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PubMed1998

Which stress matters? The examination of temporal aspects of stress.

In this study, the impact of past experiences, present stressors, and expectations of future stress on psychological distress were explored. Participants were 38 male and 41 female spouses of patients hospitalized with non-life-threatening diseases. Participants completed questionnaires on which they appraised past, present, and future stressors and described their levels of psychological distress. Five models of the relationships between appraisals of past, present, and future stressors with psychological distress were examined. Only one model was confirmed by the data. It suggests that an appraisal of past stressors affects the appraisal of present stressors only indirectly, through its effect on the appraisal of future stressors. This model also maintains that only the appraisal of present stressors affects psychological distress directly. The implications of these findings for stress research are discussed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1998

Glycated hemoglobin as a physiological measure of stress and its relations to some psychological stress indicators.

A counterbalanced design with two groups of nondiabetic medical students, each serving the other as a control when undergoing examination, was used to evaluate the diagnostic importance of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) as a measure of chronic stress. As previous studies suggested, significant statistical differences were found for the group conditions, but no time effects. Closer examination showed a considerable overlap of the two frequency distributions, however. Using the cross point of the two curves as a cutoff, sensitivity of diagnostic decisions based on the HbA1c scores alone would be about .6 and specificity about .7 As with most physiological measures of acute stress, the correlation coefficients of the used psychological inventories and the HbA1c scores were generally low. Among the scales specific for the situation, only control and competence expectancy reached significance (r = -.31); among the personality traits, only anxiety and the blunting scores of the Miller Behavioral Style Scale met the significance criterion.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Does individual variation in stress responses and agonistic behavior reflect divergent stress coping strategies in juvenile rainbow trout?

Individual rainbow trout were transferred to visual isolation in experimental aquaria. As a measure of the speed of acclimation, individual food intake was quantified during the first 6 d following transfer. Following acclimation, aggression was quantified by subjecting the fish to three resident-intruder tests, with 30 d of recovery between the tests. Moreover, between the resident-intruder tests (i.e., two times) the fish were exposed to an unfamiliar environment and their cortisol response was measured. The results of this study show that individuals of juvenile rainbow trout differ distinctly in their response to changes in their environment, and that this diversity in behavior is reflected by consistent behavioral traits displayed by individual fish. These traits have proven to be consistent not only over time but also across situations, revealing two distinct behavioral profiles, in the same manner as shown in studies on proactive and reactive mammals. Our results also show that the reactivity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-interrenal (HPI) axis, when exposed to a stressor, is a consistent physiological trait in juvenile rainbow trout. We found that difference in HPI axis reactivity is linked to the different behavioral profiles. However, HPI axis reactivity could not be linked directly to the singular behavioral traits measured. In other words, we did not find that the consistent behavioral traits shown by the fish were associated with a difference in HPI axis reactivity in the same manner as the reactivity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis does in mammals. Taken together, our results show that stress coping strategies akin to what has been described as reactive and proactive stress coping in mammals appear to exist in juvenile rainbow trout.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2005

Perceived job stress and incidence of coronary events: 3-year follow-up of the Belgian Job Stress Project cohort.

Psychosocial characteristics have been linked to coronary heart disease. In the Belgian Job Stress Project (1994-1999), the authors examined the independent role of perceived job stress on the short-term incidence of clinical manifest coronary events in a large occupational cohort. A total of 14,337 middle-aged men completed the Job Content Questionnaire to determine the dimensions of the extended job strain model, job demands, decision latitude, and social support. Jobs were categorized into high strain, low strain, active jobs, and passive jobs. During the 3-year follow-up, 87 coronary events were registered. At baseline, 17% of workers experienced high strain. Job demands and decision latitude were not significantly related to the development of coronary heart disease after adjustment for covariates. The 38% risk excess among subjects classified in the high-strain category did not reach statistical significance. However, coronary heart disease incidence was substantially associated with the social support scale independently of other risk factors, with an adjusted hazard ratio of 2.4 (95% confidence interval: 1.4, 4.0) between extreme tertiles. No convincing evidence for an association of job demands, decision latitude, or job strain with the short-term incidence of coronary heart disease was found. However, our study underscores the importance of a supportive social work environment in the prevention of coronary heart disease.

Belgium↗
PubMed2006

Brief report: the impact of maternal posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and child gender on risk for persistent posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in child trauma victims.

