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PubMed1975

[Changes in plasma and whole blood viscosity during starvation (author's transl)].

More than 6000 parameters were collected during a 21-day period of starvation in 51 obese patients aged 17 to 65 years and stored as data bank on a CDC CYBER 74 at the calculating centre of the University of Technology in Vienna. Samples for multiple linear regression were obtained on the basis of various selective criteria. The essential results of this analysis are the depression of plasma viscosity, which correlates positively with the decrease in blood lipids and the reduction of overweight, as well as the unexpected increase in whole blood viscosity. The latter can probably be explained by an altered erythrocytic fluidity due to the metabolic changes which take place during a longer period of starvation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

[Studies on the number of fat cells and connective tissue cells in white adipose tissue in chronic starvation and after refeeding. I. Investigations on aurothioglucose-obese NMRI-albino-mice(author's transl)].

UNLABELLED: Former investigations (Rakow et al., 1970, 1971 b) on epididymal fat pads of lean NMRI-Albino-mice during starvation and refeeding have shown that the number of fat cells (adipocytes) remained unchanged while the number of cells o connective tissue decreased during starvation and increased during the refeeding period. In the present paper the problem has been investigated whether these variations could be demonstrated also in NMRI-albino-mice obesified by administration of aurothioglucose. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The investigations were performed with male NMRI-Albino-mice rendered obese by administration of aurothioglucose (800 mg per kg body weight). These animals were fed 2.5 g Altromin 1115 R daily for six weeks. After this they were fed Altromin 1115 R and additional oat flakes ad libitum for three (exp. groups HW3) and seven (exp. groups HW 7) days respectively. After this time the animals were sacrificed. The epididymal fat pads were removed and weighed. One of both pads of each animal was used for chemical investigations. After PCA-treatment (0.5 n, 90 degrees C. 15 min.) the DNA (Burton, 1956) and RNA (Ceriotti, 1955) was determined in the supernatant. After NaOH-treatment (0.5 n, 37 degrees C, 24 Hrs) the noncollagen protein content (Lowry et al., 1951) of the sediment was estimated. After HCl-treatment (25%, 110 degrees C, 20 hrs.) the collagen content (Stegemenn, 1958; modified by Rauskolb, 1967) was determined. The remaining fat pad was used for calculations of cell numbers in the fat cell and connective tissue cell compartment. For this reason fat cells were isolated according to Rodbell (1964). The fat cell diameters were determined microscopically and the average masses of the fat cells were estimated. From the wet weight of the fat pads and the average fat cell mass the number of fat cells was calculated. The remaining suspension of fat cells and cells of connective tissue was utilized for cell smears. These smears were stained with Schiff's reagent (Feulgen et al., 1924; Graumann, 1952). With an integrating microdensitometer (Deeley, 1955) the average relative DNA-content of single cell nuclei were measured and the ploidy patterns were estimated. From the whole DNA-content of the fat pads and the DNA-content of the fat cell population the number of cells of the connective tissue was calculated...

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2000

[Effect of starvation on blood protein levels in the population of Dobrinja (1992-1995)].

In nutritional protein deficiency, numerous studies verified utilization of amino acids generated from tissue degradation in intensive protein synthesis. Unlike liver, muscle protein synthesis is extremely dependent on external supplies of essential amino acids. Prolonged nutritional protein deficiency results in decrease of body weight as well as total protein concentration, in particular in early days of starvation. In prolonged starvation during the war, significant decrease of body weight was registered in 70 subjects while their total protein concentration remained within the expected range and did not significantly differ the values recorded in the control group. Concentration of serum albumines in the control group was lower than the concentration recorded in the tested group, while the serum globulins concentration was higher in the control group. Although the difference in body weight between the tested and the control group was statistically significant, no significant difference in the concentration of total proteins, albumines and globulines was recorded.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

Nitrogen metabolism in bears: urea metabolism in summer starvation and in winter sleep and role of urinary bladder in water and nitrogen conservation.

