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PubMed2002

Little qualitative RNA misexpression in sterile male F1 hybrids of Drosophila pseudoobscura and D. persimilis.

BACKGROUND: Although the genetics of hybrid sterility has been the subject of evolutionary studies for over sixty years, no one has shown the reason(s) why alleles that operate normally within species fail to function in another genetic background. Several lines of evidence suggest that failures in normal gene transcription contribute to hybrid dysfunctions, but genome-wide studies of gene expression in pure-species and hybrids have not been undertaken. Here, we study genome-wide patterns of expression in Drosophila pseudoobscura, D. persimilis, and their sterile F1 hybrid males using differential display. RESULTS: Over five thousand amplifications were analyzed, and 3312 were present in amplifications from both of the pure species. Of these, 28 (0.5%) were not present in amplifications from adult F1 hybrid males. Using product-specific primers, we were able to confirm one of nine of the transcripts putatively misexpressed in hybrids. This transcript was shown to be male-specific, but without detectable homology to D. melanogaster sequence. CONCLUSION: We tentatively conclude that hybrid sterility can evolve without widespread, qualitative misexpression of transcripts in species hybrids. We suggest that, if more misexpression exists in sterile hybrids, it is likely to be quantitative, tissue-specific, and/ or limited to earlier developmental stages. Although several caveats apply, this study was a first attempt to determine the mechanistic basis of hybrid sterility, and one potential candidate gene has been identified for further study.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Intermittent catheterization in the rehabilitation setting: a comparison of clean and sterile technique.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the onset of symptomatic urinary tract infection in individuals with spinal cord injury in a rehabilitation setting who are randomized to clean or sterile intermittent catheterization technique. DESIGN: Randomized controlled design. SETTING: Spinal cord rehabilitation units in western Canada. SUBJECTS: Thirty-six patients with cervical spinal cord injuries requiring intermittent catheterization by nursing staff were recruited. None had a previous history of voiding dysfunction or urinary tract infections. INTERVENTIONS: Subjects were randomized to either clean or sterile intermittent catheterization technique. Protocols for both clean and sterile techniques were standardized and followed by nursing staff and caregivers. MAIN MEASURES: Primary outcome measure was symptomatic urinary tract infection as diagnosed by urine culture > or = 10(5) colony-forming units/mL, pyuria (> or =10 leukocytes on high-power field), and accompanying symptoms. RESULTS: A total of 189 urine specimens from 36 subjects were cultured. Of the 36 subjects, 15 (43%) developed a symptomatic urinary tract infection: 6/16 (37%) from the clean group; 9/20 (45%) from the sterile group (P> 0.05). Mean time to onset for symptomatic urinary tract infection for the clean group was 3.0 (standard deviation (SD) 2.4) weeks and for the sterile group, 3.6 (SD 1.3) weeks (P> 0.05). The most common urinary organisms at onset of symptomatic urinary tract infection were Enterococcus species followed by Klebsiella. CONCLUSION: Clean intermittent catheterization in the rehabilitation setting does not appear to place the patient with spinal cord injury at increased risk for developing symptomatic urinary tract infection, and has significant cost and time saving benefits for the health care system, as well as enhancing the transition for the patient from rehabilitation to community.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Genetic interactions underlying hybrid male sterility in the Drosophila bipectinata species complex.

Understanding genetic mechanisms underlying hybrid male sterility is one of the most challenging problems in evolutionary biology especially speciation. By using the interspecific hybridization method roles of Y chromosome, Major Hybrid Sterility (MHS) genes and cytoplasm in sterility of hybrid males have been investigated in a promising group, the Drosophila bipectinata species complex that consists of four closely related species: D. pseudoananassae, D. bipectinata, D. parabipectinata and D. malerkotliana. The interspecific introgression analyses show that neither cytoplasm nor MHS genes are involved but X-Y interactions may be playing major role in hybrid male sterility between D. pseudoananassae and the other three species. The results of interspecific introgression analyses also show considerable decrease in the number of males in the backcross offspring and all males have atrophied testes. There is a significant positive correlation between sex - ratio distortion and severity of sterility in backcross males. These findings provide evidence that D. pseudoananassae is remotely related with other three species of the D. bipectinata species complex.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Hybrid dysgenesis in Drosophila melanogaster: a new type of gonadal dysgenic sterility expressed at the pre-pupal stage.

