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At least 1,297 records · Page 72Linked to original sources
PubMed1988

Enzymic capacities of amyloplasts from wheat (Triticum aestivum) endosperm.

Lysates of protoplasts from the endosperm of developing grains of wheat (Triticum aestivum) were fractionated on density gradients of Nycodenz to give amyloplasts. Enzyme distribution on the gradients suggested that: (i) starch synthase and ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase are confined to the amyloplasts; (ii) pyrophosphate: fructose-6-phosphate 1-phosphotransferase and UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase are confined to the cytosol; (iii) a significant proportion (23-45%) of each glycolytic enzyme, from phosphoglucomutase to pyruvate kinase inclusive, is in the amyloplast. Starch synthase, ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase and each of the glycolytic enzymes showed appreciable latency when assayed in unfractionated lysates of protoplasts. No activity of fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase was found in amyloplasts or in homogenates of endosperm. Antibody to plastidic fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase did not react positively, in an immunoblot analysis, with any protein in extracts of wheat endosperm. It is argued that wheat endosperm lacks significant plastidic fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase and that carbon for starch synthesis does not enter the amyloplast as a C-3 compound but probably as hexose phosphate.

Antibodies↗
PubMed1990

Apparent equilibrium constant and mass-action ratio for sucrose-phosphate synthase in seeds of Pisum sativum.

The aim of this work was to use preparations from germinating seeds of Pisum sativum to determine the apparent equilibrium constant of the reaction catalysed by sucrose-phosphate synthase (EC 2.4.1.14) and to compare this with the mass-action ratio of the reaction in the seeds. The apparent equilibrium constant ranged from 5.3 at 0.25 mM-MgCl2, pH 7.0, to 62 at 10 mM-MgCl2, pH 7.5. The sucrose phosphate content of the seeds, 23 nmol/g fresh wt., was determined by separating sucrose phosphate from sucrose by ion-exchange chromatography and then measuring the sucrose released by alkaline phosphatase. Comparison of equilibrium constants and mass-action ratios in the cotyledons of 38 h-germinated seeds showed that the reactions catalysed by glucose-6-phosphate isomerase, phosphoglucomutase and UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase are close to equilibrium, and those catalysed by sucrose-phosphate synthase and sucrose phosphatase are considerably displaced from equilibrium in vivo.

Glucosyltransferases↗
PubMed1996

Characterization of transgenic potato (Solanum tuberosum) tubers with increased ADPglucose pyrophosphorylase.

The aim of the work described in this paper was to characterize the tubers of potato (Solanum tuberosum var. Prairie) plants that had been transformed with the Escherichia coli ADPglucose pyrophosphorylase (EC 2.7.7.27) gene, glgC-16, under the control of a patatin promoter. Over 30 lines of transformed plants with increased ADPglucose pyrophosphorylase activity were obtained. The tubers of six of these lines were compared with those of control plants expressing the gene for beta-glucuronidase. The average increase in pyrophosphorylase activity was 200%, and the highest was 400%. Western immunoblotting of tuber extracts showed that the amounts of glgC-16 protein were linearly related to the extractable activity of the ADPglucose pyrophosphorylase. Cell fractionation studies showed that the increased activity of the pyrophosphorylase in the glgC-16 tubers had a similar intracellular location, the amyloplast fraction, to that found in the control tubers. No pleiotropic changes in the maximum catalytic activities of the following enzymes could be detected in the glgC-16 tubers: sucrose synthase, fructokinase, UDPglucose pyrophosphorylase, phosphofructokinase, soluble starch synthase, starch branching enzyme, phosphoglucomutase and alkaline inorganic pyrophosphatase. The glgC-16 tubers are held to be suitable for the study of the role of ADPglucose pyrophosphorylase in the control of starch synthesis.

Alcohol Dehydrogenase↗
PubMed1998

Phenotypic diversity of Xanthomonas sp. mangiferaeindicae.