Three bears were studied under conditions of (1) no food but access to water for 2 weeks and (2) no food or water for 3 weeks. During starvation in summer, the bears could not inhibit the net production of urea but used lean body mass; when denied access to water as well, the bears became dehydrated and azotemic. Urea was continuously formed and degraded in the winter. Arginase activity in liver increased in winter sleep; hepatic steatosis and inflammatory reactions were also noted. The urinary bladder readsorbed labeled urea and D20 in winter; the rate of absorption of urea was equal to the rate of excretion of it into the bladder. The ability to preserve lean body mass during winter sleep apparently is a special mechanism associated with the induction of winter sleep. Bears cannot duplicate this feat during summertime starvation. In winter sleep, urea is formed and degraded but the nitrogen produced is conserved in some manner that maintains the total nitrogen pool constant. The urinary bladder plays a central role in maintaining the state of winter sleep by absorbing water and solute at a rate equal to their entry into the urinary bladder.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Citrate content in the myocardium and liver of rabbits in starvation and thyrotoxicosis].

Under starvation in rabbit blood plasma an increase in content of free fatty acids was accompanied by accumulation of citrate in myocardium and by maintenance of glycogen content in the organ. Contents of glycogen and citrate were decreased in liver tissue. In blood plasma under thyreotoxicosis an increase in concentration of free fatty acids was followed by decrease in contents of glycogen and citrate both in myocardium and in liver tissue. Under thyreotoxicosis the absence of the glycogenolysis block was associated with non-accumulation of citrate in myocardium. Difference in metabolic patterns of fatty acids in heart and liver tissues under starvation and thyreotoxycosis are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

[Derivatives of dehydroepiandrosterone and their changes during a one-day starvation test].

BACKGROUND: Relationship between dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), its sulphate (DHEAS) and various components of metabolic syndrome X have been recently discussed in several papers. Originally only DHEA or DHEAS have been considered to be responsible for all of the effects. At present mainly DHEA hydroxyderivatives (particularly 7-hydroxyisometers) are assumed to be responsible for those effects. METHODS AND RESULTS: 68 obese subjects (28 males) aged 42.6 +/- 11.1 years, with average BMI 35.7 +/- 11.6 kg/m2 were examined. Relationship between 7-alpha and 7-beta-(OH)-DHEA and various components of metabolic syndrome X have been followed in a pilot epidemiological study. Fluctuations of the hydroxyderivates level during one-day starvation test were investigated in a group of 11 obese females and compared with that of the control group (12 lean subjects with BMI 23.1 +/- 2.4 kg/m2). From the view of the metabolic syndrome X, the negative correlation between the serum levels of 7-beta-(OH)-DHEA and insulinemia (r = -0.28; p = 0.23), glycemia (r = -0.48; p < 0.001), serum level of uric acid (r = -0.35; p = 0.02) and opposite the positive correlation between the serum level of HDL-cholesterol (r = 0.42; p < 0.01) should be pointed out. The negative correlation between 7-alpha-(OH)-DHEA and age and BMI was noticed (correlation for 7-beta-(OH)-DHEA was similar). No other statistically significant correlation was found among the other monitored parameters. In 11 obese females the dynamic changes of the above-mentioned DHEA hydroxyderivatives during one-day starvation test were monitored. Changes were compared with the control group (12 lean females). Significant increases in DHEAS, 7-beta-(OH)-DHEA, and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) levels were observed during this test. Significant differences in dynamic changes (before and after the test) between obese and lean group have been found only in DHEAS and SHBG. CONCLUSION: We suppose that 7-beta-(OH)-DHEA (more than 7-alpha-(OH)-DHEA) is specifically related to the metabolic syndrome X and that its claimed anti-glucocorticoid effect in the immune response can play some role in its metabolic effects.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

[Studies on the number of fat cells and connective tissue cells in white adipose tissue in chronic starvation and after refeeding. II. Investigations on obese and lean C 57 BL/6 J-mice (author's transl)].

