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PubMed1980

Recall and recognition of old information in relation to age and sex.

Recall and recognition memory were tested in 120 men and women from each of six age decades, 20-29, 30 to 39...70 to 79. The memory test was of items which had occurred long ago, ranging from 1910-1919 to the 1970s, covering socio-historic events and events from the world of entertainment. Unlike with newly acquired information, the difference between recall and recognition memory for this type of naturally obtained information was similar for all age groups. Thus, retrieval deficits as a function of age were not observed. The memory for this type of information was good throughout most of the lifespan. Although an interaction between the age of the subject and the age of the information was found, contrary to previous results no one age period appeared best for information encoding.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

A comparison of some retrograde and anterograde effects of electroconvulsive shock in patients with severe depression.

Seventy severely depressed patients were randomly assigned to receive either a standard course of bilateral electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) or a course of simulated ECT (muscle relaxant and anaesthesia) identical to the real course except that the shock was omitted. Anterograde amnesia due to the shock was demonstrated in recognition memory for word lists and in recall of labels for faces, but this was eliminated by priming. Retrograde amnesia was also present for labels for faces learned the day before a treatment, but this was not eliminated by priming. Recognition memory for material learned in the remote past was better in the patients who had received shock than in those who had received only anaesthetic.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

The effects of lesions to the rat hippocampus or rhinal cortex on olfactory and spatial memory: retrograde and anterograde findings.

The role of the hippocampal system in retrograde and anterograde amnesia was investigated by using a novel olfactory-guided paradigm and a traditional test of spatial learning. In the retrograde study, rats were trained on a sequence of two-choice olfactory discriminations in the weeks prior to receiving neurotoxic lesions of the hippocampus or aspiration lesions of the perirhinal-entorhinal cortex. Memory tests for preoperatively learned discriminations revealed no statistical impairment for subjects with damage to the hippocampus on a problem learned remote in time from surgery (i.e., 4 weeks +) or on the two recently learned discriminations (i.e., 1-3 weeks prior to surgery). The performance of subjects with perirhinal-entorhinal damage provided an important comparison for subjects with specific hippocampal lesions. Despite showing intact memory for the remotely learned problem, perirhinal-entorhinal damage resulted in numerically (although not significantly) weaker performance on postoperative tests of retention for the discriminations learned in the 3 weeks prior to surgery. In the anterograde portion of the study, long-term memory for newly acquired discriminations was spared in subjects with damage to the hippocampus, whereas subjects in the perirhinal-entorhinal lesion group again showed the weakest memory performance on these tests of 5-day retention. Postoperative water maze learning was uniformly impaired in subjects with damage to the hippocampus and perirhinal-entorhinal cortex, thus confirming the effect of these lesions and supporting the involvement of these brain areas in spatial processes. These findings further dissociate the specific involvement of the hippocampus in tasks of a spatial-relational nature versus nonrelational tasks, such as discrimination learning and recognition memory (e.g., Duva et al., 1997; Eichenbaum, 1997; Eichenbaum, Schoenbaum, Young, & Bunsey, 1996). Moreover, the results suggest that damage to the hippocampus itself does not contribute to retrograde or anterograde memory impairments for all types of information, whereas the data suggest a more important role for the perirhinal-entorhinal cortex in recognition memory, irrespective of modality.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Cognitive disturbances in Parkinson's disease.

To test the hypothesis that the cognitive impairments that accompany Parkinson's disease (PD) arise from frontal lobe dysfunction, patients with idiopathic PD and controls were tested on a neuropsychological battery that included measures of anterograde memory, visuospatial perception, and naming, as well as several tests that are known to be sensitive to lesions of the frontal lobes. PD patients of normal mental status as measured by the Mini-Mental State Examination performed normally on the naming, line orientation, and verbal recognition memory tests but exhibited deficits on verbal recall. On tests of frontal lobe function, these patients showed mild deficits on a category fluency task and on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. However, their errors on the latter were not typical of patients with frontal lesions, and they performed normally on a letter fluency task and exhibited normal release from proactive interference. Patients of lower than normal mental status performed poorly on nearly all of the cognitive tasks including confrontational naming, line orientation, and recognition memory, suggesting that their cerebral dysfunction extended beyond subcortical-frontal circuits. The present study supports the usefulness of the Mini-Mental State Examination for cognitive screening of PD patients, but does not support the hypothesis that the cognitive impairments in PD arise principally from disruption of frontal lobe functioning.

