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At least 1,297 records · Page 72Linked to original sources
PubMed1993

A method to obtain subject background for low-level in-vivo measurements of the head.

Background for an in-vivo whole-body counter measurement is commonly obtained by averaging the counts of one or more matched (size, weight, gender) control subjects who have not been exposed to the radionuclide of interest. This limits the statistical significance to the time of the count, generally 30 min to 1 h when counting people. To obtain a human background with a small associated counting error in this manner would require counting the matching control subjects for a period much longer than they could tolerate. Also, it may not be possible to find a matching control subject who has not been exposed to the radionuclide of interest, as in the case of 210Pb, a nuclide that is normally present in air, food, and water, and to which everyone has been exposed all of their lives. This paper presents a method developed at New York University Medical Center, Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine to obtain a matching background for any subject, for use in the measurement of 210Pb in the skull, in-vivo. It is obtained using a head phantom containing known amounts of potassium and calcium. The phantom, surrounded by three phoswich detectors in the same position as the subject's head, is counted repeatedly for long periods. Although it has been used to obtain "head" backgrounds only in the 210Pb spectral region, the method should be applicable to other regions of the low-energy phoswich spectrum.

Background Radiation↗
PubMed2000

[Effect of a high single subcutaneous dose of unfractionated heparin on platelet function in dogs].

The influence of heparin on different tests of platelet function was investigated in 5 healthy dogs receiving subcutaneously 1000 I.E./kg BW of a commercial unfractionated Sodium heparin preparation. Blood samples were collected before and 4 hours after heparin injection. Besides plasma activity of heparin platelet count, capillary bleeding time with two different methods, platelet aggregation according to Breddin and to Born with the inductors ADP, collagen, and thrombin as well as in vitro bleeding time were measured. The activity of heparin four hours after the subcutaneous heparin application was 1.20 +/- 0.11 I.E./ml. Compared to the starting values no significant influence of this heparin level could be demonstrated on platelet count, platelet aggregation according to Born with the inductors ADP and collagen, platelet aggregation according to the Breddin method as well as in vitro bleeding time (p > 0.05). Only one of the two methods used for measuring the capillary bleeding time showed a slight prolongation compared to the starting value (mean = 77 sec) to 88 sec (p < 0.05). The most significant influence was seen on the platelet aggregation induced by 1 I.U./ml thrombin, whereby the aggregation maximum decreased from 92.0% (mean) to 12.2% (p < 0.001). Whereas the latter result has to be interpreted primarily as a consequence of the anti-thrombin effect of heparin, the results of the other tests in summary illustrate the clinical unimportant influence of heparin on platelet function in dogs.

Adenosine Diphosphate↗
PubMed1978

The precision of unbiased estimates of numerical density of endothelial cells in donor cornea.

The precision of estimates of central corneal endothelial density was studied in 16 human corneas stained by alizarine red and trypane blue. Estimates based on central counts and estimates based on peripheral counts were considered separately. The numerical density was estimated employing an unbiased sampling technique. From central counts estimates with an error of less than five per cent could be obtained. From peripheral counts a maximum precision of mean +/- 12.2 per cent could be obtained. The theoretical maximum precision was calculated by application of a variance component model. The precision of estimates was calculated for 1, 2 and 4 test areas of different sizes. Economy of sampling was evaluated by comparison of the actual precision to the theoretical maximum precision of estimates.

Cell Count↗
PubMed1985

Efficacy of topical mupirocin against an experimental Staphylococcus aureus surgical wound infection.

The efficacy of topically-applied mupirocin was evaluated against an experimental surgical staphylococcal wound infection in the guinea-pig. A suture impregnated with Staphylococcus aureus was inserted into a superficial wound, and topical therapy with mupirocin ointment was started 24 h after infection. In non-treated wounds, the bacterial counts increased to greater than 10(6) organisms/wound in the majority of animals at 24 h, remaining at this level for up to seven days. Therapy with placebo ointment (polyethylene glycol base) was ineffective, whereas twice daily application of mupirocin ointment resulted in elimination of the staphylococci. Mupirocin was as effective as topically-applied fusidic acid cream in reducing the bacterial counts of infected wounds.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed1998

Intravesical chemotherapy with gamma linolenic acid becomes a realistic prospect in serum-free applications: in vitro cytotoxicity and systemic absorption studies.

