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PubMed2001

[Poisonings caused by plant protection chemicals in Poland in 1999].

Total number 121 cases of intoxications caused by the chemicals used for plant protection were registered in 1999 in Poland (morbidity 0.31/100,000). The most of intoxications (69.4%) occurred after intake of pesticides. In 43 cases (35.5%) it was intended (suicidal) intake. Accidental intake was in 35 cases (29.9%). In 27 cases (22.3%) exposure took place at agricultural labour. Insecticides caused 66.1% of the total number of cases. 81.0% of the sick people were subject of intoxication by pesticides in rural regions and 19.0% in the urban regions. The incidence of men was 2.8 times higher than incidence of women (respectively 0.47 and 0.17). In 1999 no group intoxications by pesticides were noted. As the result of intoxication by chemicals for plant protection 15 people died.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

[Infectious diseases in Poland in 1999].

Improvement of epidemiological situation of infectious diseases was continued in Poland in 1999. The end of epidemics of measles, pertussis, mumps, scarlatine, chickenpox, and rubella was observed. In comparison with the number of cases of infectious diseases registered in 1998, decrease in the number of notified cases of salmonellosis, dysentery, meningitis, encephalitis, and hepatitis type B and A as well as increase in the number of influenza cases and trichinosis was noticed. In 1999, compared with 1998, among all notified deaths percentage of deaths attributed to infectious diseases (0.80%) and infectious diseases death rate (7.71 per 100,000) were slightly higher as an effect of the influenza deaths increase.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

[Brucellosis in Poland in 1999].

The registered 42 cases of human brucellosis in Poland constitute chronically ill professional persons who had been for many years involved in the control of animal brucellosis in the past. One case of acute infection was imported from Mediterranean region.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

[Trichinelliasis in Poland 1999].

The total 176 cases of trichinellosis in the north of Poland in kujawsko-pomorskie district were registered. The source of infection was probably the meat of boar, not teased for trichinella spiralis. The presence of Trichnella endemic areas in the north-east part of the country still determines the necessity of careful meat survey against Trichinella spiralis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

[AIDS and HIV infection in Poland in 1999].

After gradual increasing in the number of annually diagnosed AIDS cases in the last years these numbers remained relatively stable (nearly 120). The biggest number of newly discovered HIV infections (809) was reported in 1990. Next years these numbers ranged from 384 in 1993 to 637 in 1998. Majority of AIDS cases and HIV-infected persons in Poland were drug users, respectively 50% and 60%. Between 1985 and 1999 some important changes have been observed in Polish data collection system concerning for example: anonimity of reported HIV infections, data completeness and reporting of AIDS indicator diseases. Quality of collected epidemiological data will depend--among others things--on: easy access to HIV testing, data completeness and diagnosis of AIDS indicator diseases by definitive methods.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed2001

[Malaria in Poland in 1999].

In 1999 32 malaria cases were registered in Poland. All of them were imported, mainly from Africa (25). Plasmodium falciparum infection was confirmed in 20 cases. Among 32 malaria cases 26 were men and 26 in 20 to 49 years old group. Ten persons travelled abroad in the connection with their job, nine--as tourist. In 1999 51-year-old man died with myocarditis complicating malaria.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

[Studies of effectiveness of vaccination against pertussis during 1997-1998 outbreak in Poland].

During the last decade shift in incidence of pertussis toward the older age groups was observed. Also marked increase in incidence of pertussis in the second half of 1997 and first half of 1998 has occurred in our highly vaccinated population. In lieu of those facts question arises on effectiveness of national vaccination program in respect to immunological adequacy of vaccine used as well as to the vaccinations calendar. Estimations of the values of vaccine efficiency coefficient were calculated for age groups of 2-5, 6-9 and 10-13 years for six month periods in 1997-1998. Sustained good effectiveness of vaccinations was observed in a group 2-5 years of age. In older groups marked decrease of effectiveness was observed during 1997/1998 outbreak of whooping cough. The effectiveness of vaccinations among children of 10-13 years dropped at the outbreak to insignificant levels. Such results indicate good vaccine protection at the age of 2-5 which reflects immunological adequacy of vaccine used in Poland. But this protective effect declines in later years indicating need for additional dose of vaccine for children after five years of age.

Disease Outbreaks↗
PubMed2001

[Scarlet fever in Poland in 1999].