Aged↗
PubMed2000

The functional neuroanatomy of implicit-motion perception or representational momentum.

BACKGROUND: When we view static scenes that imply motion - such as an object dropping off a shelf - recognition memory for the position of the object is extrapolated forward. It is as if the object in our mind's eye comes alive and continues on its course. This phenomenon is known as representational momentum and results in a distortion of recognition memory in the implied direction of motion. Representational momentum is modifiable; simply labelling a drawing of a pointed object as 'rocket' will facilitate the effect, whereas the label 'steeple' will impede it. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to explore the neural substrate for representational momentum. RESULTS: Subjects participated in two experiments. In the first, they were presented with video excerpts of objects in motion (versus the same objects in a resting position). This identified brain areas responsible for motion perception. In the second experiment, they were presented with still photographs of the same target items, only some of which implied motion (representational momentum stimuli). When viewing still photographs of scenes implying motion, activity was revealed in secondary visual cortical regions that overlap with areas responsible for the perception of actual motion. Additional bilateral activity was revealed within a posterior satellite of V5 for the representational momentum stimuli. Activation was also engendered in the anterior cingulate cortex. CONCLUSIONS: Considering the implicit nature of representational momentum and its modifiability, the findings suggest that higher-order semantic information can act on secondary visual cortex to alter perception without explicit awareness.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The relationships between temporal lobe and diencephalic structures implicated in anterograde amnesia.

The relationship between the anterograde amnesic syndromes associated with diencephalic and temporal lobe pathology is examined in the light of recent findings. It is proposed that a common feature of anterograde amnesia is damage to part of an "extended hippocampal system" comprising the hippocampus, the fornix, the mammillary bodies, and the anterior thalamic nuclei. Damage to this system results in deficits in the recall of episodic information, the core symptom of anterograde amnesia. In contrast, lesions in this system need not disrupt tests of recognition memory when they primarily tax familiarity judgements. It is assumed that familiarity judgements depend on other regions (e.g. the rhinal cortex in the case of temporal lobe amnesia) and that the extended hippocampal system is principally involved in those aspects of recognition that are retrieval-based rather than familiarity-based. These proposals arise from new evidence on the performance of delayed nonmatching-to-sample by animals, from a meta-analysis of the performance of amnesic subjects on a test of recognition memory, and from new research into the pattern of connections between the medial temporal lobe and the medial diencephalon in primates.

Amnesia↗
PubMed1991

Comprehension of synthetic speech produced by rule: word monitoring and sentence-by-sentence listening times.

Previous comprehension studies using postperceptual memory tests have often reported negligible differences in performance between natural speech and several kinds of synthetic speech produced by rule, despite large differences in segmental intelligibility. The present experiments investigated the comprehension of natural and synthetic speech using two different on-line tasks: word monitoring and sentence-by-sentence listening. On-line task performance was slower and less accurate for passages of synthetic speech than for passages of natural speech. Recognition memory performance in both experiments was less accurate following passages of synthetic speech than of natural speech. Monitoring performance, sentence listening times, and recognition memory accuracy all showed moderate correlations with intelligibility scores obtained using the Modified Rhyme Test. The results suggest that poorer comprehension of passages of synthetic speech is attributable in part to the greater encoding demands of synthetic speech. In contrast to earlier studies, the present results demonstrate that on-line tasks can be used to measure differences in comprehension performance between natural and synthetic speech.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

The alcohol warning and adolescents: 5-year effects.

