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PubMed2002

Universal topological properties of two-dimensional trivalent cellular patterns.

Universal topological properties of two-dimensional trivalent cellular patterns are found from shell analysis of soap froth and computer-generated Voronoi diagrams. We introduce a cluster analysis based on the shell model and find the universal relation ln(a/mu(2)) = A+Bln(mu(2)), with the generalized Aboav parameter a and second moment of the number of cell edge distribution mu(2). For the second, third, and fourth shells of the cluster, A and B are the same for all samples. Furthermore, A is increasing with shell number while B is a universal number, -0.90. For the first shell, the slope B is the same for soap froths, but slightly different from Voronoi graphs.

Cells↗
PubMed2005

Structure-based interpretation of the Strouhal-Reynolds number relationship.

The wake in the flow past a circular cylinder has posed a long-standing challenge to scientists since the late 19th century. Many aspects of this seemingly simple phenomenon remain unexplained. Of particular interest is the relationship between the dimensionless vortex shedding frequency (the Strouhal number St) and the ratio of inertial to viscous forces in the fluid (the Reynolds number Re). We propose a new St-Re relation based on the observations of the structure of a vortex street in flowing soap films. The measurements suggest a simple two-parameter form St=1/(A+B/Re) that describes laminar vortex shedding remarkably well for bulk fluids as well as for two-dimensional flowing soap films.

Journal Article↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Lattice-based flow field modeling.

We present an approach for simulating the natural dynamics that emerge from the interaction between a flow field and immersed objects. We model the flow field using the Lattice Boltzmann Model (LBM) with boundary conditions appropriate for moving objects and accelerate the computation on commodity graphics hardware (GPU) to achieve real-time performance. The boundary conditions mediate the exchange of momentum between the flow field and the moving objects resulting in forces exerted by the flow on the objects as well as the back-coupling on the flow. We demonstrate our approach using soap bubbles and a feather. The soap bubbles illustrate Fresnel reflection, reveal the dynamics of the unseen flow field in which they travel, and display spherical harmonics in their undulations. Our simulation allows the user to directly interact with the flow field to influence the dynamics in real time. The free feather flutters and gyrates in response to lift and drag forces created by its motion relative to the flow. Vortices are created as the free feather falls in an otherwise quiescent flow.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2003

Healthy viewing: the reception of medical narratives.

This paper draws on two reception studies. One focuses on an American medical drama which respondents perceived as entertainment but also as a reliable source of information from which they collected medical and social data by using emotional and ludic strategies. The second compares parallel illness narratives in a soap opera and a documentary. Soap operas were described by informants as good pedagogic tools because they attracted large audiences and promoted identification and repetition which enhance learning. On the other hand, they criticised the documentary for being incomplete and artificial. The conclusion argues that viewers are media-literate, astute and insightful. They produce sophisticated, subtle interpretations which cannot be predicted by content analyses of programmes alone. More reception research is therefore needed, particularly since television is increasingly omnipresent and provides a considerable portion of the public's medical knowledge.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed1978

A reappraisal of the role of Pityrosporum orbiculare in pityriasis versicolor and the significance of extracellular lipase.

Pityrosporum orbiculare is an obligate lipophilic yeast in vitro, which suggests it possesses an extracellular lipase crucial for nutrition. If present in vivo, the enzyme would enable the yeast to utilize skin surface lipids, which may therfore play an important role in the pathogenesis of pityriasis versicolor. Cultured P. orbiculare and biopsy material from patients with pityriasis versicolor were investigated for the presence of lipase by electron microscope histochemistry. At sites of lipase activity, fatty acid hydrolyzed from Tween 80 substrate reacts with Ca++ ions to form an insoluble Ca++ soap. Exchange of Ca++ with Pb++ enables the sites of lipase activity to be visualized as electron dense deposits of insoluble lead soap. Surface lipase activity was apparent when the technique was applied to P. orbiculare grown on lipid containing medium and its specificity confirmed by removal of substrate and inhibition by di-isopropyl fluorophosphate and quinine hydrochloride, but not by sodium fluoride. When the same technique was applied to stratum corneum infected with Pityrosporum furfur (Malassez), no reaction product could be detected. It is postulated that lipase, although critical for fungal nutrition in vitro, is unlikely to be of importance in vivo. Skin surface lipids are therefore probably not relevant to the pathogenesis of pityriasis versicolor.

