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PubMed2006

The frequency of multiple paternity suggests that sperm competition is common in house mice (Mus domesticus).

Sexual selection is an important force driving the evolution of morphological and genetic traits. To determine the importance of male-male, postcopulatory sexual selection in natural populations of house mice, we estimated the frequency of multiple paternity, defined as the frequency with which a pregnant female carried a litter fertilized by more than one male. By genotyping eight microsatellite markers from 1095 mice, we found evidence of multiple paternity from 33 of 143. Evidence for multiple paternity was especially strong for 29 of these litters. Multiple paternity was significantly more common in higher-density vs. lower-density populations. Any estimate of multiple paternity will be an underestimate of the frequency of multiple mating, defined as the frequency with which a female mates with more than a single male during a single oestrus cycle. We used computer simulations to estimate the frequency of multiple mating, incorporating observed reductions in heterozygosity and levels of allele sharing among mother and father. These simulations indicated that multiple mating is common, occurring in at least 20% of all oestrus cycles. The exact estimate depends on the competitive skew among males, a parameter for which we currently have no data from natural populations. This study suggests that sperm competition is an important aspect of postcopulatory sexual selection in house mice.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Why don't more young men in the UK become fathers?

OBJECTIVE: This paper aims to show that, compared with young women, there is an apparent discrepancy in the reported sexual behaviour of young men and records of their fatherhood. DESIGN: The data come from four studies of the sexual behaviour of young people in various parts of Britain between 1960 and 1990 and from statistics published by the Office of Population Censuses and Surveys. MAIN RESULTS: More of the young men than the young women had been sexually active, and the men had had more sexual partners. Relatively few men under 20, however, are identified as fathers. In 1991 there were 52,396 live births to women under 20 years, but only 12,959 births were attributed to men under 20, and if all those to women under 20 for which the father was not identified are added to this, the total is still only 28,208--54% of the number of births to women of that age. Seven possible reasons for the discrepancy are discussed. Data suggest that the two most probable explanations are that there are different patterns of intercourse among young men and women and that the data obtained in surveys are to some extent inaccurate or biased. CONCLUSIONS: Differing behaviours indicate a double standard for men and women. Imperfect information affects predictions about a potential heterosexual HIV epidemic.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Research ethics committees and paternalism.

In this paper the authors argue that research ethics committees (RECs) should not be paternalistic by rejecting research that poses risk to people competent to decide for themselves. However it is important they help to ensure valid consent is sought from potential recruits and protect vulnerable people who cannot look after their own best interests. The authors first describe the tragic deaths of Jesse Gelsinger and Ellen Roche. They then discuss the following claims to support their case: (1) competent individuals are epistemologically and ethically in the best position to say which risks are reasonable for them, so RECs should be no more restrictive than the "normal" constraints on people taking risks with themselves; (2) RECs do not judge individual competence (that is for researchers and psychiatrists); (3) individual liberty is mostly limited by what serves the public interest, and RECs do not determine public interest; (4) RECs may have a paternalistic role in preventing exploitation of competent people vulnerable to the use of incentives, and in protecting the interests of incompetent people; however, (5) the moral and political authority of RECs has not been established in this respect.

Altruism↗
PubMed2005

Predicting patterns of adolescent alcohol use: a longitudinal study.

OBJECTIVE: Because most studies of adolescent alcohol use have focused primarily on the frequency and quantity of consumption, we know little about how adolescent drinking patterns change during the high school years. The purpose of this article is to provide such data, as well as to identify some of the individual, family, social life and community predictors of changes in drinking patterns over time. METHOD: A sample of 1,253 students in grades 9 through 12 (57% female) in a large metropolitan school district participated. Three ethnicities were represented: African American, European American and Mexican American. Students completed questionnaires every 6 months for a 2-year period (n = 743 at Time 4). RESULTS: Cluster analyses of the drinking variables yielded one problem-drinking group (heavy, multiple-context drinking), two high-risk groups (i.e., date and outdoor drinking) and three normative groups (light, family/parent, moderate/ party drinking). The most predictable patterns of longitudinal changes in adolescent drinking were consistent with the following progression (or the reverse): abstainer --> normative drinker --> high-risk drinker --> problem drinker. Paternal attitudes toward adolescent drinking and peer involvement in antisocial behavior predicted movement into normative drinking; social activity with peers predicted movement into high-risk drinking; and emotional distress predicted the transition into problem drinking. CONCLUSIONS: These findings are consistent with the multistage social learning model, demonstrating that the predictors of adolescent alcohol use vary across different levels of adolescent alcohol involvement.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Fatherless adolescents' feelings about their mothers--a pilot study.

Data from a study on feelings of Jerusalem high school students about their parents were used to explore fatherless adolescents' feelings about their mothers. Only eighteen such cases were found in this population and they were divided into two groups: twelve girls and six boys. The boys and the girls from two-parent families served as control groups. Statistical evaluation showed that fatherless adolescent girls perceived their mothers as significantly less benevolent (p less than 0.01) than girls from two-parent families of similar sociodemographic background. In the smaller group of boys no differences were found.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Concern: spurious or real.