Carbohydrate utilization profiles by means of the API (Appareils et Procédés d'Identification) system and sensitivity to antibiotics and heavy metal salts of 68 Xanthomonas sp. mangiferaeindicae strains isolated in nine countries from mango (Mangifera indica L.) and other genera of the Anacardiaceae were examined to assess the variability of the taxon. The strains could be separated into 10 groups according to Ward clustering. Apigmented strains isolated from the pepper tree [syn. Brazilian pepper] (Schinus terebenthifolius Raddi) could not be clearly differentiated from most apigmented strains isolated from mango. Yellow-pigmented strains isolated from mango in Brazil and Reunion Island, apigmented strains isolated from mango in Brazil and from ambarella in the French West Indies, clustered in distinct groups. The results are consistent with those of other studies, based on isozyme analysis of esterase, phosphoglucomutase and superoxide dismutase, and hrp-RFLP analysis; they indicate the need for a comprehensive taxonomic evaluation of xanthomonads associated with Anacardiaceae.

Brazil↗
PubMed2002

Isoenzyme variation in Aedes aegypti correlated with Dirofilaria immitis infectability.

From the Vero Beach strain of the mosquito Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae), substrains were selected for susceptibility (SS) and refractoriness (RR) to the dog heartworm Dirofilaria immitis (Leidy) (Filarioidea: Onchocercidae). These two lines and their reciprocal F1 hybrids were analysed for genetic variation at 14 enzyme loci, using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Six of the enzyme loci showed variation (sample size 48 alleles/locus/line). Three of these were monomorphic in the refractory line but polymorphic in the susceptible, i.e. aconitase hydratase (Acoh), isocitrate dehydrogenase-1 (Idh-1) and phosphoglucomutase (Pgm). The other three loci, glucose-6-phosphate isomerase (Gpi), hexokinase-1 (Hk-1) and isocitrate dehydrogenase-2 (Idh-2), were polymorphic in both SS and RR lines and their hybrids. At two loci (Hk-1, Pgm) three alleles were detected, whereas the other polymorphic loci had only two alleles. For Hk-1, the most frequent allele was Hk-1(80) (0.563) in refractory and Hk-1(100) in the susceptible (0.521) and F1 hybrids. For Pgm the most frequent alleles were Pgm125 in the susceptible line (0.646) and Pgm100 in the F1 hybrids (0.563 and 0.604) and refractory line (1.000). The mean observed heterozygosity (Ho), the mean Hardy-Weinberg expected heterozygosity (He) and the mean number of alleles per locus in the refractory line were lower, but not significantly so, than in the susceptible line and their reciprocal F1 hybrids; the proportion of polymorphic loci was significantly lower in the refractory than in the susceptible line and their F1 hybrids. Within both lines all polymorphisms were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, whereas significant departures from predicted frequencies were observed in SS x RR hybrids at four polymorphic loci (Acoh, Gpi, Hk-1, Pgm) and at three polymorphic loci (Acoh, Hk-1, Pgm) in RR x SS hybrids. The average Nei's and modified Rogers' genetic distances between the lines were 0.024 and 0.139, respectively. These electrophoretic data show that the refractory line (putatively lacking fi allele) can be distinguished from the susceptible line (fi/fi) and their hybrids (heterozygous fi) by isozyme marker frequencies, but it remains to be seen whether this difference is causal or chance linkage. In any case, this model system of Ae. aegypti/D. immitis provides opportunities to better understand and manipulate the molecular biology of filariasis transmission.

Aedes↗
PubMed1995

Genetic markers: association study in migraine.

Eleven genetic markers were typed in 112 unrelated patients with migraine (50 with aura, 62 without aura) and compared with a random sample of healthy individuals. No significant differences were found for the ABO and Rh systems, acid phosphatase 1, phosphoglucomutase 1, adenosine deaminase, haptoglobin, transferrin, alpha-1-antitrypsin, and D1S80. Strong associations between the group of patients with migraine and group-specific component GC 1F-1F and esterase-D ESD 2-2 phenotypes were observed. These associations raise the possibility that a molecular genetic factor for migraine may exist in or near the Group Component (chromosome 4) and Esterase D (chromosome 13) loci, and represent a first comprehensive step in the eventual localization and isolation of the migraine genes.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Change of isoenzyme pattern during long-term polyxenic cultivation of Entamoeba histolytica.

