Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “RESPIRATION, ARTIFICIAL”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,297 records · Page 72Linked to original sources
PubMed1992

[Effects of injection of L-glutamate into the locus coeruleus complex area on the respiration].

Experiments were performed on 55 urethane anesthetized and flaxedil immobilized rabbits under artificial respiration. Injection of L-Glutamate into the locus coeruleus area led to a marked augmentation of respiration. This effect of L-Glutamate could be significantly attenuated or reversed by a previous injection of prazosin, yohimbine and propranolol into the NTS area. These results indicate that the neurons in the locus coeruleus are involved in the regulation of the respiration as a result of mediation by alpha and beta receptors in the NTS area.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Two early Danish respirators designed for prolonged artificial ventilation.

Two Danish respirators are described. The first one was made by August Krogh in 1931 and was based on the principles of the Drinker tank respirator. The original feature was a motor driven by water from an ordinary water tap. It was never widely used, most likely due to practical problems connected with nursing care, etc. The polio epidemic in Copenhagen in 1952 initiated the era of the IPPV-methods and gave rise to the construction of a great number of new respirators. Among the first of these was the Claus Bang respirator. Although it contained many modern features, it proved technically unreliable and was only used for 3-5 years.

Denmark↗
PubMed2004

[Terminal care in the Department of Neurology].

Patients in the Department of Neurology undergoing treatment for disorders such as cerebrovascular disease, dementia, metabolic disease, neuromuscular disease and intractable disease, are included as subjects requiring terminal care. Intractable diseases ware defined by the Ministry of Health and Welfare (Ministry of Health, Welfare and Labor) in 1972 as being of unknown etiology, untreatable, chronically progressive and sometimes worsened by the care provided when nursing these patients. Intractable diseases in the Department of Neurology rank with those seen in other departments. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is the most difficult to treat due to the lack of effective drugs. On the other hand, Parkinson disease is the most treatable among intractable diseases in the Department of Neurology with the appearance of several new effective drugs. TRH (thyrotropin releasing hormone) is effective for ataxic gait in some patients with spinocerebellar degeneration. In the terminal care of intractable diseases in the Department of Neurology, common problems such as disturbances of swallowing, respiration and speaking develop in almost all patients and measures must be taken to treat these disturbances. Artificial respiration must be considered for respiratory distress. Artificial feeding by intubation must be considered for swallowing disturbance. All kinds of communication aids must be considered for speaking difficulties. The medical and nursing care team needs to manage these problems with consideration of the quality of life of the patients and their families as well as the complication of the diseases.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1999

[The usefulness of tracheostomy in Duchenne muscular dystrophy ventilated by a chest respirator].

The respiratory dysfunction in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) patients increases with age. We have attempted various methods of artificial respiration for them. Recently, a non-invasive positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) became the first choice of respiration, but the chest respirator (CR) was still one of the choices. In our hospital, DMD patients with tracheostomy wearing a CR were alive for longer period, despite of respiratory dysfunction and complications. We studied 6 DMD patients with CR to evaluate nocturnal hypoxia index (NHI) by examining nocturnal periodic hypoxia, and measured oxygen saturation after 20 mg of clomipramine hydrochloride administration before sleep. Three patients had periodic nocturnal hypoxia which was prevented by the clomipramine administration. Two patients with tracheostomy did not exhibit hypoxia. We speculated that pharyngeal hypotonia during REM sleep induces periodic nocturnal hypoxia, therefore the tracheostomy would prevent hypoxia. Next, we examined the pharyngeal MRI on one DMD patient at the same disease stage who also had night NIPPV. We found that his soft palate and tongue shifted downward, which narrowed his pharynx during REM sleep. Consequently we have concluded that noctunnal periodic hypoxia is mainly caured by obstructive sleep apnea. For DMD patients with CR, the tracheostomy may be effective to prevent hypoxia during sleep.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Differential pattern of sympathetic outflow during upper airway stimulation with smoke.