Following the last compensatory epidemic of scarlet fever in 1995 the number of cases decreased, although the decrease rate was low. In 1999 the incidence rate for the entire country was 25.1 per 100,000 (range from 11.5 to 38.6 in different voivodeships). Incidence in urban areas was 92% higher than in rural areas. Two percent of cases were hospitalized. No scarlet fever deaths were noted. Children and adolescents under 14 years of age accounted for 96% cases. As in previous years, the highest incidence rates were noted among children aged 5 (247.4 per 100,000), 6 (277.3 per 100,000), and 7 years (242.3 per 100,000). In the last decade incidence peak has shifted from 4-6 to 6-7 year old age group. It was probably due to demographic and socioeconomic changes taking place in Poland.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

[Influenza in Poland in 1999].

A total of 2,344,773 cases of influenza were reported in Poland in 1999, corresponding to 6066.1 cases per 100,000 population and was 2.8 times higher as compared with 1998. The highest influenza incidence rate (10,770.9 per 100,000) was reported in Małopolskie voivodeship. Children up to 14 years old accounted for 34.9% (818,629; incidence 10,616.2 per 100,000) of all reported influenza cases. A total of 3,925 persons required hospitalization, eight times more as compared with 1998. The number of deaths due to influenza amounted to 402. Compared with 1998, in 1999 reported influenza deaths increased 6.4 times. During the second two weeks of January 1999 four influenza strains of type B were isolated from patients aged 13, 16, 31, and 38. During the first part of February 1999 another two strains of influenza virus type B were obtained from persons aged 35 and 45. All six isolates were related antigenically to the vaccine strain B/Beijing/184/93 and were confirmed by the WHO Collaborating Center for Influenza Reference and Research, London.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

[Rubella in Poland in 1999].

In Poland in 1999 rubella was characterized by an epidemiological stability. A total of 30 958 rubella cases (including one case of Congenital Rubella Syndrome) were registered. The incidence rate was 80.1 per 100,000 and was 28% lower than in 1998. Of all reported cases, children aged 14 and less accounted for 94.6% cases. The highest incidence rate was among children aged 7 years (752.8 per 100,000). Comparing with the eighties, the last decade was characterized by a decline of the mean incidence rate in the population under 30 years of age, which was probably the consequence of mandatory vaccinations of 13 year old schoolgirls. Also, a decline of incidence rate among 2-5-year old children was observed, which was probably due to recommended vaccinations with MMR-II vaccine. The incidence rate among children aged 6-9 years was higher in 1999, as compared with previous years. Of all rubella cases, 0.5% were hospitalized. No deaths from rubella were reported.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

[Prevalence of main risk factors for ischemic heart disease in a cohort of 41,972 participants from Southern Poland Epidemiological Survey].

Southern Poland Epidemiological Survey (SPES) was carried out in 1997 in the former Katowice and Bielsko voivodeships with the aim of cardiovascular disease prevention. One of the objectives of SPES was to establish the prevalence of the risk factors for atherosclerosis. This paper describes a group of 41,927 adults (24,985 women and 16,942 men) with no signs and symptoms of ischaemic heart disease who participated in the study, comprising 83.7% of all the examined cohort. Hypercholesterolemia and hypertension, present in 55.8% and 45.3% of subjects respectively, were found to be the main risk factors in both men and women. Hypercholesterolemia was more prevalent in older age groups. 33.7% of women and 46.3% of men were overweight, 23.9% and 17% respectively were obese. 22.4% of women and 31.9% of men were active smokers. Smoking was more common in younger age groups. 25.3% of women and 21.5% of men had a positive family history for ischaemic heart disease before the age of 60 years. High prevalence of classical risk factors in the examined group indicates that population strategy should be introduced in primary prevention of cardiovascular disease in this area.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

[Risk of osteoporosis occurrence and body mass index BMI in the population of women of the Northeastern region of Poland].

In group 775 of women from region of north-eastern Poland, in period before and after menopause we estimated mass of body on the ground values of coefficient BMI. Values of coefficient between 18.5 and 24.9 were accepted as normal according to WHO. In chances of stoutness we qualified the type counting coefficient WHR. At all examined one passed estimation of thickness of tissue osseous bones of forearm. In rated frequency of occurrence of osteoporosis at examined women. One ascertained, that overweight and stoutness indeed puts into influences on lowering frequencies of occurrence osteoporosis and favors the maintenance correct thickness.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Dietary intakes of Mg, Ca and P with whole-day food rations from Cracovie, Lodz, Olsztyn and Poznan, Poland.