Isoenzymes of phosphoglucomutase and hexokinase were repeatedly evaluated using starch gel electrophoresis in polyxenic cultures of Entamoeba histolytica. In two out of 18 strains spontaneous changes of isoenzyme patterns were recorded. While originally they were categorized into virulent group of zymodemes, following isoenzyme analysis classified them as non-virulent. The relation between virulence and isoenzyme pattern is questionable.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Regulation of pathways of glucose metabolism in the kidney. The activity of the pentose phosphate pathway, glycolytic route and the regulation of phosphofructokinase in the kidney of lean and genetically obese (ob/ob) mice; comparison with effects of diabetes.

The activities of enzymes of the glycolytic route, the pentose phosphate pathway and NADPH-linked enzymes have been measured in the kidneys of genetically obese (ob/ob) mice and their lean litter mates. The renal content of glucose 6-phosphate (G6P), fructose 6-phosphate (F6P), fructose 1,6-bisphosphate (Fru-1,6-P2) and fructose 2,6-bisphosphate (Fru-2,6-P2) were also measured. Increases were found in hexokinase and enolase with an upward trend in pyruvate kinase in the ob/ob mouse kidney; a significant decline in malic enzyme was also seen. The renal content of G6P and Fru-1,6-P2 increased. There was no renal hypertrophy despite a degree of hyperglycaemia, which was, however, considerably below that observed in experimental diabetes. Comparison of the renal changes in the hyperglycaemic-hyperinsulinaemic ob/ob mice with the hyperglycaemic-hypoinsulinaemic diabetic group showed two distinct groupings. Firstly, changes which were similar in the two groups included: increases in hexokinase, G6P and Fru-1,6-P2, and a decrease in malic enzyme. Secondly, opposite changes were seen in enolase and in enzymes at the G6P crossroads, phosphoglucose isomerase and phosphoglucomutase. The elevated hexokinase and G6P in both ob/ob and diabetic groups may be involved in the eventual accumulation of basement membrane material in the glomerulus which is a common feature of the two conditions.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

[12 years Austrian newborn screening for inborn errors of metabolism. Results with special reference to phenylketonuria, hyperphenylalaninemia and histidinemia (author's transl)].

The Austrian Screening Program performed during the last 12 years 5,833.381 tests in 1,003.841 newborns to detect at last 10 different disorders. 225 cases were uncovered: 81 PKU, 1 Dihydropteridine-Reductase-Deficiency, 37 Hyperphenylalaninemias of long duration, 23 Galactosemias by Transferase deficiency, 6 by Kinase deficiency, 1 Leucinosis, 1 Homocystinuria, 54 Histidinemias, 2 Arginino-Succinic-Acidurias, 3 alpha-1-Antitrypsin-Inhibitor-Deficiencies, 15 Hypothyroidism as well as 1 Phosphoglucomutase-Deficiency. Since 1976 97% of all live births were tested. Except in Hypothyroidism in Austria also treatment and follow-up are centralized. This makes a higher treatment quality and important observations possible. In PKU-patients there is a decline in EQ/IQ between 1 and 6 to 8 years of age of 13 points in average (105--92). This decline can not be correlated with treatment introduction age (26.4 days) and treatment quality. Since also the parents IQ's are significantly below the IQ's of a recent control group and mothers IQ are paralleling the IQ's of their PKU children the decline seems to be a phenylalanine-blood-level-independent phenomenon. Also one quarter of the patients with Histidinemia shows the same IQ decline. The difference between Bühler-Hetzer and Kramer results at 4 years of age seem to have prognostic value. Comparison for 1978 of the expenses of the total screening plus the one of diet in 59 PKU patients already psychometrically tested (average IQ 100) with the expense for institutionalisation of the same 59 shows the former 5 million A.S. lower.

Austria↗
PubMed1977

Linkage between the gene (or genes) controlling synthesis of the fourth component of complement and the major histocompatibility complex.