OBJECTIVE: To longitudinally examine the impact of maternal posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms (PTSS) on child adjustment following a child's traumatic injury, focusing on child gender differences. METHODS: Forty-one child traumatic injury victims aged 8-18 years and their biological mothers were interviewed over two follow-ups (6 weeks and 7 months). Children were administered the Clinician-Administered Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Scale for Children and Adolescents (CAPS-CA), whereas mothers completed the CAPS. RESULTS: Six weeks post trauma, maternal PTSS were significantly related to PTSS in boys but not in girls. However, at 7 months, maternal PTSS were strongly related to child PTSS in both boys and girls. Significant 6-week maternal distress-child gender interactions suggested that maternal PTSS, especially avoidance, predicted greater 7-month PTSS but that this was primarily because of a significant relationship in females. CONCLUSIONS: Maternal distress was found to negatively impact subsequent child adjustment, particularly in females. These results underscore the importance of considering family-centered interventions for child PTSD, especially in girls.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Social stress in laying hens: differential effect of stress on plasma dopamine concentrations and adrenal function in genetically selected chickens.

Genetic selection for high or low group productivity and survivability (HGPS, LGPS) has created two phenotypically distinct chicken lines. Each line has unique characteristics in behavioral and physiological adaptability to multiple-bird cage system. The present study was designed to examine whether these differences reflect genetic variation in the control of plasma dopamine (DA) concentrations and adrenal function in response to social stress. Chickens from the HGPS and LGPS lines were randomly assigned to single- or 10-bird cages at 17 wk of age. The 10-bird cages were the same as those used in the development of the two lines. Differences in regulation of DA concentrations and adrenal function in response to different social environments were measured between the two lines when the study was conducted at 24 wk of age. In the 10-bird cages, the HGPS line had lower levels of DA (P < 0.05) and heavier adrenal glands (AG, P < 0.05) than those of the LGPS line, but concentrations of corticosterone (CORT) from the two lines were not significantly different. In the single-bird cages, DA levels in both lines were greater than in that of their siblings in the 10-bird cages, but a greater increase was found in the LGPS line (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05, 405% vs. 293%). Likewise, both lines had lower concentrations of CORT (P < 0.05) in the single- vs. 10-bird cages, but the AG were less heavy in the LGPS line but not in HGPS line in the single-bird cages (P < 0.05). The results indicated that the two strains reacted differently in terms of their stress hormone levels in the two different environments. These differences could contribute to the behavioral and physiological differences existing between the two lines.

Adrenal Glands↗
PubMed1998

Exercise-induced oxidative stress in patients during thallium stress testing.

BACKGROUND: Free radical injury is implicated in the pathogenesis of coronary artery disease, including atherogenesis and reperfusion/injury. Strenuous physical exercise can cause oxidative stress by several mechanisms, including reperfusion/injury. We hypothesize that exercise-induced lipid peroxidation is greater among those with than those without exercise induced myocardial ischemia. METHODS: The effect of physical exercise stress testing on plasma malonaldehyde (MDA) levels was compared between patients with (Group A, N = 8) and without (Group B) exercise-induced myocardial ischemia by thallium imaging. ANALYSIS: Two-way ANOVA was used to compare plasma MDA levels pre- and post-exercise, and paired t-test comparisons were conducted for percent MDA changes between Group A and Group B patients. RESULTS: Two-way ANOVA revealed a significant (P = 0.002) directional difference in response to exercise between the groups' mean plasma MDA levels (Group A increased by 46 +/-12.7 percent, Group B decreased by 16.8+/-4.6 percent). CONCLUSIONS: Differences in exercise-induced lipid peroxidation between patients with and without thallium documentation of myocardial ischemia have important implications in the development of clinical markers of coronary artery disease and further research related to atherogenesis.

Aged↗
PubMed1976

Physical properties of surgical suture materials: Stress-strain relationship, stress-relaxation and irreversible elongation.

The stress-strain relationship, the stress-relaxation and the irreversible elongation of different suture materials were investigated. It was found that the distensibility of the fibers varied greatly. Most fibers were found to be chiefly elastic but some fibers were elastic when a moderate load was applied and plastic when the load increased. Some fibers, especially Prolene, were plastic also when moderate load was applied. The importance of information concerning these and other physical properties of surgical suture material is pointed out. In the future, surgeons will not have to accept suture materials with unknown physical properties but will demand fibers with defined properties for every purpose.

Elasticity↗
PubMed2005

Physical activity and stress resistance: sympathetic nervous system adaptations prevent stress-induced immunosuppression.

A physically active lifestyle incurs many health benefits. One recently recognized benefit of regular moderate exercise is stress reduction. The current review develops the hypothesis that physical activity may prevent stress-induced suppression of the immune system and suggests an immunophysiological mechanism (sympathetic nervous system constraint) for this effect.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2005

High rates of acute stress disorder impact quality-of-life outcomes in injured adolescents: mechanism and gender predict acute stress disorder risk.