Histocytochemistry↗
PubMed2005

Contact allergy to methyldibromo glutaronitrile--data from a 'front line' network.

The preservative methyldibromo glutaronitrile (MDBGN) has caused an epidemic of contact allergy in Europe. However, most data concerning contact allergy comes from hospital departments of dermatology. As a part of the primary health care sector, Danish dermatologists in private practice provide the front line of care for patients with skin diseases. Data from this source may therefore better reflect trends in the general population than material from hospital departments of dermatology. In this study, the frequency of MDBGN allergy and the characteristics of patients seen by dermatologists in private practice were studied. In 1 year, 2146 patients were patch tested by the participating dermatologists from 4 clinics in various parts of Denmark. 5% (110) had positive patch tests to MDBGN, with no difference between the sexes. After adjustment was made for other background variables, multivariate analysis using logistic regression showed a significant association between hand eczema and MDBGN allergy (OR 2.5, P < 0.001). In 53 cases (52.4%), the patch test reaction to MDBGN was judged to be of current relevance. Creams and lotions accounted for 31% of the identified causative products and liquid soaps for 23%. It is concluded that contact allergy to MDBGN is frequent among patients seen by dermatologists in private practice. This is consistent with results from hospital departments of dermatology in Europe and indicates a general trend and ongoing epidemic in the general population. The significant relationship between hand eczema and MDBGN allergy is of concern, and the finding that wash-off products, especially liquid soaps, play a significant role in MDBGN allergy calls for a revision of the safety assessment of MDBGN in wash-off products.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Skin care in the well term newborn: two systematic reviews.

BACKGROUND: Awareness is increasing that the use of some commercial products on the premature neonatal skin may be beneficial, whereas the use of others may be harmful. The World Health Organization developed general postnatal care guidelines and the Association of Women's Health, Obstetric and Neonatal Nurses published specific evidence-based guidance relating to neonatal skin care. No systematic reviews on the topic have focused on the term newborn. The objective of this review was to determine, for the well term baby, if the use of soaps or detergents in bath water is associated with the development of dry, cracked, or flaking skin in the perinatal period, and short- and long-term consequences of the use of emollients, lotions, or moisturizers for dry skin. METHODS: We conducted a structured systematic review of prospective studies involving term newborns. RESULTS: No relevant studies were located. CONCLUSIONS: No prospective studies of research in skin care involving the term newborn were found. Some recommendations for skin care may balance risk and benefit for the compromised infant, but this balance may be different for the healthy term newborn. Clinical practitioners should be aware that outcomes related to the use of soaps, detergents, emollients, and lotions on the term neonatal skin have not been formally investigated. Systematic reviews that yield no formal results provide insights into unresearched areas of practice, and should be reported to highlight these deficits, and to avoid duplication of effort by future investigators.

Baths↗
PubMed1993

An evaluation, using computerized image analysis, of antimicrobial efficacy of an automatic hand washing machine with ultrasonic wave spraying.

We studied the antimicrobial efficacy of hand washing with a quick-dry hand washing machine [TE-KIREIKI] employing ultrasonic wave spraying and its incidental alcohol-based product [AROKULIN-E]. The subjects of this study were 10 males who had been instructed not to use any antimicrobial agent for the previous 2 weeks or any hand soap for the previous 5 hours. They pressed their palms on agar before and after washing their hands. After 48-hour incubation at 37 degrees C, the bacterial colonies grown on the agar were counted using the [ASPECT] image processing system. The colony count was expressed as the post-stamp versus pre-stamp percent (%) reduction. Two patterns of hand washing were examined in this study: [A] a 3-second hand wash using an alcohol-based product [AROKULIN-E] and [B] a 30-second hand wash using a nonmedicated detergent soap with running water in addition to hand washing by [A]. The percent (%) reduction after hand washing patterns [A] and [B] were 49.1% and 51.3%. These reduction rates indicated that these patterns did not eradicate bacteria from the hand surface. Therefore, we concluded that this quick-dry hand washing machine employing an ultrasonic wave spraying method combined with an alcohol-based product needs improvement.