Two sublines, B-202 and B-207, which were derived from crosses between Or-R (M) females and Cy/Pm (P) males were found to cause a new type of gonadal dysgenic sterility, designated as the GD-3. GD-3 sterility showed a typical reciprocal cross effect under the P-M system. It was caused at the frequency close to 100% in dysgenic offsprings reared above 25 degrees C, of which gonads were morphologically clearly different from those of usual GD sterility, whereas there was no indication of GD-3 sterility at temperatures below 24 degrees C. Temperature sensitive period of GD-3 sterility was estimated to the prepupal stage by shift-down experiment. In the B-202 subline, the 2nd chromosomes marked with Pm alone carried GD-3 elements. Those of the B-207 subline, however, were estimated to locate both on the 2nd and 3rd chromosomes, acting synergistically with each other.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Histological analysis of male hybrid sterility induced by the Hst-1 gene in mice.

Hybrid sterility is thought to play an important role in the differentiation and maintenance of respective biological species. In the present study, as a first step to clarify the mechanism of hybrid sterility caused by the Hst-1 gene in mice, the male sterile hybrid between C57BL/6 and M. m. musculus was investigated by histological techniques. Many spermatogonia and primary spermatocytes were observed in the testes of the hybrid sterile mice. Neither secondary spermatocytes nor spermatids were detected throughout the sections. It was noted that some spermatocytes showed degenerations in part of the lumina of the seminiferous tubules. In the chromosomal preparations of primary sterile hybrids, the percentage statistical values for the spermatogonia/leptotene stage were increased and those for the zygotene/pachytene stage were markedly decreased. Neither round nor elongated spermatids were detected throughout the preparations. It was observed that many primary spermatocytes were degenerated. These results suggest that spermatogenesis stops at the leptotene stage and that a small number of cells progress to the next meiosis, but degenerate to die during the pachytene stage.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

The genetics of inviability and male sterility in hybrids between Anopheles gambiae and An. arabiensis.

Male hybrids between Anopheles gambiae and An. arabiensis suffer from hybrid sterility, and inviability effects are sometimes present as well. We examined the genetic basis of these reproductive barriers between the two species, using 21 microsatellite markers. Generally, recessive inviability effects were found on the X chromosome of gambiae that are incompatible with at least one factor on each arabiensis autosome. Inviability is complete when the gambiae and arabiensis inviability factors are hemi- or homozygous. Using a QTL mapping approach, regions that contribute to male hybrid sterility were also identified. The X chromosome has a disproportionately large effect on male hybrid sterility. Additionally, several moderate-to-large autosomal QTL were found in both species. The effect of these autosomal QTL is contingent upon the presence of an X chromosome from the other species. Substantial regions of the autosomes do not contribute markedly to male hybrid sterility. Finally, no evidence for epistatic interactions between conspecific sterility loci was found.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Aromatherapy in the Mediterranean fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae): sterile males exposed to ginger root oil in prerelease storage boxes display increased mating competitiveness in field-cage trials.