PURPOSE: To assess the cytotoxicity of Meglumine gamma linolenic acid (MeGLA) in serum-free application on 2 urothelial cancer cell lines, to examine whether the instant kill action of MeGLA is retained in a serum free environment, and to study the pharmacokinetics of intravesical instillation of gamma linolenic acid (GLA). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The 2 human urothelial cancer cell lines (MGH-U1 & RT112) were utilized in classical cytotoxicity assays in which drug exposure lasted 2 hours in serum or in serum-free application. The thiozolyl blue (MTT) assay was used to quantify the residual viable biomass 5 days later. Immediate cytotoxicity was also compared in serum and serum-free application. Four Wistar rats were used to study the intravesical absorption profile of tritiated GLA (3H-GLA). RESULTS: There was a 10-fold enhancement of the lytic efficacy of MeGLA in serum-free application and this enhancement was also observed in experiments assessing instant kill. There was a similar enhancement of efficacy seen in the multi-drug resistant (MDR) clone of cells. The absorption profile showed < 2% of instilled counts were absorbed and the commonest destination for the absorbed GLA was the liver. CONCLUSIONS: The cytotoxic action of MeGLA was enhanced in serum free application. This enhancement was maintained when cells expressed the MDR phenotype. There was limited absorption from the bladder. MeGLA is a feasible intravesical agent for use in superficial bladder cancer.

Administration, Intravesical↗
PubMed2005

Immunohistochemical visualization of neurons and specific glial cells for stereological application in the porcine neocortex.

The pig is becoming an increasingly used non-primate model in basic experimental studies of human neurological diseases. In spite of the widespread use of immunohistochemistry and cell type specific markers, the application of immunohistochemistry in the pig brain has not been systematically described. Therefore, to facilitate future stereological studies of the neuronal and glial cell populations in experimental neurological diseases in the pig, we established a battery of immunohistochemical protocols for staining of perfusion fixed porcine brain tissue processed as free floating cryostat-, vibratome- or paraffin sections. Antibodies against NeuN, GFAP, S100-protein, MBP, CNPase, CD11b, CD68 (KP1), CD45 and Ki67 were evaluated, and all except CD68 and CD45 resulted in staining of high quality in either type of tissue. Each staining was evaluated with respect to specificity and sensitivity in identification of the individual cells, and for penetration of the staining and maintenance of section thickness above 25 microm, necessary for stereological cell counting. In the cases of NeuN, CNPase, CD11b and Ki67 the staining met the demands to be applicable in stereological analyses using the optical disector. In conclusion, all protocols will be applicable in studies of pathological and neurochemical changes in the porcine brain, and a few protocols applicable for stereology.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Intrapulmonary application of a 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor using surfactant as a carrier reduces lung edema in a piglet model of airway lavage.

Leukotriene-generated effects on microvascular integrity and polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNL) play a key role in the inflammatory process of the alveolar-capillary unit in neonatal acute respiratory distress syndrome. We asked if intrapulmonary application of MK886, a 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor, and the use of a porcine surfactant preparation (Curosurftrade mark) as a carrier substance would improve lung function in a neonatal piglet model of airway lavage. Anesthetized, mechanically ventilated newborn piglets (n = 19) underwent repeated airway lavage to induce acute lung injury. Piglets then received either surfactant alone (S, n = 6), or MK886 admixed with surfactant (S + MK, n = 7), or an air-bolus injection as control (C, n = 6). Measurements of gas exchange, lung function, extravascular lung water (EVLW), cell counts, and leukotriene B(4) (LTB(4)) concentrations in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BAL) were performed during 6 hr of mechanical ventilation. Arterial oxygen partial pressure (PaO(2)) (S, 13.8 +/- 4.2 kPa, vs. S + MK, 20 +/- 6.6; P < 0.05), functional residual capacity (S, 15.1 +/- 6.8 ml/kg, vs. S + MK, 18.8 +/- 3.7 ml/kg; P < 0.05), and EVLW (S, 29 +/- 14 ml/kg, vs. S + MK 24 +/- 4 ml/kg; P < 0.05) were significantly improved in the MK886 group. This clinical effect was linked with a decrease in LTB(4) concentration in BAL (S, 3.5 (1.9-5.4) pg/ml, vs. S + MK, 1.6 (0.7-4.7) pg/ml; P < 0.05) and an increase in IL-8 (S, 2,103 (852-4,243) pg/ml, vs. S + MK, 3,815 (940-26,187) pg/ml; P < 0.05). PMNL counts in BAL were reduced (S, 570 +/- 42 cells/ml, vs. 275 +/- 35 cells/ml; P < 0.05). In conclusion, intrapulmonary application of the 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor MK886 with surfactant as a carrier improves lung function by decreasing EVLW as the main response to LTB(4) reduction.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Meteorological variables connected with airborne ragweed pollen in Southern Hungary.