Bacteria↗
PubMed2007

A systematic review of topical skin care in aged care facilities.

AIM: This systematic review aimed to evaluate the best available evidence regarding the effectiveness of topical skin care interventions for residents of aged care facilities. INTRODUCTION: Natural changes to skin, as well as increased predisposition to pressure sores and incontinence, means residents of aged care facilities readily require topical skin care. A range of interventions exist that aim to maintain or improve the integrity of skin of older adults. METHODS: Pubmed, Embase, Current Contents, CINAHL and The Cochrane Library databases were searched, as well as Health Technology Assessment websites up to April 2003. Systematic reviews and randomized or non-randomized controlled trials were evaluated for quality and data were independently extracted by two reviewers. RESULTS: The effectiveness of topical skin interventions was variable and dependent on the skin condition being treated. Studies examined the effectiveness of washing products on incontinence irritated skin. Disposable bodyworns may prevent deterioration of skin condition better than non-disposable underpads or bodyworns. Clinisan, a no-rinse cleanser may reduce the incidence of incontinence associated pressure ulcers when compared with soap and water. CONCLUSION: In general the quality of evidence for interventions to improve or maintain the skin condition in the older person was poor and more research in this area is needed. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: Skin care is a major issue for nurses working with older people. On the basis of this review no clear recommendations can be made. This lack of strong evidence for nurses to base effective practice decisions is problematic. However, the 'best' evidence suggests that disposable bodyworns are a good investment in the fight against skin deterioration. No rinse cleansers are to be preferred over soap and the use of the bag bath appears to be a useful practice to reduce the risk of dry skin (a risk factor for breaches in skin integrity).

Aged↗
PubMed1995

Evaluation of non-conventional treatments for control of the biting louse (Bovicola ovis) on sheep.

A variety of non-conventional treatments was applied to biting louse (Bovicola ovis) infested sheep in order to evaluate ways in which farmers could control the louse infestations and still maintain Organic Production Standards. In one trial, louse scores of sheep shorn but kept dry or wetted by water alone or with water plus detergent were compared with unshorn sheep treated similarly. Shearing alone accounted for a 35.7-66.3% reduction in mean louse scores. Wetting alone either with water or with water and added detergent accounted for a 26.9-35.3% reduction in mean louse scores. The combined effects on mean louse scores of shearing and wetting, as opposed to shearing alone, were statistically significant on two of the three farms at 32-35 days post-treatment. The effects persisted for the duration of the trial (between 48 and 52 days), at which point shearing and wetting with detergent provided 95.3-99.6% control of lice. In a second trial, a range of insecticidal substances considered acceptable by Organic Production Standards, azadirachtin (neem), pyrethrum, soap, was applied to louse-infested sheep and their efficacy compared with that of a commercial formulation of cypermethrin. The sheep treated with azadirachtin and pyrethrum had significantly fewer lice than either the control or soap treated sheep over the 48 days of the trial. Neither azadirachtin nor pyrethrum were significantly less effective than cypermethrin. Control (reduction in louse score) of 85.0-100% was achieved over the period of the trial. It is concluded that most of the non-conventional treatments evaluated had a useful and cost-effective role to play in reducing louse numbers on sheep for at least 40-50 days. The lack of persistence compared with that obtained with conventional insecticides was the only apparent drawback.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Detergent-shock response in enteric bacteria.

Our work on bacterial detergent resistance started with the realization that bacteria growing in a sink full of soap must be resistant to the detergents in that soap. We chose sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) as a model detergent and decided to see how much SDS the bacterium growing in the sink could tolerate. The research program thus initiated has shown that bacteria such as Enterobacter cloacae can grow in up to 25% SDS and that SDS-shock proteins constitute c. 8% of the proteins synthesized by SDS-grown Escherichia coli. It has also provided explanations why enteric bacteria are oxidase negative, and how pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) enters the periplasmic space. Finally, for E. coli, it has provided evidence for an alternate, phosphate-limited, aquatic life style which places greater emphasis on the Entner-Doudoroff pathway. Detergent resistance is important both medically and ecologically, e.g. entry of pathogens via bile-salt-containing intestinal tracts and biodegradation of detergent-like pollutants such as those resulting from oil spills. Our current research is focused on SDS-induced modifications of the cytoplasmic membrane and the presence of SDS in the periplasm.