This paper is about a group of patients who appear to show excessive concern for their objects, reflecting a combination of a real wish for reparation alongside an attitude of hostility and superiority towards the object. Detailed clinical examples from two patients are used to illustrate a certain combination of characterological defences in these patients who have been severely deprived, and overcompensate for this experienced deprivation by the expression of excessive concern for an object that is simultaneously experienced as hostile and frustrating. Side by side with the partial achievement of the depressive position there is an early 'take over' of the breast, in which the infant 'becomes' the breast and shows behaviour which is in part a fake of a very concerned mother. The paper includes a discussion of some of the technical problems in dealing with such patients, and stresses the need for distinguishing between what is real and what is false; it suggests that what is required is a balanced or 'two handed' approach, in which there is firm handling of the manic or pretentious 'take over' together with a sympathetic understanding of the underlying vulnerability of these patients.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

[Behavioral teratogenesis. A new aspect of the pathology of prenatal development (author's transl)].

It has now been shown that, in the absence of malformation, functional disorders can exist, especially in the central nervous system as a result of diverse maternal and even paternal assaults on the developing conceptus. These disorders which are compatible with life include intellectual, behavioral and sensory-motor deficits. The causitive factors may be of toxogenic, dietetic or iatrogenic origin and may affect the conceptus differently according to its sex. A terminology corresponding to these more recent aspects of teratology is suggested, a distinction being made between morpho- and physio-teratogenic factors. In the framework of this terminology, certain practical aspects are envisaged: the dose of the causitive agent, the existence of a susceptible period during development, the existence of purely physio-teratogenic agents and the aspects of study methods. Finally, certain factors which can affect the optimum quality of offspring are described.

Abnormalities, Drug-Induced↗
PubMed2002

Male reproductive competition in spawning aggregations of cod (Gadus morhua, L.).

Reproductive competition may lead to a large skew in reproductive success among individuals. Very few studies have analysed the paternity contribution of individual males in spawning aggregations of fish species with huge census population sizes. We quantified the variance in male reproductive success in spawning aggregations of cod under experimental conditions over an entire spawning season. Male reproductive success was estimated by microsatellite-based parentage analysis of offspring produced in six separate groups of spawning cod. In total, 1340 offspring and 102 spawnings distributed across a spawning season were analysed. Our results show that multiple males contributed sperm to most spawnings but that paternity frequencies were highly skewed among males, with larger males on average siring higher proportions of offspring. It was further indicated that male reproductive success was dependent on the magnitude of the size difference between a female and a male. We discuss our results in relation to the cod mating system. Finally, we suggest that the highly skewed distribution of paternity success observed in cod may be a factor contributing to the low effective population size/census population size ratios observed in many marine organisms.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Coping with "absence-presence": noncustodial fathers' parenting behaviors.

This article is based on the view that the nature of the divorced father's involvement with his children is affected by psychological processes that enable him to separate his parental from his spousal role and identity. It argues that the ability to cope with the simultaneous absence of the spousal role and identity and presence of the paternal role and identity is a key factor in shaping the divorced father's behavior toward his children. The article illustrates the claim in 3 case studies showing (a) parental functioning marred by ongoing conflict with the children's mother, (b) disengagement, and (c) stable and consistent parental functioning within the inevitable limitations of noncustodial fatherhood.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1987

Judgment, 10 October 1986.

While married to the defendant wife, the plaintiff husband agreed to have a child by artificial insemination of the wife with the semen of another man. After the couple was divorced, the husband brought a successful action to disclaim paternity of the child born as a result of the artificial insemination. He then attempted to have support payments agreed to in the divorce settlement set aside since he was not the father of the child. The Court ruled against him, holding that the child was a third party beneficiary of the contract between the couple to have a child through artificial insemination; as such it was owed an obligation of support by the plaintiff, no matter what the status of the child's paternity.

Behavior↗
PubMed1993

Reliability of sibling reports on parental drinking behaviors.

Questionnaire data from the Colorado Alcohol Research on Twins and Adoptees (CARTA) were analyzed to explore the reliability of sibling responses to items from the CARTA Family Alcoholism History Questionnaire (FHQ) concerning parental drinking behaviors. Subjects included 142 pairs of male and female, twin and nontwin siblings who reported on paternal and maternal problem drinking. FHQ items were summed to produce drinking-problem scales for fathers and mothers. There was generally good concordance across sibling reports of parental problem-drinking symptoms. There was a significant gender difference in that male offspring were more in agreement about their mothers' drinking behavior, while female offspring were more in agreement about their fathers' drinking behavior. For the most part, objective items, such as having two or more drunk-driving arrests, were more reliable (paternal kappa total = .56, maternal = .66) than subjective items, such as being happy only when drinking (paternal = .24, maternal = -.03). This evidence for reliability of sibling reports about parental drinking does seem to validate the use of such questionnaire data in alcohol studies.

Adoption↗