About 30% of the Hungarian population has some type of allergy, 65% of them have pollen sensitivity, and at least 60% of this pollen sensitivity is caused by ragweed. The short (or common) ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia = Ambrosia elatior) has the most aggressive pollen of all. Clinical investigations prove that its allergenic pollen is the main reason for the most massive, most serious and most long-lasting pollinosis. The air in the Carpathian Basin is the most polluted with ragweed pollen in Europe. The aim of the study is to analyse how ragweed pollen concentration is influenced by meteorological elements in a medium-sized city, Szeged, Southern Hungary. The data basis consists of daily ragweed pollen counts and averages of 11 meteorological parameters for the 5-year daily data set, between 1997 and 2001. The study considers some of the ragweed pollen characteristics for Szeged. Application of the Makra test indicates the same period for the highest pollen concentration as that established by the main pollination period. After performing factor analysis for the daily ragweed pollen counts and the 11 meteorological variables examined, four factors were retained that explain 84.4% of the total variance of the original 12 variables. Assessment of the daily pollen number was performed by multiple regression analysis and results based on deseasonalised and original data were compared.

Air Pollution↗
PubMed2001

Serotonin effects on frequency tuning of inferior colliculus neurons.

We investigated the modulatory effects of serotonin on the tuning of 114 neurons in the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus (ICc) of Mexican free-tailed bats and how serotonin-induced changes in tuning influenced responses to complex signals. We obtained a "response area" for each neuron, defined as the frequency range that evoked discharges and the spike counts evoked by those frequencies at a constant intensity. We then iontophoretically applied serotonin and compared response areas obtained before and during the application of serotonin. In 58 cells, we also assessed how serotonin-induced changes in response areas correlated with changes in the responses to brief frequency-modulated (FM) sweeps whose structure simulated natural echolocation calls. Serotonin profoundly changed tone-evoked spike counts in 60% of the neurons (68/114). In most neurons, serotonin exerted a gain control, facilitating or depressing the responses to all frequencies in their response areas. In many cells, serotonergic effects on tones were reflected in the responses to FM signals. The most interesting effects were in those cells in which serotonin selectively changed the responsiveness to only some frequencies in the neuron's response area and had little or no effect on other frequencies. This caused predictable changes in responses to the more complex FM sweeps whose spectral components passed through the neurons' response areas. Our results suggest that serotonin, whose release varies with behavioral state, functionally reconfigures the circuitry of the IC and may modulate the perception of acoustic signals under different behavioral states.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1999

A myeloperoxidase-specific assay based upon bromide-dependent chemiluminescence of luminol.

Measurement of myeloperoxidase (MPO; EC 1.11.1.7) activity is often used as a marker of neutrophil infiltration into tissues. However, most enzymatic assays for MPO are susceptible to interference from other peroxidases (including eosinophil peroxidase, EPX) and hemoproteins (such as hemoglobin and myoglobin) present in the tissues. In this report, we describe a bromide-dependent chemiluminescence (Br-CL) assay that uses luminol as a chemiluminescence probe. The assay can distinguish between MPO and nonspecific peroxidase reactions. The MPO-specific reaction is believed to proceed in two steps: (i) the enzymatic generation of hypobromous acid (HOBr) from KBr and H(2)O(2) at pH 5 and (ii) the spontaneous reaction of HOBr and H(2)O(2) with luminol to give a Br-CL signal. The assay is sufficiently sensitive to allow detection of MPO in <100 human neutrophils. Other peroxidases and hemoproteins do not interfere with the Br-CL signal. Although EPX can also oxidize bromide to generate HOBr, activities of MPO and EPX can be distinguished at different pHs. As a demonstration of the utility of the Br-CL assay, MPO activity was measured in murine tumors known to be infiltrated with neutrophils. A statistically significant correlation was seen between MPO activity and histological neutrophil counts in the tumors (r = 0.69, P < 0.01, n = 14). The assay should have wide application for measuring the neutrophil content of tissues.

Bromides↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Predicting in-hospital outcome in HIV-associated Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.

Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) in HIV-infected patients remains a life-threatening complication in the course of HIV infection. Despite effective treatment, mortality may still be as high as 10%. The identification of risk factors associated with a lethal outcome might be helpful as a guide to therapy for patients at risk and in the evaluation of new drugs with anti-pneumocystic activity. In a retrospective study 58 first episodes of HIV-associated PCP without prophylaxis were analyzed. Variables associated univariately with higher mortality were identified. A prognostic rule was established in a multivariate approach using canonical discriminant analysis. Cut-off values for parameters included were determined in order to allow a clinically applicable estimate of the individual risk. Variables associated with early mortality were hemoglobin, hematocrit, platelet count, albumin, total protein, gamma-globulins, and AaDO2. LDH values, percentage of neutrophils in the BAL, as well as the cellular immunologic state as indicated by CD4-cell count were not significantly associated with the outcome. The discriminant function yielded the best classification results with the inclusion of hemoglobin, albumin, and gamma-globulins (overall accuracy 86%). Two or more of the following parameters were associated with a 14-fold increased risk of in-hospital mortality: hemoglobin less than 10 g/dl, albumin less than 3 g/dl, and gamma-globulins less than 1.2 g/dl. This prognostic rule was 80% sensitive and 94% specific with a negative predictive value of 94%, yielding an overall accuracy of 91%. Patients with HIV-associated PCP with a positive prognostic rule have a 14-fold increased risk for in-hospital lethal outcome. This discriminant rule may be helpful in identifying patients at risk.

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗
PubMed2001

Vascularization pattern of C6 glioma is modified with medroxyprogesterone acetate and ibuprofen in Wistar rat brain.

Beneficial effects of medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) in cancer therapy is partly mediated via its antiangiogenic activity. The same is true for the antitumoral action of non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs. We have studied two liposoluble drugs, MPA and the analgesic ibuprofen, on glioma vascularization in vivo. In this study we have shown that, until the sacrifice at 27. day after tumor inoculation in the right hemisphere, MPA had a slight though insignificant activity to reduce the fatality of C6 glioma, growing in right cerebral hemisphere of male Wistar rats. But ibuprofen both alone or with MPA had no effect on survival with gavage application of a 30 mg/kg/day dosing regime. On histological analysis, intra- and peritumoral vessels were counted. Progesterone seemed to lower intratumoral, but to increase peritumoral vessels, especially glomeruloids, around the tumor mass. Coadministration of ibuprofen acted to suppress the peritumoral vessel increase, and to enhance lymphomonocytic infiltration around tumor vessels.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Neurotrophic effects of cAMP generating systems on central noradrenergic neurons.

The environmental signals which regulate the development of central noradrenergic neurons are largely unknown. The aim of the present study was to search for factors affecting the development of these cells. Dissociated cultures of embryonic dorsal brainstem tissue, containing the nucleus locus coeruleus (LC), were established; norepinephrine (NE) and GABA uptake were assessed, and noradrenergic versus total neurons were identified and counted following immunocytochemical staining with tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and neuron specific enolase (NSE) antibodies, respectively. Application of dibutyryl cAMP (dbcAMP), other cAMP analogs, or forskolin, to LC cultures resulted in a significant increase in NE uptake which was associated with up to a 4-fold increase in the number of TH immunoreactive cells (TH+). dbcAMP treatment caused an increase in the number of TH+ cells in LC cultures by enhancing their survival and/or by upregulating their phenotypic differentiation. A possible effect of dbcAMP on cell proliferation and transformation of non-noradrenergic cells to noradrenergic TH+ cells were examined and suggested not to underlie this effect of cAMP. Glial cells may mediate the effect of cAMP on noradrenergic neurons. Calcium was not involved in the trophic activity of dbcAMP, which was probably mediated by protein phosphorylation via cAMP dependent protein kinase. Insulin (25 micrograms/ml) was found to increase the number of TH+ cells by 73%. The beta-adrenergic agonist isoproterenol also increased the number of TH+ cells by 53%. We propose a neurotrophic role for NE during development of central noradrenergic neurons.

Adenylyl Cyclases↗
PubMed1984

System for DNA sequencing with resolution of up to 600 base pairs.

