Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Permethrin”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,297 records · Page 72Linked to original sources
PubMed2001

An evidence-based vector control strategy for military deployments: the British Army experience.

We describe the British Army's current strategy for controlling arthropod vectors of disease during overseas deployments. Military commanders and medical officers have different, but complementary responsibilities in achieving vector control. In this paper we define a hierarchy of evidence-based vector control guidelines. Field guidelines must be based on the best available research evidence, preferably that derived from pragmatic randomised controlled trials (RCTs), and from systematic reviews of trials. Assessing the effectiveness of different vector control measures involves a trade-off between the relative benefits and harm of different technology options. There is compelling scientific evidence that bed nets and screens treated with a pyrethroid insecticide are highly effective in protecting against nocturnally active, anthropophilic arthropods (including ectoparasites), and will reduce the incidence of malaria, leishmaniasis, lymphatic filariasis and Chagas' disease. Etofenprox and deltamethrin are the safest pyrethroids, and permethrin the least safe. Vector control strategies of probable effectiveness are the use of insecticide-treated clothing, the wearing of protective clothing, and the correct use of DEET-based topical insect repellents. Aerosol insecticides are of debatable effectiveness. Other effective vector control measures, of limited usefulness during deployments, include electric fans, mosquito coils/vaporising mats, and smoke. "Biological" vector control measures, and insect buzzers/electrocuters are ineffective. Practical insect avoidance measures, based on an understanding of vector biology, complete the military vector-control arsenal. We conclude that practical insect avoidance measures, combined with pyrethroid-treated nets and clothing, and DEET-based topical repellents, can achieve almost 100% protection against biting arthropods.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Skin and soft tissues. Management of four common infections in the nursing home patient.

Common skin and soft tissue infections in nursing home patients include herpes zoster, cellulitis, pressure ulcer infections, and scables. Treatment of shingles with an oral antiviral should be started within 24 hours of symptom onset. Dissemination and bacterial superinfection require antibiotic therapy. Use of corticosteroids to prevent post-herpetic neuralgia remains controversial. Cellulitis is most often caused by Staphylococcus aureus and beta-hemolytic streptococci (groups A and B). Therapy for cellulitis is empiric; gram-negative bacilli should be covered in diabetic patients. Most pressure ulcers never become infected; for those that do, empiric therapy should cover S aureus, gram-negative bacilli, and anaerobes. Topical treatment of scables with 5% permethrin cream or 1% lindane lotion is recommended.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Comparison of five extraction methods for determination of incurred and added pesticides in dietary composites.

The National Exposure Research Laboratory of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency conducts research to measure exposure of individuals to chemical pollutants through the diet. In support of this research, methods are being evaluated for the determination of pesticides in dietary composite samples. In the present study, Soxhlet, blender, microwave-assisted, pressurized fluid, and supercritical fluid extraction methods were compared for the determination of incurred and added pesticides in 4 dietary composites, which varied in fat and water content. Incurred pesticides were chlorothalonil, chlorpyrifos, DDE, dicloran, dieldrin, endosulfan I, malathion, cis- and trans-permethrin, and trifluralin. Added pesticides were alpha- and gamma-chlordane, hexachlorobenzene, and fonofos. Concentrations of the individual pesticides were between 0.2 and 20 ng/g composite. All 5 methods tested could extract pesticides from dietary composites. Most incurred pesticides were recovered from the dietary composites within the range of 59-140% of expected values. Recoveries of added pesticides were between 60 and 130%. Microwave-assisted extraction led to significantly higher concentrations of 7 pesticides. Blender extraction yielded significantly higher concentrations of chlorothalonil and fonofos. Water content was a significant factor in the recovery of chlorothalonil, and fat content was a significant factor in the recovery of fonofos. In designing an exposure study, the selection of the extraction method would be determined by number of samples to be extracted, analyte stability, and cost.

