[Auricular fibrillation and anticoagulation].
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Aged↗
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Results for “PULMONARY EMBOLISM AND THROMBOSIS”
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[Fatal outcome of an adenovirus type 21 pneumonia in active pulmonary tuberculosis].
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Adenoviridae↗
[Fat embolism. Recent findings in pathogenesis and therapy].
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Accidents↗
[Cardiomyopathies and cardiac sudden death (discussion)].
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Cardiomyopathy, Dilated↗
Thrombophlebitis and pulmonary embolism in the elderly patient.
The incidence of deep venous thrombosis and subsequent pulmonary embolism is increased in the elderly but, because the clinical manifestations may be misleading, the diagnosis is often missed. The clinician must maintain a high index of suspicion and order specific tests for venous thrombosis or pulmonary embolism whenever these diagnoses are considered. Even though the risk of bleeding while anticoagulated is increased in the elderly, treatment with heparin followed by long-term anticoagulation with warfarin is the preferred course of therapy for most patients. Awareness of their increased risk and emphasis on prevention of venous thrombosis may be the most effective means of dealing with this clinical problem in the elderly.
Aged↗
Smoking and abdominal obesity: risk factors for venous thromboembolism among middle-aged men: "the study of men born in 1913".
BACKGROUND: Risk factors for deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism are mostly derived from case-control studies of hospitalized patients, and there are few long-term population-based studies. OBJECTIVE: To study the long-term risk factors for deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism among middle-aged men. DESIGN: A prospective cohort study. SETTING: General community, "The Study of Men Born in 1913." SUBJECTS: A random population sample of 855 men, all aged 50 years at baseline. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Eight-hundred fifty-five men participated in a screening examination in 1963 at the age of 50 years, and 792 of these men were reexamined in 1967 at the age of 54. All the men were followed up with periodic examinations until the age of 80. Objective methods were used to ascertain a diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism. RESULTS: Waist circumference (P=.004) and smoking (P = .02) predicted a venous thromboembolic event in multivariate survival analysis. Men in the highest decile of waist circumference (> or =100 cm) had an adjusted relative risk of 3.92 (95% confidence interval, 2.10-7.29; P<.001) compared with men with a waist circumference of less than 100 cm. For men who smoked 15 g of tobacco (15 cigarettes) a day or more, the adjusted relative risk was 2.82 (95% confidence interval, 1.30-6.13; P= .009) compared with nonsmokers. CONCLUSIONS: Smoking and abdominal obesity were independent risk factors for venous thromboembolic events during follow-up. In addition to the prevention of smoking and obesity, a more aggressive strategy regarding the use of prophylactic agents among smokers and obese patients, in various risk situations, may be justified.
Abdomen↗
The clinical use of fibrinolytic agents.
Two fibrinolytic drugs, streptokinase and urokinase, have undergone extensive clinical evaluation in the past fifteen years. Current evidence suggests that these agents may become the drugs of choice in the treatment of certain patients with venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. The ultimate usefulness of fibrinolytic therapy in the treatment of thrombotic conditions other than venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism has not yet been determined.
Endopeptidases↗
[Recurrent pulmonary embolism from left subclavian thrombosis: a case report].
A 38-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital because of pulmonary thromboembolism. Thrombolysis therapy resulted in initial improvement in symptoms and laboratory data. However, 4 months later, pulmonary thromboembolism recurred despite antiplatelet and anticoagulation therapy. Contrast venography and venous ultrasonography of both upper and lower extremities revealed subtotal occlusion and venous thrombosis of the left subclavian vein with collateral vessels, but no evidence of lower extremity venous thrombosis. She had no history of subclavian venous catheterization, neoplasm, hypercoagulability or other predisposing cause of thrombus formation. Operative ligation of the left subclavian vein was performed at the junction with the internal jugular vein. White thrombus was identified within the venous lumen. She was well without recurrent pulmonary thromboembolism or venous insufficiency for 10 months after the operation. Surgical interruption of the subclavian vein may be effective to prevent recurrent pulmonary thromboembolism in patients with recurrent pulmonary thromboembolism due to venous thrombosis of the upper extremity despite therapeutic anticoagulation.