Previous research showed that exposure to ginger root, Zingiber officinale Roscoe, oil increased the mating success of mass-reared, sterile males of the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann). This work, however, involved the exposure of small groups of males (n = 25) in small containers (volume 400 ml). Several sterile male release programs use plastic adult rearing containers (so-called PARC boxes; hereafter termed storage boxes; 0.48 by 0.60 by 0.33 m) to hold mature pupae and newly emerged adults before release (approximately = 36,000 flies per box). The objective of the current study was to determine whether the application of ginger root oil to individual storage boxes increases the mating competitiveness of sterile C. capitata males. Irradiated pupae were placed in storage boxes 2 d before adult emergence, and in the initial experiment (adult exposure) ginger root oil was applied 5 d later (i.e., 3 d after peak adult emergence) for 24 h at doses of 0.0625, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 ml. In a second experiment (pupal-adult exposure), ginger root oil was applied to storage boxes immediately after pupal placement and left for 6 d (i.e., 4 d after peak adult emergence) at doses of 0.25 and 1.0 ml. Using field cages, we conducted mating trials in which ginger root oil-exposed (treated) or nonexposed (control) sterile males competed against wild-like males for copulations with wild-like females. After adult exposure, treated males had significantly higher mating success than control males for all doses of ginger root oil, except 2.0 ml. After pupal-adult exposure, treated males had a significantly higher mating success than control males for the 1.0-ml but not the 0.25-ml dose of ginger root oil. The results suggest that ginger root oil can be used in conjunction with prerelease, storage boxes to increase the effectiveness of sterile insect release programs.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Glossina austeni (Diptera: Glossinidae) eradicated on the island of Unguja, Zanzibar, using the sterile insect technique.

An area-wide integrated tsetse eradication project was initiated in Zanzibar in 1994 by the International Atomic Energy Agency and the governments of Tanzania and Zanzibar, to eradicate Glossina austeni Newstead from Unguja Island (Zanzibar) using the sterile insect technique. Suppression of the tsetse population on Unguja was initiated in 1988 by applying residual pyrethroids as a pour-on formulation to livestock and by the deployment of insecticide impregnated screens in some of the forested areas. This was followed by sequential releases of gamma-sterilized male flies by light aircraft. The flies, packaged in carton release containers, were dispersed twice a week along specific flight lines separated by a distance of 1-2 km. More than 8.5 million sterile male flies were released by air from August 1994 to December 1997. A sterile to indigenous male ratio of >50:1 was obtained in mid-1995 and it increased to >100:1 by the end of 1995. As a consequence the proportion of sampled young females (1-2 ovulations), with an egg in utero in embryonic arrest or an uterus empty as a result of expulsion of a dead embryo, increased from <25% in the 1st quarter to >70% in the last quarter of 1995. In addition, the age structure of the female population became significantly distorted in favor of old flies (> or = 4 ovulations) by the end of 1995. The apparent density of the indigenous fly population declined rapidly in the last quarter of 1995, followed by a population crash in the beginning of 1996. The last trapped indigenous male and female flies were found in weeks 32 and 36, 1996, respectively. Time for 6 fly generations elapsed between the last catch of an indigenous fly and the end of the sterile male releases in December 1997.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Releases of Psyttalia fletcheri (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and sterile flies to suppress melon fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Hawaii.

Ivy gourd, Coccinia grandis (L.) Voigt, patches throughout Kailua-Kona, Hawaii Island, HI, were identified as persistent sources of melon fly, Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett). These patches had a low incidence of Psyttalia fletcheri (Silvestri), its major braconid parasitoid natural enemy in Hawaii, and were used to evaluate augmentative releases of P. fletcheri against melon fly. In field cage studies of releases, numbers of melon flies emerging from ivy gourd fruit placed inside treatment cages were reduced up to 21-fold, and numbers of parasitoids were increased 11-fold. In open field releases of P. fletcheri into ivy gourd patches, parasitization rates were increased 4.7 times in release plots compared with those in control plots. However, there was no significant reduction in emergence of melon flies from fruit. In subsequent cage tests with sterile melon flies and P. fletcheri, combinations of sterile flies and P. fletcheri produced the greatest reduction (9-fold) in melon fly emergence from zucchini, Cucurbita pepo L. Reductions obtained with sterile flies alone or in combination with parasitoids were significantly greater than those in the control, whereas those for parasitoids alone were not. Although these results suggest that the effects of sterile flies were greater than those for parasitoids, from a multitactic melon fly management strategy, sterile flies would complement the effects of P. fletcheri. Cost and sustainability of these nonchemical approaches will be examined further in an ongoing areawide pest management program for melon fly in Hawaii.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Effects of substerilizing doses of gamma radiation on adult longevity and level of inherited sterility in Teia anartoides (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae).