This study investigates directly the possibility that sympathetic discharge to the heart is decreased while it is increased to other organs during upper respiratory perfusion with cigarette smoke. Blood pressure (BP), heart rate, ECG, and respiratory movements were monitored in urethane-anesthetized rabbits. Insertion of two cannulas allowed respiration of room air while passing smoke across the upper respiratory irritant receptors and out through the nares. Through a retroplural incision, the left stellate ganglion was exposed and a cardiac branch isolated. Similarly, a left renal nerve was isolated. Multiunit nerve recordings were obtained from both nerves. In four control animals, cigarette smoke (50 ml) caused apnea, bradycardia (-116 beats/min) and increased BP (33 mmHg). Activity in the renal nerve increased (248% of control [C]) and activity in the cardiac nerve was reduced (62% C). In these animals after Flaxedil and artificial respiration, nerve activity responses were still pronounced (renal, 178% C; cardiac, 66% C). In four other barodenervated animals neural responses to smoke were similar to those observed with baroreceptors intact (renal, 211% C; cardiac, 51% C). In these animals after artificial ventilation and Flaxedil, responses were not significantly changed. These results indicate that smoke stimulation causes a differential pattern of sympathetic discharge. The responses observed cannot be accounted for by secondary adjustments through arterial baroreceptors, chemoreceptors, or pulmonary stretch receptors.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

[Role of rostral ventrolateral medulla in the pressor response to intraventricular (4th) injection of substance P].

Experiments were done in rabbits anaesthetized with urethane and immobilized under artificial respiration. It was found that substance P (SP, 0.8 ng/kg dissolved in 100 microliters artificial cerebro-spinal fluid, CSF) injected into the 4th ventricle induced either a rise or a drop of pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP) with predominated pressor response. In addition, a rise in carotid arterial pressure (CAP) and reduction in heart rate (HR) were also observed, whereas no significant alteration in PAP, CAP and HR was observed. Microinjection of SP receptor antagonist [D-Pro2, D-Phe7, D-Trp9]--SP (5-10 ng dissolved in 0.5 microliter CSF) or phentolamine (2-3 micrograms dissolved in 0.5 microliter CSF) into the bilateral rostral ventrolateral medulla (rVLM) prior to intraventricular injection of SP could block the SP-induced pressor responses in pulmonary and carotid arteries, while microinjection of SP receptor antagonist or phentolamine into bilateral caudal ventrolateral medulla (cVLM) at the same dosage had no effect. The results show that SP-induced pulmonary and carotid pressor responses may be mediated through SP-receptor and alpha-adrenergic receptors in the rostral ventro-lateral medulla (rVLM).

Animals↗
PubMed1993

[An elderly case of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura].

A 78-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital because of disorientation and fever on January 21, 1992. Two days before admission she experienced vomiting, anorexia and general malaise. Laboratory examinations on admission disclosed a hemoglobin level of 11.1 g/dl and a platelet count of 8,000/microliters. The peripheral blood smear revealed anisocytosis with numerous schistocytes and poikilocytes. Polychromatophilic and nucleated red blood cells were also seen, and the reticulocyte count was 38/1000. Her serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) value was 2,977 WU and the total serum bilirubin level was 3.5 mg/dl with 2.7 mg/dl indirect reacting fraction. Serum creatinine was 4.7 mg/dl. Her consciousness became semicomatose after a systemic seizure which lasted approximately 15 seconds and her hemoglobin level decreased to 8.5 g/dl on hospital day 2. Therefore, we diagnosed her as having thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) because of the presence of all 5 features, that is, thrombocytopenia, microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, fluctuating neurologic abnormalities, renal dysfunction and fever. A plasmapheresis with fresh frozen plasma (FFP) replacement was begun on that day. She was also treated with anti-platelet agents, 80 mg/day aspirin, and 300 mg/day dipyridamole. Moreover, packed red blood cells (PRC) were infused. While also receiving diphenylhydantoin and phenobarbital to prevent convulsions, status epilepticus developed on day 3. Because of inhibited spontaneous respiration which was an adverse effect derived from diazepam and sodium thiamylal administered intravenously to treat the status epilepticus, an artificial respiration was initiated.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Aged↗
PubMed1999

[High-frequency jet ventilation for placing tracheal stents--a case report].

