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PubMed1993

cAMP-dependent phosphorylation of nuclear proteins in mouse submandibular gland following testosterone administration.

The effect of androgen on protein kinase activities was studied in chromosomal proteins from female mouse submandibular gland. The protein kinase activities in the nuclei were stimulated 3 h after testosterone administration. The in vitro addition of cAMP in the nuclei resulted in the enhancement of the androgen-sensitive protein kinase activities. SDS-PAGE analysis revealed that nonhistone proteins having molecular weights of 20-30 kDa and around 43 kDa were phosphorylated after androgen treatment. The addition of cAMP stimulated phosphorylation of nonhistone proteins having molecular weights with 15-25 kDa, 30 kDa and 35 kDa and the intensity of phosphorylation of these nonhistone proteins was enhanced after androgen treatment. These results suggest that androgen-sensitive protein kinases including cAMP-dependent protein kinase were present and that phosphorylation of nonhistone proteins by these protein kinases may be involved in mediating androgen-induced gene activation.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Effects of isoflurane on parasympathetic vasodilatation in the rat submandibular gland.

Volatile anesthetics have been known to suppress parasympathetic reflex vasodilatation in the lower lip and palate. However, in the submandibular gland, little is known about the effects of these anesthetics on the parasympathetic vasodilatation elicited by reflex and direct (i.e., non-reflex) activation of the parasympathetic vasodilator mechanisms. Although both parasympathetic vasodilatations were inhibited by isoflurane in a concentration- and time-dependent manner, the effects of continuous administration of the alpha(1)-adrenoceptor agonist methoxamine were markedly different: The reflex vasodilatation was not affected by methoxamine, while the direct vasodilatation was significantly reduced. Picrotoxin (GABA(A) receptor antagonist) attenuated the inhibitory effect of isoflurane on direct vasodilatation and the systemic arterial blood pressure. These findings suggest that the isoflurane-induced inhibitory effects on direct vasodilatation are produced by a decrease of peripheral vascular tone by GABAergic mechanisms, whereas those on the reflex vasodilatation are produced exclusively by the inhibition of the reflex center.

Anesthetics, Inhalation↗
PubMed1981

Independent inductions of trypsin-like esteroproteases by 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone and triiodothyronine in mouse submandibular gland.

The relationship between the actions of androgen and thyroid hormone in induction of trypsin-like esteroproteases in mouse submandibular gland was studied. Zymograms prepared using tosyl-L-lysine alpha-naphthyl ester as substrate after isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide slab gel showed that the isozymes of trypsin-like esteroprotease induced by 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone and triiodothyronine were identical. The time courses of esteroprotease induction by these hormones were very similar, and the lag time was not shortened by treatment with both hormones. The doses of 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone and triiodothyronine for half-maximal induction were 0.5 mg and 2.5 micrograms per 100 g body weight, respectively, and these values were not altered by simultaneous injection of other hormones. The binding capacity and affinity of androgen receptor for methyltrienolone, a synthetic androgen, were not affected by daily injections of triiodothyronine for 5 days. These results suggest that androgen and thyroid hormone act independently, not competitively, and so the two hormones induce trypsin-like esteroproteases additively.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Permeability of the fenestrated capillaries in the cat submandibular gland to lipid-insoluble molecules.

