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At least 1,297 records · Page 72Linked to original sources
PubMed1991

[The early history of pediatrics in Mecklenburg. 2: The first specialized facilities for handicapped children, child and infant mortality, clinical facilities for pediatrics in Mecklenburg].

Particular attention is given to social and regional aspects in this report on the development of special care facilities for handicapped children, infant and child mortality in Mecklenburg, and an analysis of their causes. The restricted opportunities available for influencing the relevant conditions and for introducing prophylactic measures are described. The establishment and development of medical facilities for treating sick children in Mecklenburg are outlined, special emphasis being placed on the hospitals at Ludwigslust, the importance of Schwerin's Anna Hospital and their facilities for hospital, surgical and outpatient treatment of children.

Child↗
PubMed1990

[Determination of the activity of minor forms of pulmonary tuberculosis in adolescents in specialized sanatoria].

Koch's testing supplemented by a series of clinical and laboratory tests which could be made in a specialized tuberculosis sanatorium for adolescents demonstrated its diagnostic value. In 13.8% of the cases it happened to be positive, thus proving the activity of a tuberculous process and indicating the need for further specific therapy. If Koch's test data are questionable, a follow-up of the patient seems to be necessary when the preventive treatment is over. It is advisable to recommend Koch's test to be widely used in the practice of specialized sanatoria for children and adolescents.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Instructional behaviors of more and less effective beginning regular and special educators.

To enhance understanding of effective teaching, we studied 117 elementary and intermediate secondary general and special educators who were more and less effective in maintaining class participation. We performed MANOVAs on 22 variables associated with positive student outcomes in the process-product literature and found that teachers who maintained higher levels of participation provided effective transitions, made assignments, and approved of students' verbal responses more often than less effective educators. In addition, they demonstrated negative regard less often than less effective teachers. They also acknowledged learner-initiated interactions and employed strategies for managing student inattention and disruption less frequently than teachers who were less effective in maintaining active student involvement. We also found differences in the frequencies with which elementary and secondary teachers and general and special educators exhibited specific behaviors.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Establishing special needs car seat loan program.

Car seat loan and rental programs have provided many families with low-cost access to child restraints. When an infant or child is unable to be accommodated in a standard car seat or seat belt owing to physical or medical problems, parents of these children have few, if any available resources. The establishment and operation of a loan program at the Indiana University School of Medicine for children who are medically fragile is reviewed in this article. This program was developed by the Automotive Safety for Children Program at the James Whitcomb Riley Hospital for Children, Indiana University Medical Center, to meet the special transportation needs of children with respiratory, orthopaedic, and other medical and physical difficulties. A summary table is included to highlight restraints that have performed satisfactorily during dynamic crash tests and are used to meet patient transportation needs at Riley Hospital. Guidelines for establishing and maintaining a child restraint loan program for children with special needs are outlined to encourage replication of this effort.

Child↗
PubMed1989

[The training of specialized physicians and continuing medical education: a system in crisis].

In 1954 the Postgraduate School of the University of Chile initiated the programmed training of medical specialists and continuous medical education. The National Health Service, in cooperation with the University, granted 2-3 year fellowships for medical graduates or for physicians who had previously worked 3 to 5 years in National Health Service hospitals around the country. In 1981, a new University law oriented to the decentralization of these institutions, established that postgraduate programs would be under direct control of each Medical School (6 in all). Since then, an increasing number of graduates, a decrease in the number of postgraduate training programs and a deterioration of training centers has been observed. Some continuous medical education and specialization programs are carried out/by independent organizations, not necessarily related to the medical schools. Moreover, important changes in health and economic policies have occurred in the country and financial resources for the specialization of physicians are limited. Urgent action of institutions with a responsibility for post-graduate training, with cooperation of private sectors, is needed to revert this critical problem.

Accreditation↗
PubMed1989

The family doctor and children with special educational needs.

Twenty three of the 1548 children registered with a group practice were found to have special educational needs. Only half of these children were known by the health visitor attached to the practice to have such needs. Ten of the 17 children attending school had no reference to their special needs in their case notes. Irregular attendance and poor immunization records indicated a lack of anticipatory care within the practice. Children with a physical handicap, in particular, attended their family doctor much less frequently than normal children or those with a mental disability. Improved care in recent years coincided with the establishment of developmental surveillance within the practice.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

A commitment to care: the development of clinical specialization in nursing.