OBJECTIVES: This study, a follow-up to the authors earlier report, examined the effects of the alcohol warning label on adolescents during the first 5 years that the warning was required. METHODS: Surveys were administered to 10th-grade (n = 16,661) and 12th-grade (n = 15,856) students from the 1989-1990 school year through the 1994-1995 school year. The measures were awareness of, exposure to, and recognition memory of the alcohol warning label; beliefs about the risks listed on the warning; and open-ended statements about consequences of alcohol use, alcohol consumption, and self-reported driving after drinking. RESULTS: There were increases in warning awareness, exposure, and recognition memory. These effects leveled off approximately 3.5 years after the inclusion of the warning on alcohol beverage containers. There was no beneficial change attributable to the warning in beliefs, alcohol consumption, or driving after drinking. CONCLUSIONS: The initial positive effects of the alcohol warning label on adolescents have leveled off, consistent with theories of repeated exposure to persuasive information. The alcohol warning has not affected adolescents' beliefs about alcohol or alcohol-related behaviors.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

An early and a late developing system for learning and retention in infant monkeys.

On the evidence that memory formation and habit formation represent two qualitatively different learning processes based on separate neural mechanisms, the functional development of these two processes was followed ontogenetically. Separate groups of rhesus monkeys of different ages were tested in delayed nonmatching-to-sample and 24-hr concurrent discrimination learning, considered to be measures of recognition memory and discrimination habit formation, respectively. The youngest group of infant monkeys failed to learn the nonmatching task until they were approximately 4 months old. With further maturation, learning ability on this task gradually improved, yet it did not reach adult levels of proficiency even at 1 year of age. Postlearning evaluation with long delays and lists confirmed this slow ontogenetic development of recognition memory to adult levels of function. By contrast, infant monkeys 3-4 months old learned to discriminate long lists of object-pairs about as quickly as adult monkeys despite the use of 24-hr intertrial intervals. This striking dissociation in the ability of infants on the two tasks closely resembles the dissociation first found in adult monkeys rendered amnesic by limbic lesions. The results suggest that whereas the nonlimbic habit system matures early in infancy, the limbic-dependent memory system develops only slowly.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2004

Cognrrive biases for emotional faces in high- and low-trait depressive participants.

This study examined the association between trait depression and information-processing biases. Thirty participants were divided into high- and low-trait depressive groups based on the median of their depressive subscale scores according to the Basic Personality Inventory. Information-processing biases were measured using a deployment-of-attention task (DOAT) and a recognition memory task (RMT). For the DOAT, participants saw one emotional face paired with a neutral face of the same person, and then were forced to choose on which face the color patch had first occurred. The percentage of participants' choices favoring the happy, angry, or sad faces represented the selective attentional bias score for each emotion, respectively. For the RMT, participants rated different types of emotional faces and subsequently discriminated old faces from new faces. The memory strength for each type of face was calculated from hit and false-positive rates, based on the signal detection theory. Compared with the low-trait depressive group, the high-trait depressive group showed a negative cognitive style. This was an enhanced recognition memory for sad faces and a weakened inhibition of attending to sad faces, suggesting that those with high depressive trait may be vulnerable to interpersonal withdrawal.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

QEEG monitoring of Alzheimer's disease treatment: a preliminary report of three case studies.