Diet↗
PubMed2002

Diagnosis and treatment of scabies in 2002: rapid diagnosis and proper management limit the risk of spread.

(1) Scabies is due to a parasite, Sarcoptes scabiei hominis, that colonises the human epidermis. It can affect people of all ages, regardless of their socioeconomic status. (2) Common scabies in adults causes sometimes intense pruritus and skin lesions with a characteristic aspect and distribution. The lesions are often more extensive in children. (3) Crusted (hyperkeratotic) scabies, a severe and highly contagious form, mainly occurs in immunocompromised patients. (4) Scabies lesions are often atypical in elderly patients. (5) The diagnosis of common scabies is generally based on clinical findings. Atypical forms can be diagnosed by direct examination of skin scrapings for parasites. (6) Topical treatment is based on insecticides. 5% permethrin is recommended in reference textbooks. Benzyl benzoate (possibly combined with sulfiram) is poorly evaluated. (7) Scabies can be treated more easily with ivermectin, an oral antiparasitic agent.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

[Insecticide sensitivity in malaria vectors in high altitude Madagascar after five years of vector control].

In 1991, Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles funestus, the main malaria vectors in the Highlands of Madagascar, were reported to be fully susceptible to DDT; nevertheless a slight decrease in the susceptibility levels was recorded when compared with previous assays carried out in 1962. From 1993 to 1997, five cycles of indoor residual spraying have been carried out in the Highlands: a total of 1,482,000 kg of 70% wp DDT have been used for the treatment of houses and animal shelters. From 1996 to 1999, adult mosquito susceptibility tests to DDT and to some pyrethroids (lambdacyalothrine, deltamethrine, permethrine and cyfluthrine) have been carried out on samples collected in 20 areas of the Highlands. Bioassays were carried out following the WHO standard method. All tested populations of An. funestus showed a full susceptibility to DDT. An. gambiae showed a widespread decrease in the susceptibility to DDT, particularly marked in the region of the capital city Antananarivo. Both species were susceptible to pyrethroids.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Determination of pyrethroid pesticide residues in processed fruits and vegetables by gas chromatography with electron capture and mass spectrometric detection.

A gas chromatographic method was developed for the simultaneous determination of 12 pyrethroids (tefluthrin, bifenthrin, fenpropathrin, cyhalothrin, permethrin, cyfluthrin, cypermethrin, alpha-cypermethrin, flucythrinate, fenvalerate, fluvalinate, and deltamethrin) in tomato puree, peach nectar, orange juice, and canned peas. A miniaturized extraction-partition procedure requiring small amounts of nonchlorinated solvents is used. Samples are extracted with acetone, partitioned with ethyl acetate-cyclohexane (50 + 50, v/v), and cleaned up on a Florisil cartridge. The final extract is analyzed by gas chromatography with both electron capture and mass spectrometric detection modes. Studies at fortification levels of 0.010-0.100 mg/kg gave mean recoveries ranging from 70.2 to 96.0% and coefficients of variation between 4.0 and 13.9% for all compounds. Quantitation limits were < 0.010 mg/kg for electron capture detection.

Beverages↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Interaction with esterases and mechanism of synergistic action of thio- and dithiophosphates containing the fragments of N-acylated glycine and beta-alanine].

We studied the interaction between O,O-diethyl-S-[(N-acyl-N-alkoxycarbonylalkyl)aminomethyl]thiophosphates and mammalian cholinesterases as well as esterases from insect tissue extracts by kinetic methods and disc electrophoresis. The coefficients of combined effect of these compounds or their dithioanalogs with permethrin were determined. The obtained data suggest that the synergistic effect on the common cockroaches and houseflies is chiefly due to carboxylesterase inhibition by monothioderivatives and monooxygenase suppression by dithioderivatives, respectively.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Comparison of government statistics and demographic surveillance to monitor mortality in children less than five years old in rural western Kenya.