The effects of substerilizing doses of gamma radiation on the longevity and level of inherited sterility in the Australian moth Teia anartoides Walker were determined. Six day-old male pupae were treated with 0, 100, and 160 Gy of gamma radiation by using a 1.25 MeV Cobalt60 irradiation source. Laboratory studies of male longevity showed that radiation had little impact in adult moths of the P1, F1, and F2 generations. Inherited deleterious effects resulting from irradiation were observed in the progeny of F1 and F2 generations. Outcrosses between substerile parental males or their highly sterile male progeny to wild-type females did not affect female fecundity. However, adverse effects were observed for these crosses in the rates of successful egg hatch and postembryonic development. Fertility was always greater in out-crosses involving a P1 male than in any of the F1 out-crosses. F1 males were always more sterile than F1 females, and the level of sterility for the F1 and F2 generations was higher than that of the controls. The incidence of larval and pupal mortality was higher in the F2 than the F1 generation. A dose of 100 Gy had the highest success in inducing deleterious effects that were inherited through to the F2 generation. Our results indicated that the use of partially sterilizing doses of radiation has good potential as a selective strategy for management or eradication of T. anartoides.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Sterile peripheral keratitis following laser in situ keratomileusis.

BACKGROUND: Sterile infiltrates have been reported as a possible complication following photorefractive keratectomy (PRK). They have not been reported following laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK). We review a case of fleeting, sterile peripheral corneal infiltrates following LASIK. METHODS: A 53 year old patient developed peripheral, sterile corneal infiltrates along the edge of the primary flap following LASIK. This was successfully managed with topical antibiotics and corticosteroids without permanent sequelae. RESULTS: Sterile peripheral corneal infiltrates are now a known complication following LASIK. Pathogenesis is undetermined but may involve activation of marginal keratitis reminiscent of that following blepharitis or a mechanism similar to acute subepithelial infiltrative keratitis following PRK. CONCLUSION: Fleeting, sterile peripheral corneal infiltrates can occur following LASIK. This undesired complication is poorly characterized but can be successfully managed with culturing of the infiltrates, topical corticosteroids, and antibiotics.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed2001

Production of transgenic male sterile tobacco plants with the cDNA encoding a ribosome inactivating protein in Dianthus sinensis L.

The ribosome inactivating protein (RIP) gene from D. sinensis was used as a cytotoxin gene to induce male sterility in tobacco plants. The TA29 promoter, obtained by PCR amplification from tobacco, was fused to the RIP cDNA, and the chimaeric molecule was then introduced into tobacco plants by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Out of twenty-one independent transformants, twenty transgenic tobacco plants exhibited male sterility. Southern blot analysis revealed that four of the transgenic plants contained a single copy of the RIP gene, while the rest of the transgenic tobacco plants had two to four copies of the gene. The transgenic male sterile plants set seeds normally when pollinated with pollens from untransformed control plants, indicating that the RIP gene does not affect the pistil development. Furthermore, the seed yield of the transgenic plant was similar to that of the untransformed, self-pollinated control plant. A light microscopic observation of anther cross sections clearly showed that the tapetal tissue of the anther was selectively and completely destroyed causing male sterility. This study suggests that the RIP gene can be used as a cytotoxin gene for induction of male sterility in the plant.

DNA, Complementary↗
PubMed2002

[Chromosome mapping of the S-b locus for F1 pollen sterility in cultivated rice (Oryza sativa L.) with RAPD markers].