In an attempt to map the gene (or genes) controlling the synthesis fo the fourth component of complement (C4), we performed linkage studies in a family with hereditary C4 deficiency. The proband, a seven-year-old boy with lupus erythematosus, consistently lacked deteftable serum C4 by both functional and protein measurements. The complement defect was transmitted as an autosomal recessive disorder. Eight of 15 family members were considered to be heterozygotes, seven because of low C4 levels and one because of genetic data (obligate heterozygote). The gene (or genes) coding for C4 deficiency appeared to be linked to the major histocompatibility complex (A2,B12,DW2 on the maternal side and A2,BW15,LD108 on the paternal side) and to other markers known to be in close proximity to the histocompatibility complex on chromosome 6 (phosphoglucomutase-3, glyoxalase-1 and properdin factor B).

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1975

Molecular genetics of avian proteins. XIII. Protein polymorphism in three species of Australian passerines.

An introduced species, the house sparrow (Passer domesticus), and two Australian native species, the welcome swallow (Hirundo tahitica neoxena) and the fairy martin (Petrochelidon ariel), have moderately low levels of protein polymorphism compared with domesticated or semi-wild 'managed' species of birds. Genetically varient proteins in these birds include transferrin, esterase, phosphoglucomutase, NADP-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenases, phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (decarboxylating) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. Egg-white protein polymorphism confirms heterogeneity of egg colour, markings and shape, and suggests that approximately 10% of the 'clutches' in house sparrow nests represent infidelity (intraspecific nest parasitism). For the four enzymes capable of supplying reduced NADP for reductive biosyntheses in growth and detoxification, the house sparrow has more heterozygosity (29%) than either the welcome swallow (9-4%) or the fairy martin (2-3%) and the difference is highly significant statistically. The results are discussed in relation to possible biochemical correlates of MacArthur and Wilson's (1967) evolutionary strategies or r or K selection.

Alleles↗
PubMed2006

Flux control and excess capacity in the enzymes of glycolysis and their relationship to flight metabolism in Drosophila melanogaster.

An important question in evolutionary and physiological genetics is how the control of flux-base phenotypes is distributed across the enzymes in a pathway. This control is often related to enzyme-specific levels of activity that are reported to be in excess of that required for demand. In glycolysis, metabolic control is frequently considered vested in classical regulatory enzymes, each strongly displaced from equilibrium. Yet the contribution of individual steps to control is unclear. To assess enzyme-specific control in the glycolytic pathway, we used P-element excision-derived mutagenesis in Drosophila melanogaster to generate full and partial knockouts of seven metabolic genes and to measure tethered flight performance. For most enzymes, we find that reduction to half of the normal activity has no measurable impact on wing beat frequency. The enzymes catalyzing near-equilibrium reactions, phosphoglucose isomerase, phosphoglucomutase, and triosephosphate isomerase fail to show any decline in flight performance even when activity levels are reduced to 17% or less. At reduced activities, the classic regulatory enzymes, hexokinase and glycogen phosphorylase, show significant drops in flight performance and are nearer to saturation. Our results show that flight performance is canalized or robust to the activity variation found in natural populations. Furthermore, enzymes catalyzing near-equilibrium reactions show strong genetic dominance down to low levels of activity. This implies considerable excess enzyme capacity for these enzymes.

Animals↗
PubMed1971

Genetics of somatic mammalian cells: lethal antigens as genetic markers for study of human linkage groups.

The antigen that causes killing of at least 98% of a human cell population treated with a 1% solution of a specific rabbit antiserum in the presence of complement is a sensitive genetic marker. The rapid loss of human chromosomes in human-Chinese hamster cell hybrids makes possible a convenient test of linkage relationships with this marker. Hybrid clones with and without the lethal antigen were isolated and analyzed. In 76 clones and subclones studied, 41 carried both the lethal antigen and the lactic dehydrogenase-A marker, 35 carried neither, and no clones contained only one of the two markers. In contrast to this clear demonstration of linkage, absence of linkage was found between the lethal antigen and the following markers: Lactic dehydrogenase B, NAD-dependent malic dehydrogenase, NADP-dependent malic dehydrogenase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, phosphoglucomutase, glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase, indophenol oxidase, glucose phosphate isomerase, proline, inositol, hypoxanthine B, and glycine A. This lethal antigen appears to be carried on a single human autosome.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Somatic cell origin of teratocarcinomas.