1. Permeability-surface area products for the fenestrated capillaries in the perfused cat submandibular gland have been measured for graded lipid-insoluble molecules using the single-passage, multiple-tracer dilution technique. 2. The permeability-surface area for [57Co]cyanocobalamin (mol. wt. 1353) increased as the perfusion flow was increased, but reached a constant value of 4.11 +/- 0.25 ml.min-1.g-1 (mean +/- S.E., n = 9) at flows above 8 ml. min-1.g-1. For [125I]insulin (approximate mol. wt. 6000) it was 1.80 +/- 0.13 ml.min-1.g-1 (mean +/- S.E., n = 9) and apparently diffusion-limited at all the high flow rates studied. A similar permeability-surface area product was measured for [14C]inulin (mol. wt. 5500): 1.76 +/- 0.10 (mean +/- S.E., n = 4). 3. Permeability-surface area values for cyanocobalamin and insulin in the salivary gland are respectively about 20 and 200 times larger than the estimates reported for the continuous capillaries of cardiac and skeletal muscle. 4. The permeability-surface area (PS) ratio [57Co]cyanocobalamin/[125I]insulin (2.33 +/- 0.15, mean +/- S.E., n = 9) was significantly greater than the apparent ratio of their free diffusion coefficients (1.76), suggesting restricted diffusion of insulin relative to cyanocobalamin across the capillary endothelium. 5. Permeability-surface area products for the smaller molecular weight tracers (22Na, 86Rb and 51Cr-EDTA (mol. wt. 357)) increased continuously with perfusion rate, indicating flow-limited solute exchange. The PS ratio of Rb/EDTA was close to unity whereas the corresponding free diffusion ratio is 3.85. 6. The high permeability-surface area values measured were thought to be associated with the fenestrae which appeared to act as high concentrations of 'small pores' rather than as 'large pores'.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Tissue interaction mediated by neuregulin-1 and ErbB receptors regulates epithelial morphogenesis of mouse embryonic submandibular gland.

Dimerization and activation of ErbB receptors by their ligands play crucial roles in organogenesis. Epithelial morphogenesis of embryonic mouse submandibular gland (SMG) has been shown to depend on intraepithelial signaling mediated by the epidermal growth factor (EGF) family of molecules and the EGF receptor (ErbB1). Here, we report on the neuregulin (NRG) -1 protein and its receptors ErbB2 and ErbB3 in the developing SMG. The expression of these molecules was demonstrated by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis. Immunofluorescence microscopy showed that the two ErbB receptors as well as ErbB1 were expressed mainly in the epithelium, whereas NRG-1 was exclusively found in the mesenchyme. Epithelial morphogenesis was retarded by anti-NRG-1 neutralizing antibody and promoted by recombinant NRG-1 protein. We suggest that, in the developing SMG, both mesenchyme-derived NRG molecules and epithelium-derived EGF molecules regulate ErbB signaling in the epithelium to participate in tissue morphogenesis.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

The presence of two types of prorenin converting enzymes in the mouse submandibular gland.

We have recently demonstrated, by protein and cDNA sequence analyses, that prorenin converting enzyme (PRECE) in the ICR mouse submandibular gland is identical to the epidermal growth factor-binding protein (EGF-BP) type B, the mGK-13 gene product identified in Balb/c mouse. However, in the course of cDNA cloning, we noticed the presence of the other cDNA type highly homologous but not identical to the PRECE cDNA. The sequence of the newly identified cDNA was identical to that of the pSGP-2 cDNA cloned from NMRI mice, which also encodes EGF-BP type B different at 9 out of 261 amino acids from the mGK-13 product. Although this difference has been explained by strain polymorphism, our results indicate that these two proteins are distinct gene products. The product of the newly identified cDNA also had a prorenin converting activity. Thus, the products of both cDNAs identified in previous and present studies are involved in maturation of two bioactive polypeptides, renin and EGF.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1991

Erythropoietin expressed in granular convoluted tubule cells of mice submandibular glands under hypoxia, anemia, and nephrectomy.

Immunohistochemically detectable erythropoietin-like substance(Epo) in granular convoluted tubule(GCT) cells of submandibular glands (SMG's) was examined in mice in which hemolytic anemia had been induced by phenylhydrazine (ph), and in mice subjected to hypoxia, nephrectomy, or testosterone (TP) injections. Staining for Epo was negative in GCT cells of SMG's in normal mice, while positive staining occurred in GCT cells of the anemic mice and mice subjected to hypoxia or nephrectomy. A positive Epo reaction was also revealed at the luminal borders of distal tubules, and in cells of proximal and distal tubules in the kidney, and in some hepatic and spleen cells, of mice that had received combination regimens producing anemia and hypoxia, or had been nephrectomized. Increased staining of Epo was found in GCT cells of SMG's, and in proximal and distal kidney tubules of mice given the combination treatment plus TP injections. The detection of Epo in GCT cells suggests these extrarenal cells to be sites of accumulation or biosynthesis of the protein under certain specific conditions such as hemolytic anemia and hypoxia.

