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PubMed2006

[Regulation requirements for human protection against electromagnetic fields occurring in the environment].

Issues concerning the standardization of the effects of electromagnetic fields (EMF), especially in the natural environment (widely available), are discussed in this paper. They are referred to the situation associated with the technological infrastructure in the country. Changes in Polish regulations on the human protection are presented. Basic information about these regulations, international recommendations and documents on EMF effects are also given.

Electromagnetic Fields↗
PubMed2006

[Regulation requirements for new investments to protect the environment against electromagnetic fields].

The date of 28 July 2005, when the amendments to the Environmental Protection Act and related acts entered into force, is crucial for the future installations of the majority of electromagnetic fields emitters. Since the amendments let the environmental protection assessment procedures be more "independent", set the decision on environmental conditions for development consent and transposed the rules of managing and protection of Natura 2000 sites, they are considered as a revolution in the environmental impact assessment system. According to new rules, the decision on environmental conditions for development consent is granted for the project that may have a significant impact on the environment listed in the regulation issued by the Council of Ministers on 9 November 2004 on the types of projects that may have significant impact on the environment and detailed criteria for screening of the projects for which the environmental impact report may be required or for other projects that may have significant impact on Natura 2000 sites.

Electromagnetic Fields↗
PubMed2006

[Protection against electromagnetic fields reports effects exerted on the environment].

This paper presents basic information about reports on the effects exterted on the environment. These reports are elaborated to meet the needs of administrative procedures concerning the evaluation of effects exerted on the environment and provide the basis on which decisions are made whether environmental determinants allow for issuing permission for taking up a given enterprise. The author discusses only a small part of a wider problem of the report formulation. Such issues as waste management, protection against noise, conservation of historical monuments and Natura 2000 areas are not raised.

Electromagnetic Fields↗
PubMed2006

[High voltage objects and radiocommunication investments in view of requirements of the environmental protection act].

This paper presents the most important elements of the localization procedure of high voltage overhead lines and substations and radiocommunication objects which are the source of electromagnetic fields. These fields are perceived as a major threat to human health. The point of departure to make a choice of investments is the special classification of technical installations described in one of the executive directive issued by virtue of the Environmental Protection Act. This special executive directive enumerates a lot of technical objects (installation), classified in the group of investments which have significant impact on the environment and some objects which could be classified in this group. For all this technical installations (e.g., overhead high voltage power lines) the provisions of the Environmental Protection Act impose an obligation to take particular steps to assure transparency of the environmental protection procedures, transborder procedures and the protection of areas included in the Natura 2000 network.

Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation↗
PubMed2006

Finger doses for staff handling radiopharmaceuticals in nuclear medicine.

UNLABELLED: Radiation doses to the fingers of occupational workers handling 99mTc-labeled compounds and 131I for diagnostic and therapeutic procedures in nuclear medicine were measured by thermoluminescence dosimetry. METHODS: The doses were measured at the base of the ring finger and the index finger of both hands in 2 groups of workers. Group 1 (7 workers) handled 99mTc-labeled radiopharmaceuticals, and group 2 (6 workers) handled 131I for diagnosis and therapy. Radiation doses to the fingertips of 3 workers also were measured. Two were from group 1, and 1 was from group 2. RESULTS: The doses to the base of the fingers for the radiopharmacy staff and physicians from group 1 were observed to be 17+/-7.5 (mean+/-SD) and 13.4+/-6.5 microSv/GBq, respectively. Similarly, the dose to the base of the fingers for the 3 physicians in group 2 was estimated to be 82.0+/-13.8 microSv/GBq. Finger doses for the technologists in both groups could not be calculated per unit of activity because they did not handle the radiopharmaceuticals directly. Their doses were reported in millisieverts that accumulated in 1 wk. The doses to the fingertips of the radiopharmacy worker and the physician in group 1 were 74.3+/-19.8 and 53.5+/-21.9 microSv/GBq, respectively. The dose to the fingertips of the physician in group 2 was 469.9+/-267 microSv/GBq. CONCLUSION: The radiation doses to the fingers of nuclear medicine staff at our center were measured. The maximum expected annual dose to the extremities appeared to be less than the annual limit (500 mSv/y), except for a physician who handled large quantities of 131I for treatment. Because all of these workers are on rotation and do not constantly handle radioactivity throughout the year, the doses to the base of the fingers or the fingertips should not exceed the prescribed annual limit of 500 mSv.

Body Burden↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Risks of occupational exposure to optical radiation.

During the past 40 years a wide body of biomedical research has been conducted to understand the factors which influence injury to optical radiation-particularly with respect to the eye. A primary motivation for much of this research has been the advent of lasers, since focal damage of the retina from a collimated beam exposure is possible at some distance. A wide range of research studies provided the basis for establishing human exposure limits for ultraviolet and infrared radiation as well as for intense visible light. The International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) has published guidelines for human exposure, and these are available at no cost from the ICNIRP website (http://www. icnirp.org). Laser Maximum Permissible Exposure (MPE) limits used in international safety standards, such as those of the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) are based upon ICNIRP guidelines. Practical laser safety standards and regulations have evolved to promote the safe design and use of laser products. As a result of newer laser applications and increased knowledge of the biological effects, MPEs have been revised a number of times. Despite the existence of safety standards and regulations, accidental eye injuries from lasers still occur. Accidental exposure to welding arcs and intense lights occur more fequently, but the consequential loss of vision is much less, with permanent effects rare. Accidental human exposure information also adds to our understanding of ultraviolet, blue-light and laser induced retinal injury. Accidents are most frequently attributed to the lack of understanding of hazards and a failure to follow established safe work practices.