Malignant teratocarcinomas arise from developmentally totipotent normal stem cells. Whether the targets are embryonal somatic cells or germinal cells has long been a matter of controversy. Past experiments on teratocarcinoma induction by ectopic grafting of early rodent embryos or fetal germinal ridges have remained ambiguous because embryos ordinarily soon form germ cells, and parthenogenetic germ cells form "embryos." In order to interrupt the developmental cycle at its most telling point, day 6 (egg-cylinder stage) mouse embryos of genetically sterile types were grafted; in such grafts, only a terminal residue of totipotent embryonal somatic ("ectoderm") cells is available, and subsequent germ cell development is severely impaired. One graft series, from S1(J)/+ matings, comprised 25% S1(J)/S1(J) presumptive sterile embryos; these grafts formed tumors containing embryonal carcinoma cells as often (47%) as did control +/+ grafts (41%) on the same genetic background. In another series, from W/+ matings, tumors of the sterile W/W genotype were individually identified by means of a closely linked marker, phosphoglucomutase (PGM, EC 2.7.5.1; Pgm-1 locus), coding for electrophoretic enzyme variants and incorporated into the stock. Four tumors were obtained (out of 16) that had the PGM-1D phenotype diagnostic for W/W, and that also contained embryonal carcinoma cells. Therefore, the malignancy arises here in susceptible somatic embryonal stem cells at the terminal stage of their capacity for totipotency. Other teratocarcinomas-whether induced or spontaneous-of ostensible germ-cell origin by parthenogenesis may also depend upon development of the same somatic target cells before neoplastic conversion can occur. A general model based on these experiments is proposed for all malignancies: Malignant transformation of a particular kind of normal stem cell may be possible only when that stem cell has progressed to the threshold of further differentiation.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Diverse origins of multiple ovarian teratomas in a single individual.

Centromere heteromorphisms and enzyme markers were examined in cells cultured from seven benign ovarian teratomas arising in a single patient. Three of the teratomas were homozygous for all eight enzyme and centromere markers found to be heterozygous in the host. The other four tumors were heterozygous at the centromeres of chromosomes 1, 16, 17, and 18, as in the patient, but were homozygous for at least one of the enzyme markers. The linkage phases of the heterozygous enzyme markers phosphogluconate dehydrogenase and phosphoglucomutase 1 and the chromosome 1 centromere heteromorphism were established for the patient and for three of the heterozygous teratomas by analysis of Chinese hamster-human somatic cell hybrids. The linkage phase of these markers in homozygous and heterozygous tumors was in every case different from that in the host. The finding of heterozygous centromeres in ovarian teratomas excludes suppression of meiosis II as a mechanism for their origin, and we suggest rather that they arise by failure of meiosis I. The linkage phases in the fully homozygous tumors are most readily derived from that in the patient, we suggest, by endoreduplication of a haploid gamete. The varied origin of ovarian teratomas has important implications for the suitability of such material for centromere-based gene mapping.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Assignment of the genes for the alpha and beta subunits of thyrotropin to different mouse chromosomes.

A series of mouse-hamster somatic cell hybrids, containing reduced numbers of mouse chromosomes and a complete set of hamster chromosomes, was used to determine the chromosomal locations of the genes for the alpha and beta subunits of mouse thyrotropin. Cloned cDNA probes for each subunit, in conjunction with Southern blot analysis of DNA treated with the restriction enzyme BamHI, allowed for assignment of the alpha-subunit gene to mouse chromosome 4 and of the beta-subunit gene to chromosome 3. Mouse alpha-subunit gene sequences always segregated with chromosome 4 (concordant in 14 hybrids) and the enzyme markers phosphoglucomutase 2 and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase. Mouse beta-subunit gene sequences always segregated with chromosome 3 (concordant in 15 hybrids). Thus, the genes for at least one of the glycoprotein hormones, thyrotropin, are on different chromosomes.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Pleiotropic regulation of central carbohydrate metabolism in Escherichia coli via the gene csrA.