Anemia, Hemolytic↗
PubMed1993

Proliferative and structural differences between male and female mouse submandibular glands.

Sexual dimorphism has been observed in salivary glands of many species. In this study, evidence for sexual differences in adult mouse submandibular gland is extended beyond parenchymal cell composition, size, and volumes to include patterns of DNA synthesis and complexity of ductal branching. Computer-assisted three-dimensional reconstructions also revealed differences in overall organization of secretory complexes. Consistent with observations by others, granular intercalated duct cells were absent, while striated granular duct cells were low in proportion in the male glands relative to female glands. When the mean of average cell volumes were compared, acinar (AC) cells were smaller than granular duct (GD) cells in the male, but in the female the reverse was true. Furthermore, in addition to differences in average volumes of GD cells, the average volume of AC cells was significantly greater in females than males. The most dramatic evidence for sexual dimorphism was observed following a 90-min labeling with 3H-thymidine. Though all cell types showed DNA replication activity, the intercalated duct (ID) cells were substantially more active than AC and GD cells in the female, while in the male the GD cells, ID cells, and AC cells all showed approximately equal activity. Three-dimensional reconstructions indicated that the female possessed a more highly branched intercalated duct system and that the GD usually terminated within a secretory complex, whereas in males the GD typically passes through a secretory complex and forms a prominent cap-like structure on the opposite side.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Autonomic nervous control of venous pressure and secretion in submandibular gland of anesthetized dogs.

In dogs anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium, hilar venous pressure (Phv) and secretion were measured from the submandibular gland receiving spontaneous blood flow or vascular perfusion at the normal resting flow rate. Parasympathetic nerve stimulation and ACh-induced secretion increased Phv and its pulse pressure; Phv also showed an obvious arterial (or perfusion pressure)-like waveform. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) exerted similar effects on Phv but produced negligible secretion. Sympathetic nerve stimulation, phenylephrine, and clonidine did not induce secretion and had no significant action on Phv, whereas isoproterenol provoked secretion and changed Phv as with parasympathetic stimulation. Background or superimposed sympathetic nerve stimulation reduced the parasympathetic nerve-induced responses; the sympathetic inhibition was abolished by phentolamine and yohimbine but not by prazosin and propranolol. The results suggest a direct relationship between Phv and secretion during parasympathetic salivation: the elevation in Phv was primarily independent of the concurrent blood flow response, mediated via muscarinic and peptidergic mechanisms, and related to an opening of arteriovenous anastomoses. Sympathetic inhibition of parasympathetic salivation may be related to prevention of an increased Phv exerted primarily via the alpha2-adrenergic mechanism.

Acetylcholine↗
PubMed1994

Ultrastructure of the main excretory duct epithelium of the female mouse submandibular gland with special reference to sexual dimorphism.

The fine structure of the main excretory duct epithelium (MEDE) of female mouse submandibular gland was investigated by scanning and transmission electron microscopy and the results compared with the previously established structure of male mouse MEDE. A comparative analysis of the subepithelial capillaries of both sexes was also performed. In this pseudostratified epithelium, principal cell-types were observed: types-I, -II, -III and basal cells. This differed significantly from male MEDE, where type-II and -III are absent and type-I cells are the most numerous. The latter cell-type had abundant mitochondria, a few lipid-containing granules, lysosomes in the infra-nuclear cytoplasm and well-developed basal infoldings. These cells were also characterized by abundant glycogen granules throughout the cytoplasm, many profiles of strands of smooth endoplasmic reticulum in the apical region, and lysosomes in the infranuclear region. Type-II cells were the second most numerous. Their most characteristic features were the presence of tubular vesicles which appeared to be invaginated from the plasma membrane, RER, SER, free ribosomes, a few peroxisomes with nucleoids, and primary lysosomes in extremely light cytoplasm. They had many mitochondria throughout the cytoplasm, except in the apical region, a few lipid-containing granules and no basal infoldings. Type-III cells were very few and were characterized by well developed basal infoldings, abundant free ribosomes, RER, SER, vesicles containing moderately dense material, and many lipid-containing granules. They also had many mitochondria throughout the cytoplasm, except apically. Basal cells had a large nucleus and the cytoplasm had few organelles.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Thyroid hormones precociously increase nerve growth factor gene expression in the submandibular gland of neonatal mice.