A system capable of resolving about 500 bases is of interest for sequencing of longer DNA molecules. Studies on further optimization of resolution on DNA sequencing gels were carried out. The effect of physico-chemical properties of gels and buffers on resolution were tested, e.g. ionic strength and pH of buffers, different buffer systems, acrylamide concentration, crosslinker concentration, type of crosslinker, temperature of polymerization, denaturing conditions, gel length and thickness. Tested were as well different running conditions like electric field, gel temperature, dimension of sample slots. Gels 0.1-0.2 mm thick and up to 1.2 m long were cast and tested routinely. Gel lengths of 60-70 cm (for sequencing up to 350-400 bases) to about 100 cm (above 400 bases) are practicable. Little is gained in resolution by increasing the gel length from 1 to 1.2 m. Resolution was improved using 0.1 mm thick gels, at a higher pH value of 8.6-8.8, and molarity increased to 0.2 M. The sequencing pattern in the region of higher bases could be better resolved on a twice-magnified picture of that region on the autoradiogram. With the long gels (70-120 cm), it is advantageous to obtain the sequence overlap by running in parallel gels of different concentrations, without re-application of samples, all loaded at the same time. Buffer chamber for running of two of three gels and thermostating plates up to 1.2 m long were designed. In this way four to six thermostated gels can be run from a power supply with two inputs. Three 1 m long gels (concentrations: 4%, 6%, 12-16%) are loaded with several samples of DNA to be sequenced and run in parallel without re-application of the samples. With good samples, the sequence overlap from the gels could be counted up to 500 base pairs, with exceptionally good samples closer to 600 bases. At present this number seems to be near the limit of the resolving power of the polyacrylamide gels.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed1986

Descriptive and comparative analysis of geometrical properties of neuronal tree structures.

The morphology of neurons is an important factor for the identification and the study of the changes that occur in the nervous system during development or as a result of disease or an experimental treatment. A number of methods to describe the topological aspects of neuronal morphology is discussed. Furthermore it is illustrated how different groups of neurons can be compared. Although both topological and metrical aspects are considered in the comparative sections emphasis is put on counting instead of measuring. Our intention is to present quick and easy methods that are applicable to camera lucida drawings.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Phosphorimaging detection and quantitation for isotopic ion flux assays.

A 96-well-microplate-based ion flux method utilizing readily available autoradiographic phosphorimaging detection is described. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor-mediated (22)Na influx in four cultured cell lines provided satisfactory concentration-response data for epibatidine and several other nicotinic agonists. The data were consistent with data obtained using standard 6-well assays. Assays for nicotinic-receptor-mediated (86)Rb efflux produced data similar to data obtained with the (22)Na influx assay. However, assays for (45)Ca influx were not successful, although (45)Ca was readily detected and quantified. Voltage-gated sodium channel-mediated (22)Na influx in a neuroblastoma cell line allowed assay of the effects of such sodium channel activators as batrachotoxin and a pumiliotoxin B/scorpion venom combination. Phosphorimaging detection allows for reliable beta counting of up to 1,200 simultaneous samples with excellent sensitivity and is amenable for application to high-throughput screening.

Alkaloids↗
PubMed2004

New chromogenic plating media for detection and enumeration of pathogenic Listeria spp.--an overview.

In recent years a number of selective chromogenic plating media for pathogenic Listeria spp. have been developed and marketed. Their advantages are direct detection and enumeration of pathogenic Listeria spp. utilizing cleavage of substrates by the virulence factor phosphatidylinositol-phospholipase C (PI-PLC) and, to a lesser extent, by phosphatidylcholin-phospholipase C (PC-PLC). There are two groups of such media: the first utilizes cleavage by PI-PLC of L-alpha-phosphatidyl-inositol, forming a white precipitation zone around the colony, combined with the chromogenic substrate 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indoxyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside for detection of beta-d-glucosidase, which occurs in all Listeria spp. All Listeria spp. produce turquoise colonies on these media which include ALOA , CHROMagar Listeria, BBL CHROMagar Listeria, and OCLA. The second group of media utilizes 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indoxyl-myoinositol-1-phosphate, forming blue-turquoise colonies of pathogenic Listeria spp. and white colonies of non-pathogenic Listeria spp. BCM trade mark Listeria monocytogenes plating medium, Rapid'L.mono and LIMONO-Ident-Agar belong to this group. Selective chromogenic L. monocytogenes plating media offer the attraction of rapid economic detection and enumeration of pathogenic Listeria spp. within 24 or 48 h of incubation at 36+/-1 degrees C. This overview summarises the characteristics of these chromogenic plating media, reviews important evaluations, and focuses on replacement of conventional by these chromogenic plating media, particularly for applications in the food industry.

Chromogenic Compounds↗
PubMed1997

Response of human hair cortical cells to fractionated radiotherapy.

Hair cortical cell counting (HCCC) represents a non-invasive, in-vivo measure of cell kill in the human integument. Sixty-six patients undergoing conventionally fractionated, external beam radiotherapy for early stage carcinoma of the prostate had groin hair samples counted. This technique is a sensitive and reproducible measure of radiation effect and may have applicability as an in-vivo prediction tool or in the field of biological dosimetry. A repopulative follicular response occurring at 3-4 weeks may explain flattening of the dose response curve.

Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation↗