Detergents↗
PubMed2006

Skin care in occupational contact dermatitis of the hands.

A survey of patients attending an occupational dermatology clinic with suspected occupational contact dermatitis affecting the hands was undertaken to determine if optimal skin care treatment had been instituted prior to referral for patch testing. Appropriate treatment for contact dermatitis of the hands was defined as concurrent use of a soap substitute, use of a lipid-rich moisturizer, and if appropriate, use of a topical corticosteroid in an ointment vehicle. Patients were asked about the use of a particular soap substitute, the name and type of any moisturizer used and the name and type of topical corticosteroids currently used. The products were examined where possible. Only one-third of all patients were using the complete package at the time of their clinic appointment. Nearly all of these patients had seen a dermatologist prior to this appointment. Of the group of patients with work-related diseases who reported having seen a dermatologist prior to the clinic appointment, only 38% were using the complete skin care routine.

Administration, Cutaneous↗
PubMed2006

Status of infection control policies and organisation in European hospitals, 2001: the ARPAC study.

Patient safety in hospital care depends on effective infection control (IC) programmes. The Antimicrobial Resistance Prevention and Control (ARPAC) study assessed the organisation, components and human resources of IC programmes in European hospitals. A questionnaire survey of policies and procedures implemented in 2001 for the surveillance and control of nosocomial infection and antibiotic resistance was completed by 169 acute-care hospitals from 32 European countries, categorised by five geographical regions. A formal IC programme existed in 72% of hospitals, and a multidisciplinary IC committee was operational in 90%. Trained IC nurses (ICNs) were present in 80% of hospitals (ranging from 54% in south-east and central-eastern Europe, to 100% in northern Europe), whereas 74% had one or more trained IC doctors (ICDs) (ranging from 46% in south-east Europe to 84% in western Europe). Median staffing levels were 2.33 ICNs/1,000 beds and 0.94 ICDs/1,000 beds. The intensity of IC programmes scored higher in centres from northern and western Europe than from other European regions. Written guidelines promoted hand hygiene for healthcare workers in 89% of hospitals, education in 85%, and audit in 46%. Guidelines recommended use of alcohol-based solutions (70%) and/or medicated/antiseptic soap (43%) for decontamination of non-soiled hands. Use of alcohol-based solutions varied according to region, from 41% in southern Europe to 100% in northern Europe, compared with use of medicated soap from 77% in southern Europe to 11% in northern Europe (p < 0.01). These findings showed that IC programmes in European hospitals suffer from major deficiencies in human resources and policies. Staffing levels for ICNs were below recommended standards in the majority of hospitals. Education programmes were incomplete and often not supported by audit of performance. Hand hygiene procedures were sub-standard in one-third of centres. Strengthening of IC policies in European hospitals should be a public health priority.

Cross Infection↗
PubMed1983

Dose response relationships in delayed hypersensitivity to quinoline dyes.

Repeat insult patch testing of the quinoline dyes, D & C Yellow No. 10 (Acid Yellow No. 3) and D & C Yellow No. 11 (Solvent Yellow No. 33) demonstrated that concentrations as high as 1,000 ppm of the former induced no delayed contact hypersensitivity, whereas, concentrations of 20 ppm and 10 ppm of D & C Yellow No. 11 induced delayed hypersensitivity reactions in human volunteer panelists. No definitive hypersensitivity resulted from testing with 5 ppm of this dye. 2 persons who had been demonstrated to have reacted allergically to the use of a soap bar that contained D & C Yellow No. 11 did not react to the ad libitum use of a soap bar in which this dye was replaced with D & C Yellow No. 10.

Dermatitis, Contact↗
PubMed1989

Spray dispensing of antiseptics is effective for hand disinfection.