UNLABELLED: Former investigations (Rakow et al., 1970, 1971a, b 1974) have demonstrated a constancy of the adipocyte number in white adipose tissue (parepididymal fat pads) of lean NMRI-albino-mice and aurothioglucose-obese NMRI-albino-mice during starvation and subsequent refeeding. In contrast the number of cells of connective tissue showed great variations under the experimental conditions mentioned above. The present paper describes which changes of the different cell populations within the adipose tissue could be demonstrated in lean and obese C57BL/6 J-mice. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The investigations were performed with obese and lean male C57BL/6 J-mice. The control animal groups were fed for six weeks 2.5 g (lean mice) and 2 g (obese mice), respectively, Altromin 1115R daily (starvation phase). After this time some of these animalwere killed (exp. groups H). The remaining animals now were fed Altromin 1115R and additional oat falkes ad libitum. Three (exp. groups HW3) and seven (exp. groups HW 7) days, respectively, after the beginning of the refeeding phase the animals were killed. After sacrifice the epididymal fat pads were weighed and treated with either (fat extraction). The dry mass was hydrolized with PCA (0.5 m, 90 degrees C, 40 min). In the supernatant the DNA (Burton, 1956), RNA (Ceriotti, 1955) and polysaccharide content (Seifter et al., 1950) were measured. The sediment was hydrolized with NaOH (0.5 n, 37 degrees C, 24 hrs). In this solution the protein content (Lowry et al., 1951) was determined. In addition fat cells were isolated according to Rodbell (1964). The fat cell diameters were determined microscopically and the average masses of the fat cells were estimated. From the wet weight of the fat pads and the average fat cell mass and number of fat cells were calculated. The remaining suspension of fat cells and cells of connective tissue were utilized for cell smears. These cell smears were stained with Schiff's reagent (Feulgen et al., 1924; Graumann, 1953). With an integrating microdensitometer (Deeley, 1955) the average relative DNA-content of single cell nuclei was measured and the ploidy patterns were estimated. The DNA-content was measured chemically according to Burton (1956). From the whole DNA-content of the fat pads and the DNA-content of the fat cell population the number of cells of the connective tissue was calculated...

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2000

[Impact of starvation on predation by male adult Chrysopa septempunctata].

The predation on Schizaphis graminum by male adult Chrysopa septempunctatata at various levels of starvation was examined in this paper. Th results showed that the functional reactive types of predator were not altered by its starvation duration, and the amount(Na) of catched S. graminum by C. septempunctata within 24 hrs varied with duration time(t), which could be expressed by the model: Na = 100/(1 + e-0.3088 - 0.0996t). The relationship between predation rate(v) and time(x) could be described as v = 6.7117 x-0.7928. The male adult predators preferred feeding on the young preys.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Time of survival under starvation in two flea species (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae) at different air temperatures and relative humidities.

We studied the effect of air temperature and RH on the survival time of adult Xenopsylla conformis Wagner, 1903 and Xenopsylla ramesis Rothschild, 1904 fleas during starvation to explain the paratopic habitat distribution of these species on opposite ends of a precipitation and temperature gradient in the Negev Highlands, Israel. We hypothesized that the pattern of distribution of the two flea species is caused by differential microclimatic preferences of imagoes and predicted that (1) the resistance to starvation would differ between the two flea species at different air temperatures (10 degrees C - 38 degrees C) and relative humidities (RH) (40%-92%) and (2) survival time of starving X conformis would be longer than that of starving X ramesis at high air temperatures and low RHs. Survival time of newly emerged X conformis was dependent on air temperature but not on RH, whereas in newly emerged X ramesis it was affected by both air temperature and RH. Generally, survival time of newly emerged fleas was longer at lower air temperatures and higher humidities than at higher air temperatures and lower humidities. No significant difference in survival time between species in dependence on either air temperature or RH were found for newly emerged fleas. Fed fleas of both species responded similarly to changes in air temperature and RH in terms of survival time. Survival time at lower temperatures was longer than that at higher temperatures. Females survived longer than males at all air temperatures except for the highest temperature when the survival time of both sexes was similarly low. In both species, the effect of RH on survival time was significant at the highest RH only, with a decrease in survival time at 92% RH. In contrast, survival times at lower RHs did not differ. Males of both species survived for less time than females at all RHs. X conformis generally survived for less time than X ramesis, all else being equal. The only regime at which X conformis survived longer than X. ramesis was 38 degrees C and 40% RH. Newly emerged fleas survived for significantly longer time than fed fleas.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1979

The influence of temperature, darkness, and starvation on growth and survival of Helisoma duryi, Biomphalaria alexandrina and Bulinus truncatus.

The influence of 10 degrees, 18 degrees, 26 degrees, 28 degrees and 33 degrees C, different periods of complete darkness and starvation on growth and survival of H. duryi, B. alexandrina and B. truncatus were studied. The optimum temperature for the growth and survival was about 26 degrees C. Survivorship and growth rates decreased proportionately according to starvation period. However, darkness had no significant effect on the growth of B. truncatus and H. duryi. Under the chosen experimental conditions H. duryi revealed higher tolerance limits and survival rates than B. alexandrina and B. truncatus. The potential of H. duryi as biological control agent of Schistosome vector snails is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

[Starvation metabolism in parent Chinese mitten-handed crab (Eriocheir sinensis)].