The developmental regulation of the expression of nerve growth factor (NGF) was studied in the mouse submandibular gland (SMG). Having demonstrated that, in the neonatal mouse, maturation of the SMG can be accelerated by treatment with thyroid hormones, with the resulting induction in SMG content of NGF, studies were undertaken to further examine the locus of thyroid hormone action. Because of the sexual dimorphism of the SMG, both male and female neonatal mice were used. NGF messenger RNA levels were undetectable in SMGs from untreated immature mice, while hybridization to total RNA from T4-treated mice was easily observable for NGF complementary DNA. Treatment for 14 days compared to 7 days resulted in a 7-fold increase in SMG NGF mRNA levels. A signal was obtained in 21-day-old control mice using S1 nuclease protection analysis; T4 increased NGF mRNA levels by 100-fold in both male and female immature mice. Heteronuclear RNA levels were induced 20-fold by T4. No sex differences were readily observable. Determination of the effect of thyroid hormone treatment on SMG NGF gene expression by nuclear run-on assay demonstrated a significant transcriptional effect of T4. Initial experiments using the pmngf6 vector, which is a pBR322-derived probe containing the full length NGF cDNA, showed a 2.5-fold induction of gene transcription. When an internal fragment of pmngf6 was subcloned into pTZ18R, thus removing the dC/dG tails contained in pmngf6, the background hybridization was considerably reduced and a 12.5-fold induction in NGF gene transcription was obtained after T4 treatment of neonatal mice. The results show that thyroid hormones increase NGF gene expression in the SMG of the immature male and female mouse. This effect is due in part to a significantly enhanced rate of gene transcription.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Identification of new sialic acids derived from glycoprotein of bovine submandibular gland.

Improvements in the isolation procedure and the analytical equipment enabled the detection of seven novel sialic acids in bovine submandibular gland glycoprotein: N-acetyl-8-O-acetylneuraminic acid, N-acetyl-8,9-di-O-acetylneuraminic acid, N-acetyl-7,8,9-tri-O-acetylneuraminic acid, N-glycoloyl-7-O-acetylneuraminic acid, N-glycoloyl-7,9-di-O-acetylneuraminic acid, N-glycoloyl-8,9-di-O-acetylneuraminic acid, and N-glycoloyl-7,8,9-tri-O-acetylneuraminic acid. There are also indications for the presence of N-glycoloyl-8-O-acetylneuraminic acid. In addition, the sialic acids already known to occur in this tissue, namely N-acetylneuraminic acid, N-acetyl-7-O-acetylneuraminic acid, N-acetyl-9-O-acetylneuraminic acid, N-acetyl-7,9-di-O-acetylneuraminic acid, N-glycoloylneuraminic acid, and N-glycoloyl-9-O-acetylneuraminic acid could be identified. Sialic acids were released from the mucin by mild acid hydrolysis and prefractionated on a Dowex 2X8 anion-exchange column (formate form) by elution with a 0-0.6 M gradient of formic acid. The four pools of sialic acids obtained in this way were each further fractionated by column chromatography on cellulose with n-butanol/n-propanol/water (1/2/1, v/v/v) as eluent. By this procedure, N-acetylneuraminic acid, N-acetyl-7-O-acetylneuraminic acid, N-acetyl-9-O-acetylneuraminic acid, N-glycoloylneuraminic acid, and N-glycoloyl-9-O-acetylneuraminic acid were obtained in pure form. The other sialic acids could be enriched sufficiently in different fractions for structural identification. Analyses of sialic acids were carried out by one-dimensional and two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography, gas-liquid chromatography, and gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Gene expression, cell localization, and evolution of rodent submandibular gland androgen-binding protein.