The carbon storage regulator gene csrA has been shown previously to dramatically affect the biosynthesis of intracellular glycogen in Escherichia coli through its negative control of the expression of two glycogen biosynthetic operons and the gluconeogenic gene pckA (Romeo, T., Gong, M., Liu, M. Y., and Brun-Zinkernagel, A. M. (1993) J. Bacteriol. 175, 4744-4755). Examination of the effects of csrA on several enzymes, genes, and metabolites of central carbohydrate metabolism now establishes a more extensive role for csrA in directing intracellular carbon flux. Phosphoglucomutase and the gluconeogenic enzymes fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase and phosphoenolpyruvate synthetase were found to be under the negative control of csrA, and these enzyme activities were maximal during the early stationary phase of growth. The enzymes glucose-6-phosphate isomerase, triose-phosphate isomerase, and enolase were positively regulated by csrA. Thus, csrA exerts reciprocal effects on glycolysis versus gluconeogenesis and glycogen biosynthesis. The glycolytic isozymes pyruvate kinase F and A (encoded by pykF and pykA, respectively) and phosphofructokinase I and II (pfkA and pfkB, respectively) exhibited differential regulation via csrA. Since the individual members of these isozyme pairs are allosterically regulated by different cellular metabolites, csrA is also capable of fine-tuning the allosteric regulation of glycolysis. In contrast, the expression of genes of the pentose phosphate pathway was weakly or negligibly affected by csrA.

Bacterial Proteins↗
PubMed1996

L-lactate dehydrogenase A4- and A3B isoforms are bona fide peroxisomal enzymes in rat liver. Evidence for involvement in intraperoxisomal NADH reoxidation.

The subcellular localization of l-lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in rat hepatocytes has been studied by analytical subcellular fractionation combined with the immunodetection of LDH in isolated subcellular fractions and liver sections by immunoblotting and immunoelectron microscopy. The results clearly demonstrate the presence of LDH in the matrix of peroxisomes in addition to the cytosol. Both cytosolic and peroxisomal LDH subunits have the same molecular mass (35.0 kDa) and show comparable cross-reactivity with an anti-cytosolic LDH antibody. As revealed by activity staining or immunoblotting after isoelectric focussing, both intracellular compartments contain the same liver-specific LDH-isoforms (LDH-A4 > LDH-A3B) with the peroxisomes comprising relatively more LDH-A3B than the cytosol. Selective KCl extraction as well as resistance to proteinase K and immunoelectron microscopy revealed that at least 80% of the LDH activity measured in highly purified peroxisomal fractions is due to LDH as a bona fide peroxisomal matrix enzyme. In combination with the data of cell fractionation, this implies that at least 0.5% of the total LDH activity in hepatocytes is present in peroxisomes. Since no other enzymes of the glycolytic pathway (such as phosphoglucomutase, phosphoglucoisomerase, and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase) were found in highly purified peroxisomal fractions, it does not seem that LDH in peroxisomes participates in glycolysis. Instead, the marked elevation of LDH in peroxisomes of rats treated with the hypolipidemic drug bezafibrate, concomitantly to the induction of the peroxisomal beta-oxidation enzymes, strongly suggests that intraperoxisomal LDH may be involved in the reoxidation of NADH generated by the beta-oxidation pathway. The interaction of LDH and the peroxisomal palmitoyl-CoA beta-oxidation system could be verified in a modified beta-oxidation assay by adding increasing amounts of pyruvate to the standard assay mixture and recording the change of NADH production rates. A dose-dependent decrease of NADH produced was simulated with the lowest NADH value found at maximal LDH activity. The addition of oxamic acid, a specific inhibitor of LDH, to the system or inhibition of LDH by high pyruvate levels (up to 20 mm) restored the NADH values to control levels. A direct effect of pyruvate on palmitoyl-CoA oxidase and enoyl-CoA hydratase was excluded by measuring those enzymes individually in separate assays. An LDH-based shuttle across the peroxisomal membrane should provide an efficient system to regulate intraperoxisomal NAD+/NADH levels and maintain the flux of fatty acids through the peroxisomal beta-oxidation spiral.

Animals↗