S-b is one locus for F1 pollen sterility in cultivated rice (Oryza sativa L.), and the genotype of Taichung 65 (abridged as T65) is Sj/Sj, while its isogenic line, TISL2 is Si/Si at this locus. The results of pollen fertility analysis showed that the pollen of T65 and TISL2 were fertile, but the F1 plant from T65 x TISL2 produced only 40.6% fertile pollens, and the type of sterile pollen was stainable abortive. In F2 population from the cross T65 x TISL2 and BC1F1 population from the cross T65/TISL2/T65, the individuals could be classified into plants with normal pollens and plants with semi-sterile pollens, and the ratio of number of these two types of plants agreed well with the Mendel segregation ratio in 1:1. A total of 53 fertile F2 plants were testcrossed with T65, and all of them showed sterility F1 pollen in. These results demonstrate that the F1 pollen sterility is controlled by a single gene locus S-b, and the allelic interaction of S-bi and S-bj causes the pollen carrying S-bj allele abortive. A total of 187 RFLP markers and 500 RAPD primers were used to screen the polymorphism between T65 and TISL2; only H08-1300 and Y09-1500, two bands amplified by RAPD primer H08 and Y09 were found to be polymorphic. Purified H08-1300 and Y09-1500 were used as probe to hybridize with DNAs from T65 and TISL2, and the results indicated that H08-1300 and Y09-1500 appeared to be single copy in the T65 and TISL2 genome, then the RAPD marker were successfully converted into RFLP marker. The two markers were then used to perform segregation analysis, the results from co-segregation analysis of the genotypes of these two markers and the phenotypes of pollen fertility with F2 population indicated that the S-b was linked to H08-1300 and Y09-1500, and the genetic distances between each marker and the locus were 1.3 cM and 6.6 cM, respectively. To determine the chromosomal position of the S-b locus, H08-1300 was cloned and its two ends were partially sequenced. The homologous comparative analysis of these sequences with published rice sequences with BLAST was performed, and 540 bp of left end sequence of H08-1300 showed 86% homologous with the sequence of rice PAC clone P0033D06 (Accession No. AC079357), and 94% homologies of 101 bp at right end were also observed. Clone P0033D06 had been anchored by RFLP markers R3166 that was located on 18.8 cM position of rice chromosome 5 by Japan Rice Genome Program, which suggested that the S-b locus was mapped on chromosome 5 and tightly linked with R3166. The gene mapping result from this study suggests that using the rice genomic sequences published to determine the chromosome position of RAPD marker, as well as linked genes, would be a useful approach in tagging new genes.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed1985

Guidelines for IUD sterilization.

At its recent meetings, the IPPF International Medical Advisory Panel formulated guidelines for sterilizing bulk packaged IUDs which are supplied by IPPF to many family planning associations. They may also be supplied in the family planning field by other organizations. These guidelines are set out below to help our readers. Any of the following solutions are acceptable for sterilizing IUDs: benzalkonium chloride (1:750); aqueous iodine solution (1:2500); isopropyl alcohol (75%). The iodine solution should be freshly prepared daily as follows: 25 ml of 2% tincture of iodine in 1 liter of water, or 7 ml of 7% tincture of iodine in 1 liter of water. The IUDs and inserters should be presterilized for 24 hours in the benzalkonium chloride solution or for 10 minutes in the aqueous iodine solution or the isopropyl alcohol solution. The IUD should not be left in the benzalkonium-chloride solution for more than 24 hours at a time as the plastic may become brittle. Metal instruments should be sterilized in an autoclave or by boiling, depending on the procedure routinely used in the clinic. Chlorhexidine gluconate (Savlon) should not be used. IUDs should be stored dry, not in a sterilizing solution. At present it is not recommended that IUDs be sterilized more than 3 times.

Clinical Laboratory Techniques↗
PubMed2001

[Ultrastructural localization of ATPase activity in fertile and sterile anther of rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. Marxie)].