Magnesium, calcium and phosphorus have been determined in whole-day food rations collected during three consecutive days in winters of 1993/4, 1995 and 1996 in hospital canteens in Krakow, Lodz, Olsztyn and Poznan, Poland. Portions of food for one person were collected. In 1998 whole-day food rations of seven students (five consecutive days) and, in 1999, of eight adults (three consecutive days) were also prepared for Mg, Ca and P determination. Mg and Ca were determined by ASA and P by colorimetric method. The diets collected at hospital canteens were deficient in magnesium but not in calcium. Duplicate diets did not supply enough magnesium and calcium. All the whole-day food rations contained 2-4-fold excess of phosphorus. Such a composition of macroelements in food can pose a threat to human health.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

[Moral elements in program of medical studies in Warsaw within the years of the annexation of Poland (1809-1915)].

In result of carried out observations it has been found out, that 1/ ethics as a separate subject has not been taught at the Warsaw Faculties of Medicine in period of the annexation of Poland, 2/ in outline of the history of medicine published in manuals of propedeutics by W Szczucki and H. Luczkiewicz have not included deontological texts, 3/ within the scope of propedeutics there were taught the physician's obligations and duties, what has been a way to create a moral stance, 4/ propedeutics has been taught nearly continuously starting from 1891, 5/ Luczkiewicz, a lecturer of propedeutics and history of medicine, translated into Polish the deontological texts of Hypocrites as the first one /Oath and Commandment/, making it available to physicians and students, 6/ some lecturers have been propagating moral principles with written and spoken words, and maybe with their own example. It has been found out that a continuation of research is recommended. It is encouraged a discussion to be held on the ways of educating ethically healthy society and moral physicians.

Education, Medical↗
PubMed1997

[Durability and variability of the peasant population health conditions in the Republic of Poland in the 18th century].

The article attempts to create a model of the peasant population health conditions in the Republic of Poland in the 18th century according to the theoretical premises by F. Braudel. Factors influencing the nature of health conditions and diseases of this social group and thus constituting a biological and demographic state of social man showed durability, forming an almost invariable area. Although this area was influenced by short duration phenomena of territorial, chronological and factual character, that is private and civil initiatives and public administration actions, the influence was very limited affecting only a small portion of the peasant population. Due to the slow rate of civilization transformations, established health habits and negative results of affranchisement reforms, health conditions in rural areas did not change significantly after the loss of independence either.

History, 18th Century↗
PubMed2001

Isolation and amplification by polymerase chain reaction DNA of Babesia microti and Babesia divergens in ticks in Poland.

Babesia microti and B. divergens, the etiological agents of human babesiosis, are transmitted by the bite of Ixodes ricinus. The purpose of this study was differentiation of those two species in ticks collected in urban woods in the city Szczecin (north-western Poland). The prevalence of the DNA of Babesia were investigated by PCR amplification with primers to the fragment from a gene encoding the nuclear small-subunit ribosomal RNA (SS-rDNA). We examined a total of 533 specimens of Ixodes ricinus. The mean infection rate was 16.3%. Our results indicate that a B. microti and B. divergens--specific PCR test may provide a sensitive tool also for the laboratory diagnosis of human babesiosis.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Bone mineral density and osteoporosis in rural and urban women. Epidemiological study of the Lublin region (Eastern Poland).

The aim of this study was determination of the values of bone mineral density (BMD L2-L4) and evaluation of occurrence of osteoporosis (according to densitometric criteria valid until 2000) among normal women living in rural and urban environments (especially postmenopausal) in comparison to other populations. Subjects of the study were 503 normal women aged 30-79 (mean 49.5 years), all residents of Lublin Region (eastern Poland). Analysed population was divided into two subgroups: urban (n=282, 56%) and rural (n=221, 44%). 65 (12.9%) women working as farmers, 107 (21.3%) were retired; other occupations were performed by 325 (64.6%) women. The lumbar spine (L2-L4) of all subjects was examined in anterior-posterior position using the dual X-ray absorptiometry--DEXA (LUNAR Corp.) at the Densitometric Laboratory of the Institute of Agricultural Medicine in Lublin from November 1999-June 2000. No statistically significant differences were observed in mean values of BMD between urban and rural populations, nor between farmers and other occupations. Mean values of BMD in every age range were similar to the populations of North America and Northern Europe. The prevalence rates of osteoporosis according to WHO criteria in the entire analysed population were calculated as 6.9%, and osteopenia as 25.4%. The prevalence of osteoporosis and osteopenia increased with advancing age. In women younger than 45 years osteoporosis was not observed, and the prevalence of osteopenia was 12.6%. In women between 45-55 years the prevalence of osteoporosis was 5.7 % and of osteopenia 25.6%. In women older than 55 years of age osteoporosis was observed in 18.5% and osteopenia in 40.7%.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