Stenoses of the larynx and trachea may cause acute life-threatening situations. Surgical procedures in patients presenting this type of problem are a real challenge for the surgeon and the anaesthesiologist. Depending on the extent and the nature of the stenosis, the insertion of a stent may be the best therapeutic option. In this case, the high frequency jet ventilation offers certain advantages for the surgeon. Thanks to modern jet ventilators with automatic pressure monitoring and jet ventilation tubes with a separate lumen for pressure monitoring, the danger of barotrauma is considerably reduced, even in patients with a high-degree stenosis of the larynx and trachea. During insertion of a tracheal stent during jet ventilation, the complete cross-section of the trachea must at least be temporarily available to the surgeon. In addition, at the end of the operation the newly implanted stent should not be altered by manipulations necessary for artificial respiration. We describe a new method which uses tracheal jet ventilation for implanting a stent with only short interruptions of artificial ventilation. During recovery from anaesthesia, there is no risk of dislocating the newly placed stent.

Carcinoma, Adenoid Cystic↗
PubMed2000

[The new German resuscitation guidelines in the context of international recommendations].

The German Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation were adapted to match the revised International Guidelines. The revised German edition was based both on the guidelines issued by the American Heart Association (AHA) in 1992 and on those of the European Resuscitation Council (ERC) of 1998, as well as on those released by the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR) in 1997. Due to the diverging instructions for action the emergency physicians felt considerably unsafe as to what they should really do to achieve maximum results. Only 10.3 per cent of the german emergency physicians followed the recommendations given by the German Federal Chamber of Physicians. Innovations in respect of the basic checkup concern the time for controlling the respiration and circulation (ten seconds). Contrary to the international recommendations the "diagnostic block" is performed in Germany without interspersing basic reanimation. In artificial respiration the tidal volume has been reduced to 600 ml in accordance to the ERC and ILCOR guidelines. The search for the pressure point for cardiac pressure massage has also been adapted to the international recommendations. Also in accordance with the international recommendations defibrillation in case of ventricular fibrillation is now being performed only thrice in series without interspersed basic reanimation. There is some uncertainty with regard to choosing the requisite energy: 16.6% of the emergency physicians opt for less than 200 joule in primary defibrillation whereas 13% are in favour of more than 200 joule. Contrary to the international recommendations which prescribe peripheral venous access as application site for reanimation by drugs, the german guidelines favour the endobronchial path, which is already being practised by 57.4% of the emergency physicians. Hence, emergency medication can be effected in Germany 4 minutes earlier than in other countries. After three unsuccessful applications of 1 mg each of adrenalin the dosage is increased to 5 mg, and in agreement with the AHA guidelines escalating doses are also possible. Sodium bicarbonate is recommended only after more than 20 minutes of reanimation and if so, only in a reduced dose of 0.5 mval/kg body weight. In accordance with the international recommendations there is now a universal algorithm that decides on application only between ventricular fibrillation and nonfibrillation. The new german recommendations have adapted the reanimation procedure in agreement with ERC to national usage without abandoning any principles of the international guidelines.

Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation↗
PubMed1986

The influence of moderate hypothermia on cerebral cortex tissue oxygen tension.

The validity of mechanisms balancing oxygen transport and consumption in hypothermia are difficult to analyse because almost any parameter of the transport system is temperature dependent. Two types of experiments have been performed in the rat cerebral cortex to elucidate this problem: PO2 microelectrode study: 32-37 degrees C body temperature, spontaneous respiration. Measurements within the upper tissue layer of 200-500/microgram thickness (N = 15). PO2 surface electrode study: 26-37 degrees C body temperature, artificial respiration. Investigation of the arachnoidal and pial area (N = 46). Mean tissue PO2 (+/- SD) of neo- and archeocortex declined slightly from 27.8 +/- 14.4 mm Hg at 37 degrees C to 25.5 +/- 15.5 mm Hg at 32 degrees C (p less than 0.05, n = 15). Surface PO2 (sPO2) (+/- SD) in response to hypothermia showed a small decrease from 18.1 +/- 4.5 mm Hg (n = 186) at 37 degrees C to 14.7 +/- 4.3 mm Hg (n = 41) at 26 degrees C (p less than 0.05, N = 46). Despite different initial PO2 values at normothermia both groups of experiments are characterized by the same relatively small hypothermia induced PO2 decrease. Oxygen transport and consumption might be balanced under hypothermia and tissue hypoxia does not exist in the temperature range between 26 degrees and 37 degrees C.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Pharmacological characterization of 5-hydroxytryptamine-induced apnea in the rat.