Pb3 (po4)2-precipitation was used to study the ATPase activities both in fertile and sterile anthers of rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. Marxie). At big-vacuole pollen stage, tapetum of the fertile anthers showed high ATPase activity in their nuclei. In fertile pollen, ATPase was localized on the outside surface of the exine and in the nucleus both at big-vacuole and at bi-nucleate pollen stage. At late bi-nucleate pollen stage, a large amount of Pb3 (PO4)2 precipitated in endintine of the fertile pollen. In sterile anthers, tapetum was fully degenerated at big-vacuole pollen stage. In sterile pollen, ATPase was localized both on the plasmamembrane and in intine. These phenomena lasted to the bi-nucleate pollen stage. In addition, most of the sterile pollen did not show well-developed endintine. Based on the above results, we suggested that abortive tapetum could not provide enough nutrition for pollen development, and the high ATPase activity both on plasma membrane and in intine would likely result in ATP shortage in sterile anthers.

Adenosine Triphosphatases↗
PubMed2003

[Studies on application of APAGE in male sterile wheat with alloplamic cytoplasm].

Four male sterile wheat with Aeglops kotschyi, Ae. variabilis, Ae. ventricosa and Ae. bicornis cytoplasm, were crossed with some wheat materials, and from the crosses a series of maintenance lines were selected. The APAGE(acid polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) analysis indicated that most maintenance lines possessed the gliadin marker Gld1B3 of 1BL/1RS translocation chromosome. The root tip chromosomes of this maintenance lines had two satellite chromosomes, but other maintenance lines without Gld1B3 marker had the same four satellite chromosomes as other common wheat. Three male sterile wheats with Aeglops kotschyi, Ae. variabilis, Ae. ventricosa cytoplasm had the same fertility, but the male sterile wheat with Ae. bicornis cytoplasm could produce male sterile. Meantime, the paper discussed application of APAGE technology in breeding of non-1BL/1RS male sterile wheat.

Cytoplasm↗
PubMed1992

[Hormonal monitoring during the menstrual cycle among sterile women. II].

This paper attempts to assess the value of the dynamical examinations of the concentrations of the pituitary gonadotropin LH, FSH, PRL in the menstrual cycle. RIA were made on 22 sterile women with monophasic cycle and 119 sterile women with biphasic cycle in comparison with 17 women who delivered at least one child without previous treatment (control group). The dynamical RIA were made on all women between the 5th and the 26th day of the menstrual cycle. The results of these assays were compared in the 8th, 14th, 15th, 16th, 21st and 25th day of the menstrual cycle. It was confirmed that the lower levels of PRL are maintained through all the time of the menstrual cycle among sterile women with monophasic cycle. It is shown that higher level of LH is maintained through all the time of the menstrual cycle but it is particularly higher in the secretary phase of the cycle among sterile women with monophasic cycle. A lower level of FSH was observed at the beginning of the follicular phase of the cycle and a markedly higher concentration of FSH was found on the secretary phase of the cycle among sterile women with monophasic cycle.

Female↗
PubMed2004

[Comparative studies on proteins of cytoplasmic male-sterile wheat and its maintainer by 2D-PAGE in Triticum aestivum].

By using 2D-PAGE techniques, protein compositions have been studied at different developmental stage leaf (seedling, tillering, shooting and booting stages) and pollen mother cells (PMC) (meiotic, 1-nucleus and 2-3 nuclei stages) in male sterile wheat and its maintainer. The results indicated that a specific protein (33KD/pI6.3) identified at the shooting and booting stage leaves in male-sterile wheat, but this protein species has not been identified in the male fertile wheat. Four protein species, 53KD/PI5.5, 50KD/PI5.7, 48KD/PI5.6, 20KD/PI7.5 were detected at the 2-3 nuclei stages, which was thought key stage of pollen fertility lost in male-sterile wheat, and these protein species were not be seen in male-fertile wheat. According above experiment results, five protein species which detected in leaf and PMC might participate in fertility regulation and related to the male-sterility of male-sterile wheat.

Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional↗