The development of clinical specialists is traced from the beginning of the profession into the present. Nurse anesthetists were the first clinical specialists to appear in the 1880s. In the 1900s, public health nurses began to specialize as infant, school, industrial, and tuberculosis nurses and midwives. From the 1950s to the present, the growth of critical care specialists paralleled the extraordinary growth of medicine. Underlying all specialization has been nursing's commitment to provide needed care.

History of Nursing↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Comparative evaluation of ectopic pregnancy surgical treatment between a specialized hospital and a general hospital.

The surgical approaches followed in cases of ectopic pregnancy by the operators in two centres in Piedmont, one specialized in ostetrics and gynecology, the other a general county hospital are taken into consideration and compared. 131 cases have been registered in Turin and 30 in Biella. The salpingectomy has been performed on most cases in both centres with 56.5% and 66% respectively in the specialized Hospital and in the General one. The annexiectomy has been chosen for 25%. The intervention aiming at preserving the tube has been chosen for 17.5% in Turin and 34% in Biella. The most discriminating factor in choosing the type of intervention is mainly based on the patient's amnestic history, and therefore on her age, parity, any preceeding tube intervention and also on her desire for children.

Adnexa Uteri↗
PubMed1979

The age of specialization and its future influence on optometry.

As overview of the future role of specialization in optometry is presented, and topics such as the necessity and desirability of optometric specialties, certification of specialists, referrals to specialists, training of specialists, and the impact of public opinion, governmental programs, expanded use of the optometric auxiliaries, and advances in technology on optometric specialization are examined.

Allied Health Personnel↗
PubMed1982

[Experience in organizing primary specialization in epidemiology].

Experience in the organization of the primary stage of specialization in epidemiology is described. In the process of this specialization the students study the subject and the methods of an epidemiologist's work, practice their skills in epidemiological analysis, acquire experience and skills necessary for work with scientific literature and in research. Grounds for the necessity of summarizing the working experience of different chairs in the form of methodological recommendations to be universally used through the country are given.

Curriculum↗
PubMed1980

[The motor development of physically handicapped children as a central task of special education (author's transl)].

A physical disability is always the starting point of a life-long process the dynamics of which are determined by the autonomy of the biological and psychological maturation, as well as by social influences. The motor development of the physically handicapped child is related to its personality formation. Motor and behavioural deficiencies can worsen and produce long-term effects. Therefore, starting as soon as possible, at best on a daily basis, physical education and kinesiotherapy must be used to compensate for these deficiencies and activate the forces of psychological and physical self-regulation. Physicians and kinesiotherapists must pay more attention to the normal need of movement of physically handicapped children. The motor development of the physically handicapped must become an integral part of the paedagogical responsibilities of physical education. For this reason, it is necessary that physical instructors with special qualifications are systematically employed in special schools and rehabilitation facilities.

Child Development↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Evaluation of the level of specialization in the medical instrument industry].

Based on the definition of the essence of specialized industrial production necessary and sufficient system for determining the specialization level is suggested involving the following indices: density of a product in the total output of the production unit under study, density of the production unit in the total product output, the level of the product unification, and the level of the production optimality.

Industry↗
PubMed1982

General and special educators' basic information and experience with cleft palate.

Two hundred and sixteen general and special educators completed a 25-item questionnaire which was designed to assess their knowledge of and experience with children with cleft palate. Special educators were found to be better informed and had more experience with these children than general educators. Both groups of educators, however, were deficient in basic information regarding cleft palate and associated problems, and acknowledged limited academic and classroom experience with this population. Yearly continuing education programs are essential for educators, because they are important members of the cleft palate child's habilitation team.

Cleft Palate↗
PubMed1980

Specialization: What it holds for the future of medicine.

Specialization in medicine developed in response to the ever-increasing volume and complexity of scientific knowledge. While diverse factors may have contributed to improved health of people in the United States, the medical profession undoubtedly played an important role. Despite this achievement our profession is held in low esteem probably because of the high cost of medical care and unsubstantiated charges in the United States that some surgery is performed unnecessarily. In contemplating the future we must guard against the establishment of unrealistic small areas of specialization. Specialty groups must refrain from treatment of disease entities or anatomical regions. Such claims indicate self-aggrandizement and lead to acrimonious, destructive disputes within the profession.