Eye Injuries↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The quantitative criteria of the transition from norm to pathology at chronic exposure of physical factors].

In this work the quantitative approaches for the characteristic of the change in the condition of separate systems and stability of an organism are considered at chronic exposure of electromagnetic fields of a radio-frequency range. The quantitative criteria for the substantiation of transition from norm to pathology and definition of the thresholds of harmful action of physical factors are developed. The results of the experimental research of the immune system condition at EMF RF exposure were considered. It can be a basis for the definition of maximum permissible levels of these factors for professional workers and for the population.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2006

[Electromagnetic hazards from electrosurgery--assessment of occupational exposure to electromagnetic field and currents induceed in the body].

The investigation of the occupational exposure to electromagnetic fields from electrosurgery devices were done (according to the requirements of Polish Standard PN-T-06580:2002). The exposure was evaluated following the criteria established by occupational safety and health regulations. The measurements and evaluation of the currents flowing through the exposed workers body were also conducted following the method and criteria published by IEEE standard and European Directive 2004/40/EC. It was found that in the vicinity of electrosurgical devices, the area of electromagnetic fields to which only workers operating the source of field should be exposed can exist up to the distance of 70 cm from the active electrode and supplying cables. In the case when the cables are placed directly on the surgeon body or long duration of the daily exposure the overexposure of workers can appear (referring to Polish regulations). The current flowing through the arm of surgeon keeping the electrode with electric field of the maximum strength (app. 1000 V/m or higher) can exceed permissible value of 40 mA established by the Directive 2004/40/EC for contact current. The reduction of the surgeon exposure can be reached by the proper positioning of the cables supplying monopolar electrode or by the use of bipolar electrode.

Electric Conductivity↗
PubMed2005

Study of seasonal variations for radon pollution in the environment of Muktsar and Ferozepur districts of Punjab using LR-115 plastic track detectors.

Indoor Radon measures have been carried out in the dwellings of Muktsar and Ferozepur districts of punjab using LR-115 plastic track detectors. Indoor Radon values ranged from 95 to 226 bq m(-3) and 75 to 233 bq m(-3) for winter season and 61 to 129 bq m(-3) and 79 to 138 bq m(-3) for summer season for Muktsar and Ferozepur districts respectively. These values are within the safe limits recommended by International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP).

Air Pollution, Indoor↗
PubMed2006

[Diagnostic x-ray examinations in Poland in 2004 in view of the population exposure: the assessment of structure and trends].

INTRODUCTION: The paper presents the results of the Polish national survey of medical x-ray examinations performed in 2004. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A questionnaire was used to collect the data on the number and types of x-ray examinations. The data covered most of x-ray laboratories in Poland, being under the dosimetric surveillance performed by the Radiation Protection Department at the Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine in Lódź. RESULTS: The number of x-ray procedures in Poland in the year 2004 accounted for 32.4 million examinations, i.e. 830 procedures per 1000 inhabitants; the latter figure includes 65 specialist procedures and 61 dental examinations per 1000 of inhabitants, each. They were performed in over 3000 x-ray laboratories, including operational theatres and dental units. The majority of patients were at the age of 40-60 years and women made over 50% of all those examined. CONCLUSIONS. Owing to the modification of the heath care organisation, the profile of examinations performed in x-ray laboratories has changed. Nevertheless, conventional x-ray examinations are still in a majority, among which radiographies of chest, spine and limbs are most frequently performed. It should be emphasised that the number of the hip joint radiographies in infants and small children have decreased and practically photofluorographic examinations have been eliminated from the diagnostic practice. The number of specialist procedures has evidently increased, and thus the frequency of these procedures in Poland and other European countries is comparable.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Management and autopsy of a radioactive cadaver.

A 69 year old male was treated with an ablative dose of 3.7 GBq (100 mCi) of I131 for carcinoma of the thyroid and died 10 days after administration. The requirement for an autopsy and the level of radiation still present in the body necessitated the intervention of Radiation Safety Personnel to minimise support staff radiation exposure and area contamination. Preventative measures were taken in accordance with the ALARA principle and a detailed procedure is presented as a suggested model for any future occurrence.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Computerized bone mineral measurement. Radiation protection and legal aspects].

We begin by defining the standard units utilized in dosimetry and we illustrate the risks related to the interaction of ionizing radiation with living matter. Next we summarize the basic elements of radioprotection such as the physical and medical control of the employees and the inspection by the official authorities. Finally we consider the specific aspects of radioprotection in bone mineral measurement, in relation both with dosimetry and with the existing legislation on the matter.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed1991

[Necessity to change the paradigms in radiation hygiene].

A question has been raised on the necessity to substitute the hypothesis of the biological effectiveness of ionizing irradiations as a paradigm of radiation hygiene for the linear--++non-threshold hypothesis. A comparison of the methodological substantiation fo both hypotheses and a conception of "acceptable risk" has been carried out. It is suggested, that the possibility of theoretical substantiation of setting standards for the radiation factor on the basis of adaptational hypothesis be acknowledge instead of the linear--++non-threshold conception which has lost its historic significance.

Adaptation, Physiological↗