To improve the pharmacological characterization of the receptors mediating 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)-induced apnea the inhibitory effects of exogenous 5-HT on respiration and phrenic nerve activity (PNA) were studied in anesthetized rats. The effects of putative 5-HT receptor agonists and antagonists on respiratory parameters were examined. During spontaneous respiration the bolus i.v. injection of 5-HT (3.125-25 micrograms/kg) produced a transient apnea, the duration of which increased in a dose-related manner. In addition, during artificial respiration 5-HT produced a silent response of PNA, the duration of which increased dose-dependently. These responses were significantly antagonized by GR38032F, a selective 5-HT3 receptor antagonist. Ketanserin (100 micrograms/kg) and methysergide (100 micrograms/kg), 5-HT2 receptor antagonists, also inhibited the 5-HT-induced apnea. These effects of 5-HT on respiration were mimicked by 2-methyl-5-HT (3.125-25 micrograms/kg), a selective 5-HT3 receptor agonist, and by a high dose of alpha-methyl-5-HT, a 5-HT2 receptor agonist, but not by 5-carboxamidotryptamine, a 5-HT1-like receptor agonist. Lung compliance was greatly reduced and lung resistance greatly increased by 5-HT (3.125-25 micrograms/kg). The 5-HT-induced changes in lung compliance and lung resistance were antagonized markedly by both ketanserin (100 micrograms/kg) and methysergide (100 micrograms/kg), but not by GR38032F (100 micrograms/kg). Bilateral vagotomy above the nodose ganglia completely prevented both the changes in PNA and the apnea induced by 5-HT. These actions of 5-HT were not prevented, however, by cervical vagotomy below the level of the nodose ganglion. On the other hand, this cervical vagotomy completely blocked the alpha-methyl-5-HT-induced apnea.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Anesthesia↗
PubMed1989

Blood pressure and other physiological responses in awake and anesthetized guinea pigs.

The effect of combinations of injectable anesthetics on mean arterial blood pressure, blood gases, heart rate and respiration of the guinea pig (NIH Outbred strain) was investigated. After a 30 minute period in which baseline resting cardiorespiratory measurements were obtained, five groups of six pigmented animals having indwelling carotid cannulas were anesthetized with (a) ketamine hydrochloride (30 mg/kg, im)/xylazine (5 mg/kg, im); (b) sodium pentobarbital (15 mg/kg, ip)/fentanyl-droperidol (0.4 mg/kg, im); (c) diazepam (5mg/kg, ip)/fentanyl citrate (0.32 mg/kg, im); (d) diazepam (5 mg/kg, ip)/alphaxalone-alphadolone acetate (45 mg/kg, im); or (e) 1% alpha-chloralose-40% urethane (0.8 ml/100g, ip). Animals were not respirated artificially and no supplemental doses of anesthetic were given. Resting blood pressure in awake animals was measured over time for as long as cannulas remained patent (109 measurements). Mean resting blood pressure, for this strain of guinea pigs, was determined to be 53.1 +/- 4.2 mmHg. There was no indication that mean arterial blood pressure changed with age in animals varying in weight from 215 g to 550 g. Under diazepam/fentanyl, blood pressure rose significantly above resting level to a mean of 71.1 +/- 6.1 mmHg. With the other four combinations, blood pressure stabilized near, but below pre-anesthesia levels (ketamine/xylazine 47.1 +/- 6.8 mmHg; pentobarbital/fentanyl-droperidol, 46.9 +/- 3.2 mmHg; diazepam/alphaxalone-alphadolone, 47.8 +/- 4.8 mmHg; chloralose-urethane, 51.0 +/- 1.2 mmHg). Under diazepam/alphaxalone-alphadolone and chloralose-urethane, respiration was depressed and blood gas levels deviated from normal to the extent that artificial ventilation would be necessary to maintain an adequate physiological state.

Anesthesia↗
PubMed1991

[Participation of neurons of the ganglion nodosum in compensatory mechanisms of respiration in acute ischemic heart disease].

In narcotized cats different respiratory reactions in acute myocardial ischemia was estimated with complicated and non-complicated ventricular fibrillation. Compensatory mechanism in this state coincided with pulsative electrical activity variation of integrative neurons of ganglion nodosum. Neurons activity variation was detected both in natural and artificial respiration.

Acute Disease↗