The experiment was conducted to study the influence of starvation on the metabolism of parent Chinese mitten-handed crab (Eriocheir sinensis) with weights of 54.59 (+/- 2.37) g under 20 (+/- 0.5) degree C during Oct. to Dec., 1998. The results showed oxygen consumption, CO2 production and ammonia-N excretion of the parent crab being starved for 30 days were 50.0%, 63.4%, and 59.1% of those of the fed crab, respectively. The course of oxygen consumption reduction could be divided into four phases: 1) from the 1st day to the 6th day, the metabolic rate decreased remarkably; 2) from the 7th day to the 15th day, the metabolic rate kept relatively stable; 3) from the 16th day to the 25th day, the metabolic rate decreased markedly again; and 4) from 26th day to 30th day (the end time of the experiment), the metabolic rate decreased most dramatically. There were only three phases during the course of CO2 production and ammonia-N excretion reduction. Meanwhile, the standard metabolism of the starved crab reduced from 4.45 to 2.36 J.g-1.h-1, and lipid was used as the first energy source in the course of starvation.

Ammonia↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The effect of starvation on mast cell functional activity and on the content of microsomal cytochromes in the liver].

Histamine secretion and ATP levels were measured in mast cells from the abdominal and pleural cavities of Wistar rat males (250-300 g) which had been starving for 2-4 days. Food deprivation had no effect on histamine levels and secretion in exposure to substance 48/80. ATP concentration got reduced from starvation day 2. Food deprivation for 2 days led to decline in the content of cytochromes P-450, P-450B, in the ratio P-450B/P-450L, but had no effect on rat liver cytochrome B5. 4-day starvation did not entail further changes.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗
PubMed1992

Effect of short-term starvation and water deprivation on pharmacokinetics of antipyrine in calves.

The experiment was carried out on 15 calves of black and white breed at the age of 21-22 days. The effect of 72 hours simultaneous starvation and water deprivation on pharmacokinetics of antipyrine (phenazone) was studied. The following parameters were determined: Vd--volume of distribution, delta Vd--apparent volume of distribution, t0.5--half-life, ClA--metabolic clearance rate. There were shown statistically significant increase of half-life and decrease of metabolic clearance rate and volume of antipyrine distribution in fasted and water deprived calves. Apparent volume of antipyrine distribution in the control and experimental groups did not differ significantly. The obtained results indicate that starvation and water deprivation considerably inhibits liver biotransformation process (estimated on the basis of antipyrine test) in calves during neonatal period.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

[Death caused by hypoglycemia after starvation--pathophysiology versus morphology].

We describe a 19-year-old mentally retarded man who after severe starvation (criminally induced by his parents) presented with hypoglycemic coma and eventually experienced death. Biochemical findings and pathophysiology of starvation are discussed. The cause of death was hypoglycemia in combination with terminal infection. The importance of structural-functional conclusions and considerations for determination of the manner and cause of death is demonstrated.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1992

Effects of pulmonary surfactant and surfactant protein A on phagocytosis of fractionated alveolar macrophages: relationship to starvation.

Pulmonary surfactant isolated from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of rat lung contained a high content of surfactant protein A (SP-A) in starved for 2 days compared to fed controls, but this phenomena returned to baseline following more than 4 days starvation. As determined by immunoperoxidase staining of lung sections using SP-A antibody, SP-A could be consistently observed in nonciliated bronchiolar (Clara) cells, alveolar type II cells and some alveolar macrophages (AM). Fc receptor-mediated phagocytosis of AM was enhanced by SP-A, which was dependent on the dosis and reached a maximum at 10 micrograms of SP-A/ml. Antibody to SP-A completely inhibited the enhanced response of phagocytosis. When exposed AM subpopulations, separated into four fractions (I, II, III and IV) by discontinuous Percoll gradient, to SP-A or pulmonary surfactant prepared from rats fed and starved for 2 days enhanced their phagocytic activity in high dense cells (III and IV), particularly to SP-A and pulmonary surfactant from rats starved for 2 days. Whereas little change in lower dense fractions (I and II) were seen in all exposures except for SP-A that enhanced the cells of fraction II. These results supported the concept that pulmonary surfactant and its apoprotein, SP-A, are a factor to regulate lung defense system including activation of AM that undergo different processes following starvation.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Influence of subacute starvation on cardiac response to isoproterenol in rats.

