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PubMed1993

Distinguishing instrumental and hostile aggression: does it make a difference?

An analogue task of instrumental and hostile aggression during a competitive game, modified to minimize overlap between aggressive responses, was evaluated in 8- to 14-year-old clinically referred boys (n = 33). Postgame interviews indicated that the hostile response, an aversive noise, was perceived by over 80% of subjects as hostile and not instrumental. In contrast, the instrumental response, blocking the opponent's game, was perceived about equally as having instrumental and hostile functions. The hostile aggressive response was uniquely correlated with continuous performance task impulsive commission errors (r = .51), which supported the theoretical relation of hostile aggression to poor impulse control. These results suggest that instrumental and hostile aggression can be distinguished and when precisely defined are distinct in theoretically important ways.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Gender, creativity, depression, and attributional style in adolescents with high academic ability.

The present study examined the relationship among gender, creativity, depression, and attributional style among high-achieving adolescents. One hundred twenty-eight eighth- and ninth-grade high-achieving students completed the Torrance Test of Creative Thinking (TTCT), the Children's Depression Inventory (CDI), and the Children's Attribution Style Questionnaire--Revised (KASTAN-R CASQ). The results indicate that there were gender differences only on the verbal component of the TTCT, with females scoring significantly higher. For both sexes, there was a significant relationship between figural creativity and a depressogenic attributional style. However, for females, high verbal creativity was associated with low levels of depression and a positive attributional style.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Separation and loss in psychoanalytic therapy with borderline patients: further remarks.

This paper is a continuation of an earlier one concerning borderline patients, and I can recapitulate only a few of the many areas touched upon here. The borderline individual is faced continually with the threat of loss, either of his tenuously established individual identity, through fusion with the other person, or of his fragile interpersonal relatedness, through uncontrollable flight into autism of psychotic degree. A basic theme in one's work with these persons is that of unconscious, fantasied omnipotence, variously an aspect of the patient's unconscious self-image or projected into the therapist. The acting-out which the patient does consists in his inflicting loss, deprivation, and other forms of injury upon his introjects of part-aspects of the therapist. The grief involved in the relinquishment of so-called bad introjects is discussed. The patient early in therapy is aware of his inability to grieve, and endeavors to conceal this deficiency by spurious emotionality. I give examples of patients' manifesting regressive dedifferentiation to fusion with elements of the nonhuman environment, as an unconscious defense against feelings of separation and loss. Effective therapy with these patients involves the therapist's deeper working through of his own losses. The significant losses occurred so early in these patients' lives that the therapeutic exploration of these areas may enable the therapist to gain access to comparably early losses on his own part, losses from a developmental era which many a training analysis may not have explored at all adequately.

Anxiety, Separation↗
PubMed1995

Distressed and nondistressed third- and sixth-grade children's self-reports of life events and impact and concordance with mothers.

This study examined the concordance of third- and sixth-grade distressed and nondistressed children's self-reports of the occurrence and perceived impact of life events that had occurred during the preceding 12 months with their mothers' perceptions. The study also examined whether maternal self-reports of dysphoria affects concordance between mother/child dyads on children's self-reports of occurrence and perceived impact of life events. Eighty-eight mother/child dyads, matched on Children's Depression Inventory scores, grade, sex, race, and school were included. Results indicated that distressed children endorsed more items on the Coddington Life Events Record (LER), and perceived them more negatively, than nondistressed children. Small, but statistically significant concordance rates were found between dyads on the occurrence of life events and the perceived impact of these events: Distressed children and their mothers had more mutually endorsed items than nondistressed children and mothers, and third-grade children had higher concordance rates with their mothers when compared to sixth-grade children. Third-grade children also appeared to commit more errors of commission on the LER. Finally, maternal distress mediated mother/child concordance. Possible explanations for these results and future research directions are discussed.

Child↗
PubMed1976

Polygyny: insufficient father-son contact and son's masculine identity.

In polygynous societies in which the family consists of husband, wives, and children only, if each cowife lives in a separate quarter with her children, males are more likely to be circumcised or segregated at puberty. These customs are interpreted as the measures to rectify boys' mother-oriented personality development because of limited contact with their fathers due to their mother's separate quarters. Circumcision and segregation can be explained better in terms of the son's insufficient contact with the father rather than a very close relationship with the mother due to the long postpartum sexual taboo.

Circumcision, Male↗
PubMed1990

Genetic and environmental factors in adoptee antisocial personality.

In a sample of 286 adult male adoptees 44 met criteria for antisocial personality (ASP). Two types of biologic parent background were associated with increased incidence of ASP in offspring: those with alcohol problem and those with a criminal conviction or adjudged delinquency. ASP adoptees were also significantly more likely to be alcoholic. Log linear modeling showed that alcohol problems in a biologic parent predicted increased alcohol abuse in the adoptee and that criminality/delinquency in a biologic parent predicted adult adoptee ASP. In the log-linear model two environmental factors significantly increased adoptee ASP: (1) placement in an adoptive home where there was an alcohol problem or antisocial behavior; and (2) placement in a lower socioeconomic home when the adoptee came from a background of criminality/delinquency in a biologic parent. When the adoptee did not have this biologic background socioeconomic level appeared to have little effect on ASP incidence. The results suggest the importance of genetic-environmental interaction in the genesis of adult ASP disorder.

