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At least 1,297 records · Page 72Linked to original sources
PubMed1993

Effects of sentence form on the construction of mental plans from procedural discourse.

Memory for procedural discourse was examined in two experiments. In Experiment 1, memory was assessed using recall; in Experiment 2, a recognition test was used. In both experiments, the memorability of three types of action statements were compared: a transitive verb form, in which the action was described by a main clause; a verbal adjective form, in which the action was indicated by an adjective derived from a verb; and an implicit action form, in which the action was only implied. Information associated with transitive verbs and verbal adjectives was more likely to be recalled than information associated with implicit actions. Although a manipulation of prior knowledge affected overall recall performance, it did not interact with sentence form. In addition, recognition accuracy was affected by neither sentence form nor prior knowledge. To account for these results, it was proposed that transitive verbs and verbal adjectives generate a semantic representation that includes features of the action, whereas implicit actions do not. This difference in semantic representation leads to structural differences in a mental plan for the task. The obtained effects on recall reflect these differences in plan structure.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Word frequency effects in immediate serial recall of pure and mixed lists: tests of the associative link hypothesis.

In immediate serial recall, high-frequency words are better recalled than low-frequency words. Recently, it has been suggested that high-frequency words are better recalled because of their better long-term associative links, and not because of the intrinsic properties of their long-term representations. In the experiment reported here, recall performance was compared for pure lists of high- and low-frequency words, and for mixed lists composed of either one low- and five high-frequency words or the reverse. The usual advantage of high-frequency words was found with pure lists and this advantage was reduced, but still significant with mixed lists composed of five low-frequency words. However, the low-frequency word included in a high-frequency list was recalled just as well as high-frequency words. Results are challenging for the associative link hypothesis and are best interpreted within an item-based reconstruction hypothesis, along with a distinctiveness account.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2004

The serotonin 5-HT2A receptors antagonist M100907 prevents impairment in attentional performance by NMDA receptor blockade in the rat prefrontal cortex.

We investigated whether 5-HT2A receptors contribute to the control of attentional performance by glutamate NMDA receptor mechanisms in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). We examined the effects of NMDA receptor blockade in the mPFC on attentional performance by infusing a competitive glutamate NMDA receptor antagonist, 3-(R)-2-carboxypiperazin-4-propyl-1-phosphonic acid (CPP) into the mPFC of rats performing a task of divided and sustained visual attention. The five-choice serial reaction time task provides indices of attentional functioning (% correct responses), executive control (measured by anticipatory and perseverative responses) and speed. A dose of 10 ng CPP injected bilaterally into the mPFC increased anticipatory and perseverative responding; 50 ng reduced accuracy. Increasing the stimulus duration alleviated the CPP-induced accuracy deficit but did not reduce its effects on anticipatory and perseverative responses. CPP at 50 ng caused motor hyperactivity whereas lower doses had no effect. [R-(+)-(2,3-dimethoxyphenyl)-1-[2-(4-fluorophenylethyl)]-4-piperidine-methanol] (M100907) (M100907), a 5-HT2A receptor antagonist, injected subcutaneously at 10 and 40 microg/kg, had no effect on accuracy but dose dependently reversed the impairment induced by 50 ng CPP. Both doses of M100907 completely abolished CPP-induced anticipatory but not perseverative over-responding. At the dose of 40 microg/kg M100907 reversed CPP-induced motor hyperactivity. This study provides evidence that the prefronto-cortical glutamate NMDA system may make an important contribution to the control of attention and executive functions. It also indicates that 5-HT2A receptors may serve to optimize attentional selectivity and improve some aspects of executive control.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Serial position effects for acoustic stimuli among children with and without hearing loss.

PURPOSE: This study investigated serial position effects on auditory sequential organization among children with hearing loss and with normal hearing. METHOD: Forty-eight children were divided into 4 equally sized groups: 2 groups of 6-7-year-olds and 2 groups of 9-10-year-olds. Each age group had 12 children with normal hearing and 12 children with sensorineural hearing loss. Participants were asked to reproduce auditory sequences of verbal (syllables /ba/ and /da/) and nonverbal (1-kHz pure tone and a wideband noise) elements by pressing associated buttons. RESULTS: No evidence of a recency effect was found, but a primacy effect was observed in the participants' performance under most experimental conditions. Normal hearing participants in the 6-7-year-old group were better at reproducing 3 to 5 verbal items than their counterparts with hearing loss, independent of item sequence position. CONCLUSION: Results suggest that, regardless of hearing status, all children use similar mnemonic strategies.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1977

Effect of syntactic order on serial-recall performance of hearing-impaired and normal-hearing subjects.

Previous research on the effect of syntactic order on the memory performance of hearing-impaired subjects has indicated that in contrast to normal-hearing subjects the deaf do not make use of the syntactic order of a word string to facilitate retention and recall. The present study used an immediate serial recall paradigm rather than a paired associate paradigm requiring longer term retention. Using this paradigm, 10 normal-hearing, 10 hearing-impaired subjects trained with manual communication, and 10 hearing-impaired trained with oral communication were presented with word strings of four, six, and eight words in length. One set of word strings was syntactically well formed while another was randomly ordered. The subjects were presented the stimuli over nine trials. An analysis of the number of errors for each list length and order condition revealed facilitation due to syntactic order at the eight-word length for all subjects and at the six-word length for the hearing-impaired populations. An error analysis further supported the use of syntactic order by the hearing impaired to facilitate their retention of the word strings. Two ways of resolving the conflict between these results and prior results showing no facilitation are presented. The first recognizes the possible use of an order of mention strategy and its effect upon performance in these two studies. The second notes the differences in the involvement of semantic versus syntactic information in the tasks used in these studies.

Adolescent↗