Adult↗
Pulmonary embolism in acute iliofemoral venous thrombosis.
Serial perfusion lung scanning and chest radiography were used to study the incidence of pulmonary embolism in patients with acute iliofemoral venous thrombosis. The efficacy of conventional anticoagulation and surgical thrombectomy in controlling embolism and the risk of creating emboli during thrombectomy were also evaluated. Lung scans obtained on admission in 49 patients were normal in 37 per cent, inconclusive in 18 per cent and positive for embolism in 45 per cent of the patients. Symptoms suggestive of embolism were present in only 24 per cent of the patients and correlated poorly with lung scans. Massive embolism was present in only two patients. Additional, usually asymptomatic, emboli developed within one month in 21 per cent of 29 patients treated conservatively with anticoagulation alone and in 20 per cent of 20 patients having acute thrombectomy combined with a temporary arteriovenous fistula and systemic anticoagulation. Only one conservatively treated patient required caval interruption. Pulmonary embolism, usually of minor degree, is thus present in nearly every other patient with acute iliofemoral venous thrombosis. Anticoagulation alone or in conjunction with thrombectomy and arteriovenous fistula in most cases effectively prevents further embolization and the risk of creating additional emboli by the surgical procedure is insignificant.
Adolescent↗
[Mobile thrombus of the right heart and pulmonary embolism: diagnostic and therapeutic problems. Apropos of 12 cases].
The objectives of this report were to analyse clinical presentation, echocardiographic features and diagnostic and therapeutic problems posed by an unusual form of thrombo-embolic disease: mobile right heart thrombosis. Systematic echocardiography in 170 cases of severe pulmonary embolism identified mobile right thrombi in 12 cases. The auscultatory findings were abnormal in 6 cases, 3 showing signs of tricuspid obstruction. Two-dimensional echocardiography showed an extremely mobile right atrial mass, sometimes prolapsing across the tricuspid valve, which was variously spheric, ovoid or worm-like; dilatation of the right heart chambers and echocardiographic signs of cor pulmonale were observed in all cases. The differential diagnosis with other embolic masses of the right atrium and, above all, with well-developed Chiari networks, may be difficult and requires transoesophageal echocardiography. Pulmonary angiography is contra-indicated because of the risk of embolism. Embolectomy under cardiopulmonary bypass was carried out in 8 patients, immediately after echocardiography in 6 cases. The thrombus was recovered from the right atrium in 6 cases and from the pulmonary artery in 2 cases: there was one operative death. Medical treatment was administered to 3 inoperable patients. The clinical and echocardiographic outcome was good in 2 of these but the third patient died; autopsy revealed thrombi in the right atrium and pulmonary artery. One patient died before any treatment could be given and autopsy showed the thrombus in the pulmonary artery. These results confirm the extreme instability of this type of thrombus and the risk of death due to its embolism.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Adult↗
Antipsychotic and antidepressant drug use in the elderly and the risk of venous thromboembolism.
BACKGROUND: Preliminary evidence suggests that use of antipsychotic drugs is associated with an increased risk of venous thromboembolism. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the relationship between antipsychotic or antidepressant drug use and venous thromboembolism among adults aged 65 years and older. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study using linked health care administrative databases over a nine year period. SETTING: The entire province of Ontario, Canada. PARTICIPANTS: Individuals aged 65 years and over exclusively prescribed either antipsychotic drugs (n = 22,514), antidepressant drugs (n = 75,649) or thyroid replacement hormones (33,033), the referent control group. We excluded those with an antecedent history of cardiovascular disease, venous thromboembolism or cancer, as well as those dispensed warfarin before study entry. MEASUREMENTS: Diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism. RESULTS: Relative to those prescribed thyroid hormones, neither antidepressant (adjusted hazard ratio 1.02, 95% CI 0.91-1.14) nor antipsychotic (adjusted hazard ratio 1.13, 95% CI 0.96-1.32) drug use was associated with an increased risk for deep vein thrombosis. Similar risk estimates were found for deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism. In a sub-group analysis, only butyrophenone use was found to be associated with a slightly increased risk of deep vein thrombosis (adjusted HR 1.51, 95% CI 1.23-1.86) as well as deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism (adjusted HR 1.43, 95% CI 1.18-1.74). CONCLUSIONS: In a large cohort of adults aged 65 years and older, neither antipsychotic or antidepressant drug use was associated with an increased risk of venous thromboembolism, with the exception of a slightly increased risk among those prescribed butyrophenones. Further data are required before use of these psychoactive drugs can be considered a risk factor for venous thromboembolism.
