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Results for “Taste Disorders”

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PubMed1996

Prevalence and assessment of qualitative olfactory dysfunction in different age groups.

The prevalence of parosmia and phantosmia among 363 chemosensory and nasal/sinus patients was studied, as was the accuracy with which our clinical questionnaire could assess these dysfunctions. We then investigated whether patients with parosmia or phantosmia, matched for odor intensity, perform poorer on odor identification than do patients with no dysosmia. More than 40% of the study group evidenced either parosmia (18.7%) and/or phantosmia (25.6%), a finding that suggests that more attention should be paid by the medical practitioner in addressing qualitative olfactory dysfunction. Furthermore, it appears that assessment of these dysfunctions may aid in differential diagnosis, and that questionnaires can be used with reasonable validity irrespective of the patient's age. Finally, the results imply that parosmia may be reflected in a discrepancy between odor identification and detection.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Binge eating: a theoretical review.

An eating pattern consisting of gorging, alternating with dieting and purging is identified as a clinical problem in patients of normal weight, in the obese, and in patients with anorexia nervosa. The clinical reports have used a variety of names for this problem, and this has obscured the similarity between the various descriptions. Another perspective on the problem is offered by the experimental research on dietary restraint and counter-regulation. Counter-regulation, found in subjects from all weight groups who are restricting their food intake, is construed as a laboratory version of an eating binge. The clinical and experimental reports are combined to provide suggestions for the aetiology and treatment of the problem of binge eating.

Anorexia Nervosa↗
PubMed1977

Sensory factors which affect the acceptance of raw and heated defatted soybeans by rats.

The acceptability of heated soybean meal (HS) compared to raw soybean flakes (RS) was studied by means of diet selection in free choice situations. The selection by rats of diets containing HS over those containing RS was shown in short- and long-term preference tests. Texture did not seem to be an important factor in the acceptability difference between HS and RS. Rats selected a less nutritious diet containing RS + sodium saccharin (appealing taste) over a diet containing HS + sucrose octaacetate (aversive taste) for an initial 6 to 7 days, suggesting that post-ingestional factors did not markedly affect the acceptability during that period. However, after this initial period, the rats selected the diet of higher nutritive value, even though it had added sucrose octaacetate. Preference tests before and after producing anosmia indicated that RS contains an aversive odor(s) which could be removed by vacuum treatment. Heated soybean meal was found to contain an appealing taste stimulus (i) which could also be removed by vacuum treatment.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Altered brain activity in women recovered from bulimic-type eating disorders after a glucose challenge: a pilot study.

OBJECTIVE: It is not known whether individuals with bulimic-type eating disorders have a dysregulation of brain pathways that modulate appetite. Taste plays a role in the regulation of appetite and the purpose of the current study was to determine whether bulimic women have alterations in the physiologic response to the blind administration of glucose. METHOD: To avoid the confounding effects of a current eating disorder, and to assess possibly trait-related disturbances, we studied 10 subjects recovered (> or = 1 year) from a bulimic-type eating disorder and 6 control women. Subjects were administered a solution of glucose or artificial saliva (control solution) in alternating blocks during a functional magnet resonance imaging scan. RESULTS: Individuals who recovered from a bulimic-type eating disorder had significantly lower activation in the right anterior cingulate cortex (ACC; Montreal Neurological Institute [MNI] coordinates x = 8, y = 22, z = 28; cluster size = 18 voxels, T = 5.11, Z-score = 3.78) and in the left cuneus (occipital cortex; MNI coordinates x = -12, y = -78, z = 10; cluster size = 21 voxels, T = 4.27, Z-score = 3.36), when glucose was compared with artificial saliva. CONCLUSION: The ACC plays a role in the anticipation of reward. Individuals with bulimic-type eating disorders may have a reduced reward response to nutrients, and thus may be vulnerable to overeating. However, this is a small sample and the current study will need replication in a larger sample size with investigation of additional regions of interest.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Prevalence and causes of severe taste loss in a chemosensory clinic population.

Although complete or near-complete olfactory loss has been extensively documented and described, few published reports have documented severe generalized gustatory loss (across qualities and neural fields) with rigorous psychophysical testing, and none have explored the prevalence or causes of such losses in a large clinical population. This study retrospectively reviews our chemosensory clinic's experience of 1,176 patients evaluated for complaints of chemosensory dysfunction in order to address these issues. Our series confirms that despite the complex, bilateral innervation and regenerative capacity of the gustatory system, severe generalized taste loss does occur as a clinical entity, albeit rarely: only 0.85% (n = 10) of our patients evidenced such a deficit, as compared to 32% (n = 371) who were found to have a profound olfactory deficit. Combinations of systemic and/or acute events may underlie many cases of severe taste loss, and in half of our cases, these patients evidenced moderate to complete smell loss as well.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Anxiety-like state associates with taste to produce conditioned taste aversion.

BACKGROUND: The interactions among experience, emotion, and memory are considered to be instrumental in the ontogeny and maintenance of acquired emotional and behavioral disorders (e.g., phobias). Here we address the question whether an anxiety-like state can associate with taste to produce conditioned taste aversion (CTA). METHODS: We have used an anxiogenic agent, the 5-HT2C receptor agonist meta-chlorophenylpiperazine (mCPP), to induce an anxiety-like emotional state in rats after consumption of an unfamiliar tastant. RESULTS: The anxiogenic agent induced CTA. The mCPP-induced CTA could be prevented by concomitant administration of ethanol, which is known to reverse mCPP-induced anxiety-like behavior, at a concentration that had no effect on CTA memory. In contrast, ethanol did not prevent LiCl-induced CTA. Administration of mCPP before the consumption of the tastant had no effect on the preference for that tastant. CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, these results indicate that anxiety-like state can serve as the unconditioned stimulus in CTA training. This finding may be relevant to the ontogeny of pathologies involving food aversion.

Animals↗