BACKGROUND: Injury is the leading cause of death and functional disability in adolescent children. Little is known about quality of life and psychological outcomes after trauma in adolescents. The Trauma Recovery Project in Adolescents is a prospective epidemiologic study designed to examine multiple outcomes after major trauma in adolescents aged 12 to 19 years, including quality of life (QoL) and psychological sequelae such as acute stress disorder (ASD) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The specific objectives of the present report are to examine ASD rates and the association of ASD with QoL outcomes in injured adolescents. METHODS: Between April 26, 1999, and November 13, 2002, 401 eligible trauma patients aged 12 to 19 years triaged to five participating trauma center hospitals in a regionalized trauma system were enrolled in the study. The admission criteria for patients were as follows: (1) age 12 to 19 years and (2) injury diagnoses excluding severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) or spinal cord injury. QoL after trauma was measured using the Quality of Well-being (QWB) scale, a sensitive and well-validated functional index (range, 0 = death to 1.000 = optimum functioning). ASD (before discharge) was diagnosed with the Impact of Events Scale-Revised. Scores of 24+ were used to diagnose ASD. Patient outcomes were assessed at discharge and at 3, 6, 12, 18, and 24 months after discharge. RESULTS: ASD before discharge was diagnosed in 40% of adolescent trauma survivors. ASD status was associated with large QoL deficits during follow-up, as follows: 3-month, ASD-positive QWB score = 0.667 vs. ASD-negative QWB score = 0.710, p < 0.01; 6-month, ASD-positive QWB score = 0.704 vs. ASD-negative QWB score = 0.742, p < 0.001; 12-month: ASD-positive QWB score = 0.718 vs. ASD-negative QWB score = 0.757, p < 0.01; 24-month, ASD-positive QWB score = 0.725 vs. ASD-negative QWB score = 0.769, p < 0.01. Female sex and violent mechanism predicted ASD risk (47% female vs. 36% male; odds ratio, 1.6; p < 0.05; violence 54% vs. 38%; odds ratio, 1.9; p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Adolescent trauma survivors have high rates of ASD. ASD severely impacts QoL outcomes and is associated with female sex and mechanism of injury in adolescents. Early recognition and treatment of ASD in seriously injured adolescents will improve QoL outcomes.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Chronic stress increases serotonin and noradrenaline in rat brain and sensitizes their responses to a further acute stress.

The effects of 1 h/day restraint in plastic tubes for 24 days on the levels of serotonin (5-HT), 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), tryptophan (TP), and noradrenaline (NA) in six regions of rat brain 20 h after the last restraint period were investigated. The levels of 5-HT, 5-HIAA, and NA but not TP increased in several regions. The effects of 1 h of immobilization on both control and chronically restrained rats were also studied. Immobilization per se did not alter brain 5-HT, 5-HIAA, and TP levels, but decreased NA in the pons plus medulla oblongata and hypothalamus. However, immobilization after chronic restraint decreased 5-HT, increased 5-HIAA, and decreased NA in most brain regions in comparison with values for the chronically restrained rats. We suggest that chronic restraint leads to compensatory increases of brain 5-HT and NA synthesis and sensitizes both monoaminergic systems to an additional acute stress. These changes may affect coping with stress demands.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Noradrenaline release in rats during prolonged cold-stress and repeated swim-stress.

1 Plasma noradrenaline concentration in rats was measured during prolonged cold-stress and repeated swim-stress. 2 Cold exposure for 6 h caused a rise in plasma noradrenaline which reached a peak at 4 h. 3 Administration of desmethylimipramine and normetanephrine to block neuronal and extra-neuronal uptake of noradrenaline raised plasma noradrenaline concentration without changing the pattern of the response to cold exposure. 4 Repeated cold exposure on subsequent days produced no change in the pattern of plasma noradrenaline concentration. 5 Five successive 1-min swims at 30-min intervals caused a rise in plasma noradrenaline concentration which was maximal after the third swim. 6 It is suggested that prolonged and repeated activation of sympathetic nerve terminals leads to a decline in noradrenaline release.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Family characteristics and posttraumatic stress disorder: a follow-up of Israeli combat stress reaction casualties.

This study assessed the role of family status and family relationships in the course of combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The sample consisted of 382 Israeli soldiers who suffered a combat stress reaction episode during the 1982 Lebanon War. Results showed that one year after the war married soldiers had higher rates of PTSD than did unmarried soldiers. Furthermore, higher rates of PTSD were associated with low expressiveness, low cohesiveness, and high conflict in the casualties' families. Theoretical, methodological, and clinical implications are discussed.