Aged↗
Risk of venous thromboembolism associated with the insertion/deletion polymorphism in the angiotensin-converting enzyme gene.
The circulating levels of angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) are linked with a 287-base pair insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism at intron 16 of the ACE gene. Thus, the homozygous deletion (D/D genotype) could cause chronic vasoconstriction, arterial hypertension and, possibly, coronary artery disease. Also, the increase in plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 level and impaired fibrinolysis were related with the D/D genotype. The D allele has been recently associated with venous thrombosis among African-American men as well as among patients that underwent elective total hip replacement. We assess the risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) linked with each genotype of the I/D ACE gene polymorphism in a Caucasian population by means of a case-control study. We genotyped the ACE gene in a series of 148 patients aged 45.0 +/- 16.0 years (range, 11-80 years), objectively diagnosed in our centre of deep-vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism, and in 240 thrombosis-free subjects (25-75 years) from the same geographic area. The observed difference in D allele frequencies between patients (0.56) and controls (0.62) was nonsignificant overall; however, statistical significance (P = 0.05) was found by considering the recessive hypothesis (D/D versus I/ D + I/I) [odds ratio (OR) = 0.64, 95% confidence interval (CI95) = 0.42-0.99]. The OR was 0.88 (CI95 = 0.51-1.53; P = 0.65) for the dominant hypothesis (D/D + I/D versus I/I genotypes). The relative risk for the D allele was close to 1 for the dominant hypothesis, both considering gender and recurrent tendency; however, it was protective in men regarding the recessive hypothesis (OR = 0.53, CI95 = 0.29-0.97, P = 0.04). The I/D ACE allele distribution was similar among the 46 thrombophilic patients (antithrombin, protein C or protein S deficiencies, factor V R506Q, factor II G20210A or lupus anticoagulant). In conclusion, among (Spanish) Caucasians, this study does not support the hypothesis that the deletion allele (D) of the ACE gene could be a significant risk factor for VTE, being protective in men.
Adolescent↗
Enoxaparin in the treatment of deep vein thrombosis with or without pulmonary embolism: an individual patient data meta-analysis.
STUDY OBJECTIVES: Low-molecular-weight heparins have been compared with unfractionated heparin (UFH) for treatment of deep vein thrombosis (DVT). However, a comparison of their efficacy in the presence or absence of pulmonary embolism (PE) has not been studied. We estimated the efficacy and safety of enoxaparin vs UFH in patients with proximal DVT with/without symptomatic PE using a meta-analysis of individual data from randomized controlled trials. DESIGN AND SETTING: Randomized controlled trials were identified from MEDLINE, EMBASE, abstracts from international meetings on venous thromboembolism (VTE), previous meta-analyses, and trial data provided by the sponsor. PARTICIPANTS: For inclusion, randomized controlled trials had to be properly randomized; include patients with objectively diagnosed DVT; compare enoxaparin twice daily with UFH; use objective methods to assess recurrent symptomatic VTE, major bleeding, and death at 3 months; and include blind evaluation of clinical events. MEASUREMENTS: A meta-analysis was performed using the logarithm of the relative risk (RR) method. Enoxaparin in DVT treatment with/without symptomatic PE was considered noninferior to UFH for preventing VTE at 3 months if the upper limit of the 95% confidence interval (CI) of the RR (enoxaparin/UFH) was lower than a prespecified noninferiority margin (1.61). No increase in major bleeding or mortality should be observed. RESULTS: The meta-analysis included individual data from three randomized controlled trials (749 patients and 754 patients in the enoxaparin and UFH groups, respectively). The observed RR (enoxaparin/UFH) of VTE was 0.81 (95% CI, 0.52 to 1.26) for the intention-to-treat population (RR, 0.70; 95% CI, 0.43 to 1.13; for per-protocol analysis). Results did not differ for patients with clinical PE (235 patients; RR, 0.84) and without clinical PE (1,268 patients; RR, 0.71), with a nonsignificant heterogeneity test between groups (p = 0.76). A trend in favor of enoxaparin was observed for reduced mortality and major bleeding. CONCLUSIONS: The efficacy and safety of enoxaparin vs UFH for DVT treatment is not modified by the presence of symptomatic PE.