A small dimeric androgen-binding protein (Abp) secreted by mouse (Mus) submandibular salivary glands has been hypothesized to function in mate-selection. The alpha-subunit (Abpa) evolves rapidly under natural selection. However, cellular site(s) of synthesis, mode of function, and patterns of evolution of this biologically important protein are otherwise unknown. We used a radiolabeled riboprobe and in situ hybridization to mouse (Mus) Abpa mRNA to localize Abpa synthesis to submandibular gland acinar cells. We next used a quantitative fluorescent thermal cycler (real-time PCR) to determine relative expression levels (normalized with a constitutively expressed ribosomal gene [S15/rig; rat insulinoma gene]) in male, female, and sexually immature European striped field mice (Apodemus agrarius). We hypothesized that gender or age-related differences might occur in production of a salivary protein related to sexual selection, but found no significant differences within our sample. Finally, we also used reverse transcription-PCR of mRNAs isolated from submandibular salivary glands to determine the Abpa allele in the striped wood mouse and compare it to published information on the homologue in Mus musculus domesticus.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Purification and characterization of carbonic anhydrase from the bovine submandibular gland.

In this paper the authors describe the purification and characterization of a single molecular form of carbonic anhydrase from the bovine submandibular gland. This enzyme has a high specific activity for the hydration of CO2, a molecular weight of 29,500 dalton and a isoelectric pH of 4.9. It is found in a high concentration in the bovine salivary glands. Its possible physiologic role in the secretion of saliva is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Synchronous mucoepidermoid carcinoma of tongue and pleomorphic adenoma of submandibular gland.

Presentation with synchronous salivary gland tumors is rare, with the most typical combination being Warthin's tumor and pleomorphic adenoma of the parotid gland. Involvement of minor salivary glands in such occurrences is extremely uncommon. We report a case of simultaneous mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the tongue and pleomorphic adenoma of the submandibular gland in a 40-year-old woman. The submandibular mass was initially considered to represent regional lymph node tumor metastasis but later was shown to be an intraglandular primary neoplasm.

Adenoma, Pleomorphic↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Induction of synthesis of the rat cystatin S protein by the submandibular gland during the acute phase of experimental Chagas disease.

Rats experimentally infected with Trypanosoma cruzi Y strain exhibited hypertrophy of the submandibular gland at 18 days after infection. SDS-PAGE of infected rats saliva revealed the presence of an additional band with an apparent molecular weight of about 13KDa. Electrophoresis of protein saliva and immunochemical analysis with antibody against rat cystatin S confirmed that the protein was identical to that induced by beta adrenergic stimulation.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

[Structural changes in the granular duct epitheliocytes and terminal areas of the submandibular glands induced by exposure to light and radiation in rats].

This investigation was aimed at the evaluation of radiomodifying effect of round-the-clock light exposure on the salivary glands. The changes of morphometric parameters of granular duct epitheliocytes and acinar cells in rat submandibular glands were analyzed by means of light and electron microscopy after 48 h of light exposure by 3500-lux cool white fluorescent lamps, single 5 Gy whole-body X-irradiation and their combination. Early changes of granular duct epitheliocytes after light and combined exposure were more significant in comparison with those on acinar cells. On the 10-th day after combined irradiation reduction of nucleoli and endoplasmatic reticulum in the duct cells was more pronounced as compared with similar period following light and X-ray irradiation. Long-term morphological changes in the glands after X-ray and combined irradiation were similar. It is concluded that radiation and round-the-clock light exposure act synergistically.

Animals↗