The effectiveness of three hand antiseptics administered using a spray dispenser (Nebucid 840) was studied together with that of conventional hand disinfection. The tests were carried out by a group of 20 dental students. To obtain baseline samples, the subjects washed their hands with unmedicated Sterisol liquid soap under running water for 30s and dried them on sterile-packed paper towels. Microbiologic samples were taken from fingerprints pressed gently onto blood agar plates, which were then incubated aerobically and analyzed. The hand disinfection efficacy of 3 ml Isosept solution rubbed onto the hands for 30 s, followed by air drying for 60 s, was studied as a conventional control method. Dermocol, HD 410, and Hibisol antiseptics were sprayed onto the subjects' hands for 3 s using the automatic dispenser, after which the hands were gently rubbed for 30 s and air-dried for 60 s, before fingerprint contact sampling. All the tests were performed three times, with a minimum of 3 days between the series. The results showed Hibisol applied with the spray dispenser to be significantly more effective in reducing bacterial growth than the other methods. No growth was observed on 51 plates out of 60, while bacterial growth was observed in 29 cases out of 60 in the Isosept series. In most cases the spray-dispensed antiseptics proved to be more efficient than the conventional hand antiseptic. All the antiseptics were significantly more effective than the liquid soap.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Cleansing, dehydrating, barrier-damaging and irritating hyperaemising effect of four detergent brands: comparative studies using standardised washing models.

UNLABELLED: BACKGROUND AND PROBLEM: It is well known that the damaging effect of surfactants on the stratum corneum varies according to the surfactant used. The present investigations aim to compare four standard commercial cleansing solutions (Esemptan Cleansing Lotion, Stephalen Shower Gel, Manipur Antimicrobial Cleansing Solution and Tork Mevon 55 Liquid Soap) with respect to their cleansing and skin barrier-damaging effects. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The cleansing effect of the solutions was determined in relation to their concentrations in a first experimental series involving 15 subjects using a standardised test method. The product concentrations with the most divergent cleansing effects were tested for their dehydrating (corneometry), epidermal barrier-damaging (TEWL) and irritating effects (laser Doppler) in a standardised washing test. In a second experimental series, the concentration used for the cleansing solutions was based on the quantity of cleansing solution obtained from dispenser actuations (six actuations/L). These concentrations were used to test the cleansing and damaging effect on the stratum corneum using the same methods as in the first experimental series. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in the first experimental series. In the second experimental series, Stephalen Shower Gel showed disadvantages in terms of a small cleansing effect, but without evidence of a smaller stratum corneum-damaging effect, and Tork Mevon 55 Liquid Soap showed advantages in terms of a smaller stratum corneum-damaging effect, but without evidence of a smaller cleansing effect. CONCLUSIONS: These studies showed that the relationship between the cleansing and the damaging effect on the stratum corneum can be properly assessed only by testing different concentrations. Furthermore, this experimental approach allowed to differentiate the four tested cleansing solutions.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

[Virucidal activity of disinfectants: virucidal activities of disinfectants on some viruses coated on several materials and its durability].

First, four disinfectants were tested for virucidal activity on viruses coated upon materials. Disinfectants of the aldehyde and halogen groups had a destructive effect on both enveloped and non-enveloped DNA and RNA viruses coated on a cotton gauze, stainless chips, wood shavings, polyplopylene resin chips and latex resin chips, respectively. Disinfectant of the biguanide group had a virucidal activity on both enveloped DNA and RNA viruses. Secondary, five disinfectants were tested for the durability of their virucidal activity on two DNA and RNA viruses after preparing working solutions. The disinfectants of the aldehyde group maintained their virucidal efficiency for 2 to 3 days. Disinfectants of the invert and amphoteric soap groups, the biguanide group and the halogen group maintained their virucidal efficiency for 1 to 2 days. In the presence of bovine serum, the virucidal activity of the aldehyde group and the halogen group were not influenced but that of the invert and amphoteric soap groups were strongly influenced and lost their effect.

Adenoviruses, Human↗
PubMed2000

[Virucidal activity of disinfectants. Influence of the serum protein upon the virucidal activity of disinfectants].

Five disinfectants were tested for virucidal activity on three DNA viruses and three RNA viruses in the presence or absence of serum protein. Disinfectants of the aldehyde and halogen groups had a virucidal activity on human herpes virus, bovine rhabdo virus, human immunodeficiency virus, human adeno virus, porcine parvo virus, and polio virus. Disinfectants of the invert and amphoteric soap groups, and biganide group had a destructive effect on RNA and DNA viruses possessing an envelope. The presence of serum protein exerted great influence upon the virucidal activity of disinfectants of the invert and amphoteric soap groups.

Adenoviridae↗