Estimates of mortality in children less than five years old using government civil registration statistics (passive surveillance) were compared against statistics generated by active demographic surveillance during a randomized controlled trial of permethrin-treated bed nets (ITNs) in western Kenya. Mortality rates were two-fold lower when estimated through civil registration compared with active prospective surveillance (rate ratio [RR] = 0.51, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.44-0.59). While civil registration underestimated deaths, particularly in the neonatal period, the age distribution of deaths in children 1-59 months of age was the same as with active surveillance. Seasonal mortality trends were also similar. There was no agreement between cause of death recorded by active and passive surveillance. Verbal autopsy estimated that half of all deaths were associated with malaria and pneumonia, but civil registration markedly under-reported these illnesses; incidence RR (95% CI) = 0.18 (0.14-0.24), and 0.05 (0.03-0.08), respectively, while over-reporting deaths due to measles (RR = 15.5 [95% CI = 7.3-33.2]). Government statistics under-represent mortality, particularly neonatal mortality, in children less than five years of age in rural areas of Kenya. They can provide accurate information on the age-distribution of deaths among children 1-59 months old, and on seasonal trends, but not on disease-specific mortality.

Age Distribution↗
PubMed2003

Pyrethroid stimulation of ion transport across frog skin.

Pyrethroids are grouped into two classes (types I and II) because of the absence or presence of an alpha-cyano substituent and the production of a different intoxication syndrome in rodents. In this study, we investigated the effect of pyrethroids on the ion transport across frog skin (Rana esculenta). The short-circuit current value (estimate of ion transport) was increased by each of the eight pyrethroids tested, with the following order of potency: lambda-cyhalothrin > deltamethrin > alpha-cypermethrin = beta-cyfluthrin > bioallethrin > permethrin > bioresmethrin > phenothrin. The first four compounds are type II pyrethroids. Therefore, ion transport is stimulated more by type II pyrethroids than by type I. Experiments performed in the presence of amiloride support the conclusion that pyrethroids mainly increase Na+ absorption and to a lesser extent Cl- secretion. In these experiments, no systematic difference between type I and II pyrethroids was found. Finally, the stimulation by pyrethroids was inhibited by indomethacin and W7 (inhibitors of cyclooxygenases and the Ca2+/calmodulin system, respectively). These observations suggest that pyrethroids do not directly affect the epithelial Na+ channel (ENaC) but indirectly influence an intracellular event involved in ENaC modulation and linked to the Ca2+ signaling cascade.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed2003

Comparative performances, under laboratory conditions, of seven pyrethroid insecticides used for impregnation of mosquito nets.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of seven pyrethroid insecticides for impregnation of mosquito nets, six currently recommended by WHO and one candidate (bifenthrin), under laboratory conditions. METHODS: Tests were conducted using pyrethroid-susceptible and pyrethroid-resistant strains of Anopheles gambiae and Culex quinquefasciatus. Knock-down effect, irritancy and mortality were measured using standard WHO cone tests. Mortality and blood-feeding inhibition were also measured using a baited tunnel device. FINDINGS: For susceptible A. gambiae, alpha-cypermethrin had the fastest knock-down effect. For resistant A. gambiae, the knock- down effect was slightly slower with alpha-cypermethrin and much reduced following exposure to the other insecticides, particularly bifenthrin and permethrin. For susceptible C. quinquefasciatus, the knock-down effect was significantly slower than in A. gambiae, particularly with bifenthrin, and no knock-down effect was observed with any of the pyrethroids against the resistant strain. Bifenthrin was significantly less irritant than the other pyrethroids to susceptible and resistant A. gambiae but there was no clear ranking of pyrethroid irritancy against C. quinquefasciatus. In tunnels, all insecticides were less toxic against C. quinquefasciatus than against A. gambiae for susceptible strains. For resistant strains, mortality was significant with all the pyrethroids with A. gambiae but not with C. quinquefasciatus. Inhibition of blood-feeding was also high for susceptible strains of both species and for resistant A. gambiae but lower for resistant C. quinquefasciatus; bifenthrin had the greatest impact. CONCLUSIONS: Efficacy for impregnation of mosquito nets against A. gambiae was greatest with alpha-cypermethrin. Bifenthrin is likely to have a significant comparative advantage over other pyrethroids in areas with pyrethroid resistance because of its much stronger impact on the nuisance mosquito, C. quinquefasciatus, despite its slower knock-down effect and irritancy. Selection of pyrethroids for mosquito vector control and personal protection should take into account the different effects of these insecticides, the status of pyrethroid resistance in the target area, and the importance of nuisance mosquitoes, such as C. quinquefasciatus.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