Costs and Cost Analysis↗
PubMed1982

[Study of the functioning of Departmental Commissions on Special Education].

The study of the functioning of the Regional Commissions for Special Education (C.D.E.S.), which were established by the Loi d'Orientation (orientation law) of 1975, was carried through within a three years' period by a team of researchers from the areas of Public Health and Education. The following main results were found: (1) A statistical analysis of 800 dossiers from the Commissions resulted in findings which are in accordance with corresponding epidemiological data from France: in the population aged 0-20 the frequency of handicap is 11,5%. (2) Three quarters of the children had additional handicaps. (3) Of the children living in unfavourable social-familial conditions caused by severe behavior disturbances and light or moderate intellectual limitations 8,7% were found to be excluded from school. The hypothesis elaborated by the researchers was that the Loi d'Orientation of 1975 has caused a unifying change in the practice of social action. This assumption was confirmed by the observations and evaluations: the Commissions for Special Education are aware of 90% of the needs of the corresponding population, without creating inadequate needs. They are a place of concertation, bringing together all partners: representatives of parents, representatives of institutions, from the areas of Public Health and Education, and Administration. The integration of the handicapped in regular schools makes progress, not so much in a quantitative but in a qualitative way. At the same time the study points at a number of unsolved problems: the contact with parents is not always well established; the work rhythm of the Commissions and working groups is too quick, the availability of their members is insufficient; finally, the reticence of maintaining accurate dossiers and of keeping to the rules of professional secrecy impede concerted action and coherence of decisions, as much in respect to educational orientation as to the allotment of means. In conclusion, the engaged unifying change should be favored by new means of personnel and by establisheing new methodological and deontological tools which are well adapted to a concerted medico-social action.

Education, Special↗
PubMed1995

[Follow-up of psychiatric disorders and specific developmental delay disorders in special education students].

In a prospective longitudinal study 72 children who were attending a special school for children with learning disabilities in Erlangen were examined in 1990 and again in 1992/93. At the first examination the children's mean age was 7 years 1 month and at the second 8 years 10 months. The sample contained many more boys than girls. Reported here are the findings on the course of the psychiatric disorders and the specific developmental disorders of speech and language and motor function. There was a marked decrease in the prevalence of psychiatric disorders. Of the 17 children with a psychiatric disorder at follow-up, 13 (76%) also had a disorder at the start of the study and of the 23 with a psychiatric disorder at the start 13 (57%) still had a disorder at follow-up. Children with enuresis and those with disturbances of activity or attention had the best prognosis. The special school had a positive effect on conduct. The prevalence of specific developmental disorders also decreased over the two-year period. As expected, specific speech articulation disorders had the best prognosis. All other disorders had a poor prognosis. Increases in prevalence were mainly the result of different cutoff points for a given diagnosis at different ages. The high number of specific disorders of motor function at both time points is especially noteworthy.

Child↗
PubMed1996

Transition from high school to work or college: how special education students fare.

Results are reported from the National Longitudinal Transition Study of Special Education Students. Dropout rates were high: 30% of students with disabilities dropped out of high school, and another 8% dropped out before entering high school. The average dropout with disabilities was 18 years old at the time of leaving but had earned less than half the credits needed to graduate. Employment successes were strongly related to taking a concentration (four courses) in vocational education. Youths with learning disabilities or speech impairments were most likely to approach the rate of employment found in the general population. Postsecondary education was low: 37% of high school graduates with disabilities had attended a postsecondary school, compared with 78% of high school graduates generally. Students with hearing or visual impairments were most likely to attend college. Students with disabilities were significantly more likely to be poor than were youths in the general population, and poverty tended to exacerbate the impact of having a disability. Impoverished students with disabilities were less likely than wealthier students with disabilities to be enrolled in those postsecondary education and training programs that could enable them to break out of poverty. When employed, the poorer students with disabilities earned significantly less per year than did those from wealthier families. Placement in regular education (rather than special education) was associated both with better and worse postschool outcomes. Students with sensory or motor disabilities appeared to benefit from regular education placement. However, for many students, more time in regular education was associated with a higher likelihood of course failure, which was a strong predictor of dropping out of school.

Adolescent↗