Combat Disorders↗
PubMed2006

Response to (chloro)biphenyls of the polychlorobiphenyl-degrader Burkholderia xenovorans LB400 involves stress proteins also induced by heat shock and oxidative stress.

We report the effects of 4-chlorobiphenyl and biphenyl on the physiology, morphology and proteome of the polychlorobiphenyl-degrader Burkholderia xenovorans LB400. The exposure to 4-chlorobiphenyl decreases the growth of LB400 on glucose, and cells exhibit irregular outer membranes, a larger periplasmic space and electron-dense granules in the cytoplasm. Additionally, lysis of cells was observed during incubation with 4-chlorobiphenyl or biphenyl. Proteome of B. xenovorans LB400 exposed to biphenyl and 4-chlorobiphenyl were analysed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Besides induction of the Bph enzymes of biphenyl catabolic pathways, incubation with 4-chlorobiphenyl or biphenyl results in the induction of the molecular chaperones DnaK and GroEL. Induction of these chaperones, which were also induced during heat shock, strongly suggests that exposure to (chloro)biphenyls constitutes stress conditions for LB400. During growth of LB400 on biphenyl, oxidative stress was evidenced by the induction of alkyl hydroperoxide reductase AhpC, which was also induced during exposure to H(2)O(2). 4-chlorobiphenyl and biphenyl induced catechol 1,2-dioxygenase, as well as polypeptides involved in energy production, amino acid metabolism and transport.

Bacterial Proteins↗
PubMed1999

Surgical stress and the heat shock response: in vivo models of stress conditioning.

All forms of surgical therapy are stressful and injurious. The majority of surgical procedures are performed electively and provide an opportunity to condition the patient before surgery to maximize outcome. We have successfully protected the spinal cord and kidneys from warm ischemia-reperfusion injury with whole-body heat shock (42.5 degrees C, 15 min, HS) and recovery (37 degrees C, 6-8 h) before acute aortic occlusion. Control rabbits experienced an 88% incidence of paralysis (7/8) after acute spinal cord ischemia, while HS-pretreated animals never became paralyzed (0/9, p < 0.001). Control pig kidneys showed partial function (4/8 survival) after 90-min warm ischemia, while HS-pretreated kidneys always functioned (8/8 survival, p < 0.04). A positive temporal association was made between the HS-associated functional protection and the enhanced expression of inducible HSP70. The induction of the heat-shock response (cellular stress response) to protect tissues from lethal acute ischemia-reperfusion injury could be employed in a wide range of medical and surgical settings.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Systemic traumatic stress: the couple adaptation to traumatic stress model.

Research traditionally has focused on the development of symptoms in those who experienced trauma directly but overlooked the impact of trauma on the families of victims. In recent years, researchers and clinicians have begun to examine how individual exposure to traumatic stress affects the spouses/partners, children, and professional helpers of trauma survivors. However, empirically supported, theory-based literature that identifies the mechanisms by which interpersonal or "secondary trauma" occurs in response to traumatic events is limited. Here, we present the Couple Adaptation to Traumatic Stress Model, a systemic model of the development of interpersonal symptoms in the couple dyad based on empirical literature. Potential mechanisms and clinical vignettes are included to describe the systemic processes that occur with trauma couples. Areas for future research and clinical implications also are identified.

Family↗
PubMed1987

Stress, competence, and development: continuities in the study of schizophrenic adults, children vulnerable to psychopathology, and the search for stress-resistant children.

The evolution of an ongoing research study into stress-resistant factors in children is traced from the early work on adult schizophrenia through the identification of risk factors in children vulnerable to stress. Future directions for the research are explored, including the necessity for defenses against possible politicization of the findings.

Child↗
PubMedDate not supplied

In vitro gene transfer to mammalian cells by the use of laser-induced stress waves: effects of stress wave parameters, ambient temperature, and cell type.

Laser-mediated gene transfection has received much attention as a new method for targeted gene therapy because of the high spatial controllability of laser energy. We previously demonstrated both in vivo and in vitro that plasmid DNA can be transfected by applying nanosecond pulsed laser-induced stress waves (LISWs). In the present study, we investigated the dependence of transfection efficiency on the laser irradiation conditions and hence stress wave conditions in vitro. We measured characteristics of LISWs used for gene transfection. For NIH 3T3 cells, transfection efficiency was evaluated as functions of laser fluence and number of pulses. The effect of ambient temperature was also investigated, and it was found that change in ambient temperature in a specific range resulted in drastic change in transfection efficiency for NIH 3T3 cells. Gene transfection of different types of cell lines were also demonstrated, where cellular heating increased transfection efficiency for nonmalignant cells, while heating decreased transfection efficiency for malignant cells.

Animals↗