Obesity in childhood: the Muscatine Study.
Beginning in 1971 children in grades kindergarten through the 12th grade were examined on alternate years until 1992 in Muscatine, Iowa, in these examinations the following variables were assessed: height, weight, skinfold thickness, lipids, lipoproteins, smoking behaviors, as well other variables. In order to lend relevance to risk factors in childhood a number strategies have been used. These include: 1) Examination of familial aggregation and mortality; 2) Segregation analysis of genetic mechanisms; 3) Relationship of obesity in childhood to other established risk factors; 4) Examination of the relationship of childhood obesity to the development of coronary artery calcification as assessed by electron beam computed tomography. In these studies we have shown that obese children's siblings, mothers, fathers, aunts and uncles have significant greater body mass indices than leaner children. Children who are obese have significantly higher systolic and diastolic blood pressure, higher plasma triglycerides and lower HDL-cholesterol levels. The first and second degree relatives of obese hypertensive children have a higher mortality rate from cardiovascular disease than leaner children's relatives. From complex segregation analyses about 35% of the population of Muscatine appear to carry a gene for obesity and 6% appear homozygous. Over the past decade we have observed that the children in Muscatine, Iowa have become more obese than previously. Our longitudinal observations indicate that obesity acquired in childhood is predictive of adult obesity and is also predictive of the development of coronary artery calcification. Thus obesity in childhood is not only an important risk factor in children but also a growing public health problem for children and adolescents.