Anticoagulants↗
Pulmonary thrombosis and its association with unexpected death in childhood.
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Child↗
[Deep venous thrombosis of the upper limb complicated by pulmonary embolism. Apropos of a case].
Venous thrombosis of the upper limb is classically rarely complicated by pulmonary embolism. The authors report a case of phlebitis of the upper limb in a 46-year-old woman with a thoracic outlet syndrome complicated by multiple and recurrent pulmonary emboli. Analysis of recent data from the literature would appear to bring into question the classically accepted harmless nature of this condition regarding the risk of embolic complications.
Arm↗
Pulmonary embolism due to compression of the inferior vena cava by a hepatic hemangioma.
We describe a 35-year-old man who had a pulmonary embolism with thrombosis of the inferior vena cava, apparently resulting from compression by a hepatic hemangioma. The diagnosis of pulmonary embolism was confirmed by pulmonary angiography; however, the hemangioma was detected only incidentally, as a hyperechoic mass, during an echocardiogram for intracardiac thrombosis. Abdominal sonography, computed tomography, celiac angiography, technetium 99m-labeled red blood cell scintigraphy, and ultrasound-guided liver biopsy all assisted in the diagnosis of hepatic hemangioma and its compression of the inferior vena cava. Because of the multisegmental and perihilar involvement of the tumor, surgery was not performed. For dissolution of the clots, the patient was given thrombolytic therapy followed by heparin administration. He was then placed on long-term warfarin therapy and is well after 5 years; the size of the hemangioma is unchanged. Cases of pulmonary embolism due to diseases of the upper abdominal organs are rare and probably underestimated. This case stresses the need for a systematic investigation of the abdomen when a pulmonary embolism is present without evidence of deep vein thrombosis.
Adult↗
New onset of venous thromboembolism among hospitalized patients at Brigham and Women's Hospital is caused more often by prophylaxis failure than by withholding treatment.
CONTEXT: Guidelines to prevent venous thromboembolism (VTE) have been widely distributed and generally have been assumed to be effective. Therefore, among hospitalized patients, the development of VTE is thought to occur in the context of omitted prophylaxis. OBJECTIVES: To describe hospitalized patients who develop VTE and to determine whether they received antecedent prophylaxis. DESIGN: Case series. SETTING: Brigham and Women's Hospital. PATIENTS: Three hundred eighty-four patients who developed in-hospital deep venous thrombosis or pulmonary embolism or who developed VTE within 30 days of prior hospital discharge. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The relationship of developing new-onset VTE to the use or omission of antecedent in-hospital prophylaxis. RESULTS: Of the 384 identified patients, 272 had deep venous thrombosis alone, 62 had pulmonary embolism alone, and 50 had deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. Most were medical service patients; fewer than one fourth were general or orthopedic surgery patients. Overall, 52% had received antecedent VTE prophylaxis. Thirteen deaths (3.4%) were ascribed to pulmonary embolism, and prophylaxis was omitted in only 1 of those 13 patients. CONCLUSIONS: Most deaths from pulmonary embolism among patients hospitalized for other conditions occurred in the setting of failed prophylaxis rather than omitted prophylaxis. High-risk patients, especially medical service patients, warrant intensive VTE prophylaxis and close follow-up to ensure successful outcomes.
Adult↗