Adoption↗
PubMed1995

Childhood sexual abuse as a precursor to depression and self-destructive behavior in adulthood.

Childhood sexual abuse (CSA) as a predictor of depression and self-destructive behaviors in adulthood was examined relative to other traumatic stressors in childhood and adulthood with special attention to sex differences. In a college sample of 173 men and 265 women, 16% of male (n = 28) and 24% of female respondents (n = 63) reported having been sexually abused as children. CSA, ranging from unwanted kissing and fondling to unwanted sexual intercourse, predicted depression, chronic self-destructiveness, self-harm ideation, acts of self-harm, suicide ideation, and suicide attempts, for both men and women. The more frequent and severe the sexual abuse and the longer its duration, the more depression and self-destructiveness reported in adulthood. Other stressors predicted these effects less consistently but their occurrence in combination with CSA contributed to the negativity of long-term outcomes. Study results affirm previous findings of a relationship between CSA and depression and self-destructiveness in adult females and extend them to males.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

The nature of feared outcome representations in children.

The present study investigated the way in which feared outcomes are organized in long-term memory in children and adolescents. A list of items relating to threatening outcomes, originally generated by children, was given to an additional 560 children (aged 6 to 16) and rated for the degree to which they worried about each. Factor analysis revealed two interpretable factors of feared outcomes. The first factor centered on concerns about physical harm while the second factor centered on social consequences that children and adolescents worry about. The two factors were consistent across gender, age, and clinical status. A scale involving the maximally discriminating items showed good internal consistency and test-retest reliability.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Intraoperative colonic lavage in emergency surgical treatment of left-sided colonic obstruction.

PURPOSE: The study contained herein was undertaken to verify if immediate resection with anastomosis with on-site lavage in emergency treatment of left colon obstruction is a safe alternative to the multistage procedure, to look for solutions to practical problems outlined by previous authors, and to check the hospital stay. METHOD: Between 1991 and 1995, all patients (61) admitted with left colon obstruction were treated with intraoperative colonic lavage and primary anastomosis. Personal development of Dudley's technique is reported. Complications and mortality are pointed out. Later, endoscopy was performed to check the status of all survivors. RESULT: Low mortality (2 percent) and major complication rates (3 percent) and short hospital stay (11 days, except for patients with major complications) are reported in our series. CONCLUSION: One-stage surgery with intraoperative lavage is a safe procedure. Patients have a better quality of life (no stoma occurred) with an effective cost-savings.

Aged↗
PubMed1995

Perceived family functioning among adolescent psychiatric inpatients: validity of the family-of-origin scale.

The Family-of-Origin Scale (FOS) is a 40 item, ten subscale self-report instrument designed to assess perceptions of family health. The scale, based on the dimensions of Autonomy and Intimacy, has demonstrated reliability and validity with adolescents. The FOS was administered to 100 adolescent psychiatric inpatients concurrently with the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI) to examine the scale's discriminant and construct validity. When compared with 100 non-clinical adolescents, the psychiatric inpatients perceived their family as less healthy on all FOS dimensions. Perceived family health on the FOS was negatively and moderately correlated with the BSI dimensions. The findings provide psychometric and clinical support for the FOS with adolescents.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Temperament as a correlate of adolescent defense mechanisms.

The Revised Dimensions of Temperament Survey, which assesses nine dimensions of temperament, and the Defense Style Questionnaire, used to assess defense mechanisms, were completed by 107 female adolescents. Temperament was found to be strongly correlated with defense style, particularly with immature defenses (p = 0.0001). The findings support the hypothesis that the biological dimension of temperament is correlated with specific defense mechanisms.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Narcissism: shame, rage and addiction.

This paper employs perspectives from Self psychology to illuminate our understanding of narcissism. Striving for complete independence and autonomy, a goal of classical psychoanalysis, encourages the disavowal of narcissism. Instead, narcissism is viewed as necessary for the survival of a sense of self and not on the same continuum with object love. The concepts of self-object and self-object functions are defined. Shame and rage are explained as byproducts of self-object failure. It is postulated that shame emerges out of self-depletion and that narcissistic rage emerges out of self-fragmentation. Countertransference and treatment implications are discussed. Following Lichtenberg, addictions are viewed as deriving from the quest for self-object experience, regardless of the long-term detriment.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Adolescent problem behavior: the effect of peers and the moderating role of father absence and the mother-child relationship.

Examined the effect of peer problem behavior, the absence of a father or equivalent in the home, and the mother-adolescent relationship as predictors of adolescent problem behavior in a sample of 112 African American adolescents. Statistical analyses compared a moderator model to a mediational model and a cumulative risk model. As predicted, the moderator model was superior to the alternative models. Specifically, whereas the mediational model predicted that the effect of father absence and the mother-child relationship upon adolescent problem behavior would be mediated by peer problem behavior, neither effected peer problem behavior or adolescent problem behavior. Similarly, a cumulative risk index did not predict either child or parent reports of problem behavior and was not sensitive to specific contingencies that existed between the predictor variables. In contrast, an interactive, moderator model described the data quite well. This model suggested that father or equivalent absence magnifies the negative impact of peer problem behavior, while a positive mother-adolescent relationship attenuates this risk. A strong mother-adolescent relationship also served to protect adolescents in father-absent homes from the risk of peer problem behavior.

Adolescent↗