[Findings of body lice (Pediculus humanus L.) in Czechoslovakia].

The first finding of body lice in Czechoslovakia since year 1945 is demonstrated. The determination of the species is based on the location of the louse on the body of the infested person and on the significant differences in the length of tibia of middle legs in these lice and those collected from the head of children. Local eradication was achieved by using formulation containing permethrin, against head lice.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Hospital outbreak traced to a case of Norwegian scabies.

A hospital outbreak, traced to a case of Norwegian scabies, resulted in 45 and 32 symptomatic cases in staff and patients, respectively. A total of 228 asymptomatic in-patient contacts and over 500 staff required prophylactic treatment with either 1% gamma benzene hexachloride lotion or 5% permethrin cream. Recurrences occurred in seven staff members and five patients. The outbreak was contained within four months.

Aged↗
PubMed1992

Epidemiology and control of malaria in Malaysia.

In spite of more than 30 years of control activities, malaria continues to be the most important parasitic infection in Malaysia, accounting for 39,189 confirmed cases in 1991, giving an annual parasite incidence rate of 2.2 per 1,000 population. Some factors contributing to the continued transmission of malaria are the development of drug resistant Plasmodium falciparum, changes in vector behavior, and ecological changes due to socio-economic reasons. Malaria parasite rates are higher among the Aborigines, land scheme settlers and those in intimate contact with the jungle, like loggers. There has been no substantial change in the proportion of the three common malaria species responsible for infections, P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. malariae and mixed infections accounting for about 70%, 28%, 1% and 1%, respectively of all infections. Drug resistant P. falciparum is unevenly distributed in Malaysia, but based on clinical experience and in vitro drug sensitivity studies, chloroquine resistance is frequently encountered. There has been clinical and laboratory evidence of resistance to sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine combination as well as quinine, but all these have so far been successfully treated with a combination of quinine and tetracycline. The eradication of the disease is impossible in the near future but there is confidence that with better surveillance techniques and the use of alternative control measures like permethrin impregnated bed-nets to complement existing ones, the target of bringing down the annual parasite incidence to 2 per 1,000 population during the Sixth Malaysian Plan period (1991-1995) can be achieved.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Age-related changes in mosquito insecticide resistance and their relation to the mechanisms of detoxication].

The mechanisms of DDT, permethrin and malathion resistance were determined indirectly by means of synergists inhibiting the detoxification enzymes. It was found that metabolic resistance dependent on glutathione-S-transferase, MFO and carboxylesterase is the most liable to age changes. Such changes are less expressive in mosquitos which have supposedly kdr-resistance. In young mosquitos (1-2 days) of all species, the rate of synergism is relatively low and fails to explain high resistance which is usual for juvenile specimen.

Aedes↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[A comparative evaluation of the activity of pyrethroid-based insecticidal preparations].

A comparative analysis of the results of experimental trials of 12 new effective insecticide agents synthesized in the USSR and abroad, containing permethrin, deltamethrin, cypermethrin, cyfenothrin, etophenprox and neopinamine as active ingredients, against flies, mosquitos, fleas, bedbugs and cockroaches was made. The LD50 data in microgrammes per g and millilitres per litre and the LC50 data in grammes per sq m are given. All the tested preparations are allowed to use in medical desinsection practice.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The level of insecticide resistance in natural populations of houseflies].