Previous research has shown that quantitative electroencephalography (qEEG) can monitor treatment of Alzheimer's Disease (AD). This study investigated the ability of a qEEG measure based on EEG variance, combined with a delayed recognition memory task, to measure treatment effects on patients with AD. Three AD patients with very mild AD (CDR=0.5, FAST stage 3) were monitored with task specific EEG at multiple time points before and after medication treatment. Patients had their EEG recorded while performing a recognition memory task. A measure of (normalized) variance was applied to the EEG data. To the extent possible, the subjects received this treatment monitoring multiple times. These patients were monitored a total of 14 times, which yielded 11 measurements of qEEG change during the course of treatment. The direction of change in patients' qEEG values agreed with patients' medication treatment on 10 out of 11 occasions, p < 0.006 (binomial test) and was more accurate than monitoring with the relative theta power, p < 0.05. The results of this monitoring also showed that the qEEG measure accurately reflected treatment in a dose dependent manner. These results were independent of the specific medication monitored; Galantamine, Memantine, Nicotine, and Rivastigmine. In conclusion, this qEEG method may be useful for measuring AD treatment responses.

Aged↗
PubMed2004

Evidence that androgenic and estrogenic metabolites contribute to the effects of dehydroepiandrosterone on cognition in postmenopausal women.

Prior studies of the effects of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) on cognition have produced complex and inconsistent results. We hypothesize that these results may arise, in part, because of DHEA's metabolism into estrogens and androgens that produce opposing effects on cognition. Our study administered 50 mg of oral DHEA daily for 4 weeks in a placebo-controlled crossover design to six postmenopausal women. We measured blood levels of androgens (total testosterone, free testosterone, DHEA, DHEAS), estrogens (estradiol, estrone), and cognitive performance on recognition memory, perceptual identification, digit span memory, and visual attentional vigilance under both drug and placebo conditions. Multiple regression models incorporating the factors of age and body mass index (BMI) were used to ascertain the relation between sex steroids and cognitive performance. Our results demonstrated that estrogens produced a positive effect on recognition memory, while androgens produced a negative effect. This pattern reversed in perceptual identification with estrogens producing a negative effect and androgens producing a positive effect. In addition, BMI produced a negative effect on digit span memory, age produced a negative effect on perceptual identification, and androgens produced a negative effect on visual attentional vigilance. These results help, in part, to explain DHEA's complex effects on cognition. The diverse effects of sex steroids across tasks underscore the importance of identifying the specific cognitive mechanisms influenced by sex steroids and emphasizes that one should not expect sex steroids to produce homogeneous effects across cognitive tasks.

Aged↗
PubMed1992

Intact and long-lasting repetition priming in amnesia.

In 2 experiments, we evaluated the ability of amnesic patients to exhibit long-lasting perceptual priming after a single exposure to pictures. Ss named pictures as quickly as possible on a single occasion, and later named the same pictures mixed with new pictures. In Experiment 1, amnesic patients exhibited fully intact priming effects lasting at least 7 days. In Experiment 2, the priming effect for both groups was shown to depend on both highly specific visual information and on less visual, more conceptual information. In contrast, recognition memory was severely impaired in the patients, as assessed by both accuracy and response time. The results provide the first report of a long-lasting priming effect in amnesic patients, based on a single encounter, which occurs as strongly in the patients as in normal Ss. Together with other recent findings, the results suggest that long-lasting priming and recognition memory depend on separate brain systems.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Individual recognition and memory in lobster dominance.

American lobsters, Homarus americanus, form stable dominance relationships in captivity. Size, sex and stage in the moult cycle are important determinants for dominance. Other factors, such as recent agonistic experience play a role. This paper investigates how lobsters maintain their stable dominance relationships: they may recognize individuals or alternatively, recognize overall dominance status. We paired lobsters in two consecutive 'boxing matches'. Results indicate that lobsters remember familiar opponents when kept either in isolation or in communal tanks for 24 h between their first and second fights. Subordinates immediately backed away from familiar dominants, avoiding a second fight. In some animals, this memory lasted between 1-2 weeks if pairs were kept separate between the first and second fights. When paired for the second fight against unfamiliar dominant lobsters, subordinate lobsters from first fights actively fought and won the encounter. These results suggest that lobsters are capable of 'individual recognition'. In nature, the observed social organization of lobsters may be maintained by individual recognition of a small number of residents inhabiting separate, nearby shelters. (c) 1998 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2000

Neurocognitive sequelae of infants of diabetic mothers.

