by HAs, bilateral amplification being superior to unilateral. Horizontal localization could not be improved by HA amplification. However, bilateral HAs preserved the subjects' horizontal localization, whereas unilateral amplification decreased their horizontal localization abilities. Front-back confusions were common in the horizontal localization test. The results indicate that bilateral HA amplification has advantages compared with unilateral amplification.

Aged↗
PubMed1992

Increasing the intelligibility of speech through multiple phonemic restorations.

Outside of the laboratory, listening conditions are often less than ideal, and when attending to sounds from a particular source, portions are often obliterated by extraneous noises. However, listeners possess rather elegant reconstructive mechanisms. Restoration can be complete, so that missing segments are indistinguishable from those actually present and the listener is unaware that the signal is fragmented. This phenomenon, called temporal induction (TI), has been studied extensively with nonverbal signals and to a lesser extent with speech. Earlier studies have demonstrated that TI can produce illusory continuity spanning gaps of a few hundred milliseconds when portions of a signal are replaced by a louder sound capable of masking the signal were it actually present. The present study employed various types of speech signals with periodic gaps and measured the effects upon intelligibility produced by filling these gaps with noises. Enhancement of intelligibility through multiple phonemic restoration occurred when the acoustic requirements for TI were met and when sufficient contextual information was available in the remaining speech fragments. It appears that phonemic restoration is a specialized form of TI that uses linguistic skills for the reconstruction of obliterated speech.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

[The nature of intelligence in adults with Down syndrome: IQ distribution and sex differences].

Normative data on intelligence in adults with Down syndrome was collected on 93 males and 80 females, aged 16 years and above, who had been given the Suzuki-Binet Intelligence Scale. Both the male and female groups showed bimodal curves in the distributions of IQs. Only for the low IQ groups, the distributions were defined by binomial distributions. The mean ages of starting to walk for the low IQ groups were six months or more later than those for the high IQ groups. However, no significant differences were observed in birthweights, terms of pregnancy, and ages between the two groups. In addition, significant sex differences were found in mean IQs, females scored higher in both the two groups.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Clinical reasoning and new ideas on intelligence: implications for teaching and learning.

Some recent research efforts have been focused on the attainment of a better understanding of intelligence and reasoning. One such study is the Clinical Reasoning Study funded by the American Occupational Therapy Association and the American Occupational Therapy Foundation. Other studies have been conducted by theorists of human development. The findings of both groups reveal three common themes: the multiple aspects of intelligence, the importance of understanding the patient's story, and the use of the caring perspective. This article examines these shared themes and discusses their implications for new directions in occupational therapy curricula.

Clinical Competence↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Relationship between psychogenic symptomatology and intelligence].

Corresponding to variables "leading symptoms in the psychic area" and "psychosomatic diseases in a restricted sense" 493 patients have been divided in four groups. Taking the hypothesis that patients with a different symptomatic show different results in the HAWIE (Hamburg-Wechsler-Intelligence-Test for Adults) four groups have been compared corresponding to their HAWIE-scores. It turns out that patients with a psychic leading symptomatic without important somatic disease and patients with psychosomatic illness in a restricted sense without psychic symptoms showed better results compared with other patients in the verbal tests. For this correlations of the higher scores in the verbal part of the intelligence-test with the phenomena that the investigator more often found the diagnosis of a psychic leading symptom or a psychosomatic disease in a restricted sense the following interpretations are considered: 1. The innerpsychic effort connected with different psychogenic disorders is reflected in the cognitive efficiency. 2. The diagnosis of limited psychomatic illness is also a result of the verbal interaction of doctor(s) and patient.

Humans↗
PubMed1996

The expert surgical assistant. An intelligent virtual environment with multimodal input.

Virtual Reality has made computer interfaces more intuitive but not more intelligent. This paper shows how an expert system can be coupled with multimodal input in a virtual environment to provide an intelligent simulation tool or surgical assistant. This is accomplished in three steps. First, voice and gestural input is interpreted and represented in a common semantic form. Second, a rule-based expert system is used to infer context and user actions from this semantic representation. Finally, the inferred user actions are matched against steps in a surgical procedure to monitor the user's progress and provide automatic feedback. In addition, the system can respond immediately to multimodal commands for navigational assistance and/or identification of critical anatomical structures. To show how these methods are used we present a prototype sinus surgery interface. The approach described here may easily be extended to a wide variety of medical and non-medical training applications by making simple changes to the expert system database and virtual environment models. Successful implementation of an expert system in both simulated and real surgery has enormous potential for the surgeon both in training and clinical practice.

Artificial Intelligence↗
PubMed1998

Intelligence and genetic markers in Chilean children.

Genetic markers and total intelligence quotient (IQ) assessed by WISC (Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children) were studied in children of both sexes from Santiago, Chile. Heterozygous boys for phosphoglucomutase 1 (PGM) and heterozygous girls for haptoglobin (Hp) had lower IQ than homozygotes. For ABO system, B girls had lower and B boys had higher IQ than children with other ABO phenotypes. These differences were highly significant with the two tailed t'-test (Student's t-test with the Welch-Satterthwaite correction for degrees of freedom), and most of them remained significant after the correction for multiple comparisons. Girls had greater variance of IQ than boys. Relationships between homozygotes and heterozygotes were found in two independent studies. Thus, the genetic relationship found here seems likely to be a true biotic effect.

ABO Blood-Group System↗
PubMed1976

[Olivo-ponto-cerebellar atrophy with personality changes and slight disturbance of intelligence].

H. I., a housewife aged 55 years, began feeling a gait disturbance at 48 years old. After this she had incoordination of arms, dysarthria and tremor of hands. Aged 54 years, she could not stand up by herself. In addition to these neurological signs she had a change of character, such as losing control of herself, unreservedness and unceremoniousness, and slight disturbance of intelligence. She died at the age of 55 years about seven years after the onset. Histopathologically, noticeable changes were observed on the medulla oblongata, pons and cerebellum; the severe neuronal loss of the pontine nuclei and the olivary nuclei with demyelination and gliosis of the cerebellopetal fibers. Especially a great deal of lipofuscin granules in the nerve cells of the frontal and temporal lobe were observed. In the substantia nigra some pigmented cells were deleted. This case was diagnosed as olivo-ponto-cerebellar atrophy clinico-histopathologically. We discussed conserning the etiology of the changes of personality and slight disturbance of intelligence in relation to histopathological changes. It is speculated that the mental disorders are due to the degeneration of the nerve cells in the frontal and temporal lobes.

Atrophy↗
PubMed2000

Recent advances in the assessment of intelligence and cognition.

In this paper, we review current issues in cognitive assessment. After addressing important definitional and theoretical issues, we discuss some recently developed cognitive assessment instruments as well as some recently revised instruments. Tests that are scheduled for revision will also be mentioned. As most readers are generally familiar with the widely used and nationally standardized IQ tests, we will summarize these tests according to their general usage. The testing of intelligence has been a major focus and contribution since the early days of Psychology, when the birthplace of the intelligence testing movement began in France with the work of Alfred Binet toward the end of the 19th century. Many of the most widely known and used IQ tests have been developed in the U.S.A. and are used internationally. In addition, other IQ tests have been developed in many other countries outside the U.S.A. The use of IQ tests and selected assessment considerations will be reviewed. Finally, we make some predictions about the future role of cognitive assessment in the coming century.

Child↗