The resistance to chlorophos and some pyrethroids (permethrin, fenvalerate and ethofenprox) were determined in house fly imagos from Moscow, some towns of the Moscow Province (Dmitrov, Kolomna, Zagorsk and others). Tajikistan, Turkmenia and also Czechoslovakia. The tested populations from the USSR were highly resistant to chlorophos (more than 100 times) and susceptible or tolerant to pyrethroids. Czechoslovak populations were more resistant to pyrethroids.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

[Effects of pyrethroids on the activity of gamma-aminobutyric acid transferase in rat brain].

OBJECTIVE: To study the effects of pyrethroids on the activity of gamma-aminobutyric acid transferase (GABAT) in rat brain. METHOD: The coupled enzyme ultraviolet spectrophotography was applied to observe the effects of deltamethrin (DM) and permethrin (PM) on the activities of GABAT in rat cerebral cortex, hippocampus, corpus striatum and cerebellum in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS: In vitro, DM and PM had no significant effects on the activities of GABAT in rat cerebral cortex, hippocampus, corpus striatum and cerebellum at the final concentration of 10(-9) - 10(-4) mol/L. When 37.5 mg/kg DM and 600 mg/kg PM were orally administrated to the rats at one time, the activities of GABAT in rat cerebral cortex, hippocampus and cerebellum in the DM group [(2.96 +/- 0.43), (2.13 +/-0.44), (5.12 +/- 1.36) nmol x mg pro(-1) x min(-1), respectively] were lower than those in the control group [(3.43 +/- 0.41), (2.68 +/- 0.47), (6.74 +/- 1.64) nmol x mg pro(-1) x min(-1)] (P < 0.05), and the activities of GABAT in rat cerebral cortex and hippocampus in the PM group [(4.57 +/- 0.30), (4.18 +/- 0.63) nmol.mg pro(-1) x min(-1), respectively] were higher than those in the control group (P < 0.05). When 12.5 mg/kg DM and 200 mg/kg PM were orally administrated to the rats once a day for consecutive five days, the two pesticides had no significant effects on the activities of GABAT in rat cerebral cortex, hippocampus, corpus striatum and cerebellum (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: In vitro, DM and PM had no significant effects on the activity of GABAT in rat brain; in vivo, DM and PM may have different effects on the activity of GABAT in rat brain, which deserve further study.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Monitoring of the insecticidal resistance of main malaria vectors in Uzbekistan].

In the Fergana valley, the sensitivity of Anopheles maculipennis to DDT was moderate (82.5% death rates) and that to carbamate agents (bendiocarb, 43.5%, and propoxur, 13.0%) was decreased. There was its high sensitivity to pyrethroidal insecticides, such as deltamethrin, lambdacigalothrin, and cifluthrin (100% death rates). The population was moderately resistant to carbamates: bendiocarb and propoxur (69.3 and 77.2% death rates, respectively). In the piedmont and mountainous districts of the Surkhandarya Region, A. superpictus is highly sensitive to all tested drugs. In the plain area of the Samarkand Area, the sensitivity of A. maculipennis to the insecticides, such as fenitrothion, propoxur, and permethrin, was 98.3, 92.3, and 97.0% death rates, respectively; the Tashkent, Dzhizak, and Surkhandaryinsk A. pulcherrimus population retained a normal sensitivity to all tested agents (94.4-100% death rates). The diapausing female A. superpictus mosquitoes in the population from the Fergana valley were found to be resistant to DDT (82.8% death rates) and highly resistant to malathion (43.8%), fenitrothion (38.8%), bendiocarb (2.7%), and propoxur (7.0%); the Tashkent and Surkhandaryinsk populations were also considerably resistant to these agents (35.3-89.6% death rates).

Animals↗