On the basis of animal models, it was hypothesized that infants of diabetic mothers (IDMs) would be at risk for suffering damage to the hippocampus primarily because of fetal iron deficiency, chronic hypoxia, and hypoglycemia. This, in turn, may result in impairments in recognition memory at a young age. To test this model, the memory of 6-month-old IDMs and control infants was evaluated with electrophysiological (event-related potential [ERP]) and behavioral (looking time) measures. At 12 months, the Bayley Scales of Infant Development was administered. Our ERP measures showed robust evidence consistent with memory deficits in the IDMs. In contrast, the looking time measures and the Bayley exam failed to distinguish between the groups. From these results it was concluded that the ERP, but not the behavioral, measures are able to detect, in an at-risk population, deficits in recognition memory that are thought to be mediated by damage to the hippocampus.

Cognition Disorders↗
PubMed2001

Similarity, global matching, and judgments of frequency.

In the test-pair similarity effect, forced-choice recognition is more accurate for similar test pairs, such as leopard-cheetah, than it is for unrelated test pairs, such as leopard-turnip. According to global matching models, this occurs because the retrieved familiarities of similar items are correlated. In the Minerva 2 model, global matching underlies frequency judgments as well as recognition memory. One implication of this model is that judged frequencies of similar items should be correlated. Another implication is that judgments of summed frequency for pairs of words (how many presentations were there of word1 and word2 combined?) should have higher variance when word1 and word2 are similar than when they are unrelated. These predictions were tested and confirmed in two experiments. A review of these and other results suggests that theories of recognition memory should also be applicable to frequency-judgment tasks.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

An introduction to Bayesian hierarchical models with an application in the theory of signal detection.

Although many nonlinear models of cognition have been proposed in the past 50 years, there has been little consideration of corresponding statistical techniques for their analysis. In analyses with nonlinear models, unmodeled variability from the selection of items or participants may lead to asymptotically biased estimation. This asymptotic bias, in turn, renders inference problematic. We show, for example, that a signal detection analysis of recognition memory data leads to asymptotic underestimation of sensitivity. To eliminate asymptotic bias, we advocate hierarchical models in which participant variability, item variability, and measurement error are modeled simultaneously. By accounting for multiple sources of variability, hierarchical models yield consistent and accurate estimates of participant and item effects in recognition memory. This article is written in tutorial format; we provide an introduction to Bayesian statistics, hierarchical modeling, and Markov chain Monte Carlo computational techniques.

Bayes Theorem↗
PubMed1990

Sparing of attentional relative to mnemonic function in a subgroup of patients with dementia of the Alzheimer type.

Patients with dementia of the Alzheimer type (DAT) received two tests of visual selective attention, together with tests of spatial and visual recognition memory and visuospatial conditional learning previously used to show deficits early in the course of DAT. One set of attentional tests compared visual discrimination learning along intra- and extra-dimensional shifts, using a "total change" design. In the 12 DAT patients capable of attempting the extra-dimensional shift (subgroup 1), performance was equivalent to that of controls. This subgroup was also unimpaired at simple and compound discrimination learning and reversal and an intra-dimensional shift. They were as accurate as controls on a visual search task requiring matching of stimuli on two dimensions with variable numbers of alternatives, but were significantly impaired in the tests of recognition memory and learning. By contrast, the other 13 patients showed marked impairments in the attentional tasks. This subgroup was also significantly worse than subgroup 1 in performance on the visual recognition and conditional learning tasks, and showed greater severity on most of the clinical ratings of dementia. The sparing of attentional shifting in patients early in the course of DAT is contrasted with the impairments previously described in patients with Parkinson's disease with only mild or absent memory loss. The implications of this double dissociation of deficits for understanding the neural bases of the cognitive deficits in these two neurodegenerative diseases are discussed and their significance for the staging of DAT is considered.

Aged↗