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PubMed1991

The association between pregnancy and human papilloma virus prevalence.

This study examined the effects of pregnancy on the prevalence of HPV infection, comparing 69 pregnant and 54 nonpregnant age-frequency matched female patients. HPV prevalence was detected by DNA hybridization using the ViraPap/ViraType dot blot procedure. The prevalence of HPV among pregnant women increased with gestational age from 8.0% in the first trimester, to 16.7% in the second, and 23.1% in the third trimester. This finding suggests that HPV infection may be activated by hormonal or other effects of pregnancy and may explain why number of pregnancies is known to be associated with increased risk of cervical dysplasia and cancer. Oncogenic HPV types 16/18 and 31/33/35 were identified with almost equal frequency in the study population whereas HPV 6/11 was seen rarely. The logistic regression models indicate that there were no significant differences between HPV positive and HPV negative groups by age, income, number of sex partners, age of first intercourse, average frequency of intercourse per month, number of pregnancies, oral contraceptive duration, or pregnancy status. There were no interaction effects. A current Pap result of cervical dysplasia (OR = 8.9; 95% confidence interval: 2.1, 38.8), oral contraceptive use (OR = 0.1; 0.03, 0.6), and education (OR = 1.4; 1.1, 1.8) were significant predictors of HPV status.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Return to ovulation following the use of long-acting injectable contraceptives: a comparative study.

A comparative study was undertaken in twenty-four Mexican women who discontinued the use of depo-medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) or norethisterone enanthate (NET-EN) to assess the time required for the return to menses and ovulation. All subjects were exposed to long-acting injectable contraceptives for at least one year, and were followed prospectively. Serum progesterone levels were determined weekly in all subjects beginning 3 months after the last progestogen injection. Mean time to return to ovulation occurred significantly earlier (p less than 0.001) after NET-EN (2.6 months) as compared with DMPA (5.5 months). No correlation between the return to ovarian function and the duration of steroid exposure was found. The overall data was interpreted as demonstrating a clear-cut difference between the two long-acting progestogens in terms of ovulation suppression.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

The effect of vaginal administration of low-dose oral contraceptive tablets on human ovulation.

The effect of vaginal administration of a low dose combined oral contraceptive pill containing 0.15 mg levonorgestrel and 0.03 mg ethinyl oestradiol was studied in twenty women for a total of 58 cycles. Ovulation was suppressed in all treatment cycles in women receiving two pills daily. Failure of suppression of ovulation occurred in four out of 26 treatment cycles in women receiving one pill daily. Only seven women complained of side effects; most of the side effects were mild and disappeared gradually within the first treatment cycle. Intermenstrual spotting was present in only one case receiving one pill daily. It is concluded that vaginal administration of low dose combined pills has a good ovulation suppression effect with minimal side effects and with good cycle control.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed1988

Value of subcutaneous fat in predicting ovulation day.

Subcutaneous body fat and Quetelet's Indices (QI) of 52, 18-29 year old normal female volunteers were determined. These body mass indices were then grouped according to the phase of each subject's menstrual cycle, early or late follicular and early or late luteal phase. The subcutaneous body fat is 27.07 +or- 1.0% in the early follicular but drops to 24.68 +or- 1.84% in the late follicular phase. The value then rises significantly higher than that in the late follicular phase to 30.14 +or- 1.15% (P0.02) in the early luteal drops to 27.17 +or- 0.55% towards the level of the early follicular phase (P0.05). Variations in the values of QI during each menstrual cycle exactly mirror those for subcutaneous body fat. The fall in the 2 body mass indices during the late follicular phase coincides somewhat with the established preovulatory LH and FSH surges as well as the high levels of estrogen of this period. On the other hand the significant rise in the 2 parameters during the early luteal phase coincides with the marked rise in the ratio of progesterone to estrogen. Clearly, increased levels of progesterone relative to estrogen appear to cause an increase in the body fat during each menstrual cycle. The implication of this finding for women on contraceptive pills which are predominantly progesterone and those whose normal menstrual cycle is "interrupted" at the early luteal phase by a successful fertilization raises very interesting questions with regards to prediction of ovulation.

Anthropometry↗
PubMed1983

[Plasma hormone concentrations in induced abortion with local prostaglandin administration in the 1st trimester].

Abortion was performed by curettage on 71 women with pregnancies between the 7th and the 13th week of gestation seven to eight hours after intracervical application of a tylose gel containing 3mg prostaglandin F2 alpha. Prior to the application of the prostaglandin and immediately before the surgical intervention a sonographic examination for determining the vitality of the pregnancy was carried out.--Plasma progesteron, estradiol and HPL levels were determined radioimmunologically prior to the application of prostaglandin, at four-hour intervals on the day of intervention, and 24, 48 and 72 hours after the intervention. In 22 women a complete or an incomplete abortion occurred; in two cases a blighted ovum was observed; 47 pregnancies, according to sonographic examination, remained intact until curettage. After seven to eight hours duration of the effect of the prostaglandin gel, progesterone levels were found to be reduced to 60.5 per cent and 17-beta-estradiol to 31.4 per cent of the initial values, whereas the HPL values fell below the specificity of the testing procedure (12.5 ng/ml). Comparative investigations of the pregnancies which, according to sonographic findings, remained intact until curettage and those which were aborted after the application of prostaglandin did not, in spite of low plasma progesterone and estradiol levels in the abortive group, reveal any statistically significant differences. The abortive effect--even with local application--of the prostaglandins was confirmed. Conclusions regarding the effective mechanism of the prostaglandins upon the fetoplacental unit and the function of the corpus luteum remain subject to speculation.

Abortion, Induced↗