Several studies have reported that the heart is severely affected by chronic malnutrition. However, the influence of these alterations on cardiac function remains unclear. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of subacute starvation on the heart chronotropic response to a beta-adrenergic agonist (isoproterenol). Twelve rats were fed rat chow ad libitum or a 50%-restricted diet for 17 days. The rats were killed, the right atrium was isolated and incubated, and in vitro spontaneous cardiac contractions and frequency were registered. Cumulative doses of isoproterenol were added to the solution until maximal cardiac frequency was achieved. A deficit of 25% in the weight gain was observed in study rats compared with controls (92.6 +/- 10.2 vs. 113.8 +/- 19.2 g, p less than 0.05). Mean daily food intake was 4.8 +/- 0.1 and 9.8 +/- 0.5 g/day for semistarved and control rats, respectively. The in vitro cardiac frequency of the semistarved rats was similar to that of controls (290 +/- 15 and 305 +/- 23 beats/min, respectively, NS). However, when isoproterenol was added to the solution, maximal cardiac frequency of the semistarved rats (435 +/- 51 beats/min) was lower than that of control rats (508 +/- 34 beats/min, p less than 0.005). These findings suggest that subacute starvation may alter the cardiac response to beta-adrenergic agonists.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Effects of starvation, surgery and infusion of adrenocorticotrophin on plasma amino acid concentration in the pregnant ewe.

Total plasma amino acid concentrations (TAA) in 12 Scottish Blackface ewes between 80 and 140 days of pregnancy were unaltered by two days of starvation, but concentrations of essential amino acids (EAA) increased and non-essential amino acid (NAA) levels decreased. These trends were more pronounced later in pregnancy. Ewes fasted before surgery to implant fetal catheters showed marked reductions in mean TAA levels (--26 per cent, n-5) on the day after operation (day+ 1). Half of this decrease was accounted for by glycine. Mean concentrations of NAA increased after day +1 but by day +6 were still 15 per cent below baseline values. In contrast mean plasma concentrations of EAA were 31 per cent above prestarvation levels on day +6 and maximal on day +4(+39 per cent). Following a two-day fast, sheep given half rations and simultaneously infused with adrenocorticotrophin showed changes in plasma-free amino acid composition like those observed during the two days after operation. Disturbances to plasma amino acid concetrations persisted for up to 12 days after operation and are attributed to the preoperative starvation and the combined effects of irregular feeding patterns and elevated plasma corticosteroid levels during and after operation.

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effect of intravenous feeding on wound healing in starvation: an experimental study on the rabbit.

The effects of modified protein sparing therapy (PSP) and total parenteral nutrition (TPN) on total and wound metabolism were studied for 96 hours after laparotomy and a small gastric excision in 40 rabbits starved for seven days. A further eight starved and eight non-starved animals served as controls for the blood variables. Normal healing up to day 14 was studied in 20 non-starved animals. The difference in deaths and animals in poor condition, 42.1 per cent in PSP and 18.6 per cent in TPN, respectively, was clear but statistically non-significant. PSP led to a lower mean serum albumin concentration than TPN, 25.7 +/- 3.7 (SD) and 28.7 +/- 3.0 (p = 0.02), respectively. The animals receiving PSP excreted significantly more 3-methylhistidine. TPN maintained a positive nitrogen balance, but PSP produced a negative one. The collagen content of the skin scar was lower after PSP (3.1 +/- 0.7 mg) than after TPN (4.5 +/- 1.3 mg) (p less than 0.05), the latter coming close to the level for normal 4-day healing, 4.5 +/- 1.2 mg. Prolyl 4-hydroxylase (PPH) activity showed no difference. No inter-group differences in collagen were found in the stomach. Both regimens totally reversed the starvation-induced decrease in PPH activity in the stomach, but only partially in skin. Thus TPN produced better total and skin wound metabolism after laparotomy and starvation than did PSP. No differences in visceral wound healing were observed.

Animals↗