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At least 1,297 records · Page 72Linked to original sources
PubMed1995

Frequency of sister chromatid exchange and hematological effects in pesticide-exposed greenhouse sprayers.

OBJECTIVES: A cross-sectional study was conducted to investigate whether exposure to pesticides in greenhouses causes hemato- or genotoxic damage in sprayers. METHODS: The frequency of sister chromatid exchange (SCE) in cultured lymphocytes and the number of blood erythrocytes, leucocytes, and thrombocytes were studied among 134 greenhouse sprayers exposed to a complex mixture of almost 50 insecticides, fungicides, and growth regulators and among 157 referents. RESULTS: The hematological profiles did not differ between the exposed and unexposed groups. The SCE frequency was elevated in nonsmoking, but not in currently smoking sprayers when compared with the referents. There was a slight tendency towards an increased SCE frequency with decreasing degree of protection during pesticide applications. The frequency of pesticide applications, lifetime pesticide exposure, and in-season plasma-cholinesterase inhibition (as an estimate of current exposure to organophosphates and carbamates) did not influence the SCE frequency or any of the hematological parameters. CONCLUSIONS: The present results suggest a genotoxic effect from combined subtoxic occupational pesticide exposure, whereas no hematogenic effects could be observed at the current exposure level.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Effect of pesticide water pollution on some haematological, biochemical and immunological parameters in Tilapia nilotica fish.

Nine groups of Tilapia nilotica fish each consisting of 50 fish were used to assess the effect of pesticides on the haematological, biochemical and immunological parameters in fish. Four groups were injected with 0.05 ml of Staphylococcus aureus antigen plus complete Freund's adjuvant, the first group (G1) was exposed to lindane treatment, the second (G2) was exposed to dialdrin, the third (G3) was exposed to diazinon and the forth group (G4) was exposed to malathion. Four other groups were not immunized, but injected with the adjuvant and exposed to the pesticides, the fifth group (G5) was exposed to lindane, the sixth (G6) was exposed to dialdrin, the seventh (G7) was exposed to diazinon and the eighth group (G8) was exposed to malathion. The ninth group (G9) was exposed to water without any pesticide treatment and served as controls. Both vaccinated and non-vaccinated groups were exposed to 1/10 LC50 of the tested pesticides for 30 days. The results revealed that the mean total RBCs, WBCs counts, PCV, Hb, MCV, MCH, MCHC values were lower in vaccinated groups than in the groups exposed to the tested pesticides. The total protein, globulin and serum enzymes ALAT; ASAT values as well as macrophage phagocytic index and antibody titer were lower in vaccinated as compared to the non-vaccinated groups.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

[Evidence of pesticide exposure by hair analysis].

The current report summarizes the development of an analytical method for the identification and the quantification of pesticides in hair by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and its application to 75 real samples. Hair strands [table: see text] were obtained from wine workers exposed to one or more pesticides. After decontamination, hair were cut into small pieces and incubated overnight at 45 degrees C in methanol. The solvent was evaporated to dryness, the dry extract was redissolved in methanol and injected in a gas chromatography/mass spectrometry system. The detector was operated in electronic impact and in negative chemical ionization mode of detection (reactant gas: methane). In the first series of 75 hair specimens, obtained before the period of pesticide use, none of the 15 target compounds was detected. In the second series of 75 specimens, obtained from the same subjects but after the use of pesticides, 14 tested positive for 9 different pesticides.

Agrochemicals↗
PubMed1976

[High incidence of lung cancer in persons with chronic professional exposure to pesticides in agriculture (author's transl)].

In an epidemiological study in the Neubrandenburg district among 316 long-term exposed pesticide workers the incidence of tumors was investigated. There were 30 cases of tumors, of which 11 were lung cancers. The incidence of lung cancers was in contrast to age-specific population twenty times higher. The average exposure against pesticides amounted to 14.1 +/- 4.7 (6-23) years, the latency period between exposition start and tumor manifestation to 17.9 +/- 6.0 (6-23) years. The exposure occurred mainly to the following agents: herbicides, such as derivatives of phenoxyacetic acid (2,4 D and MCPA); insecticides, such as chlorinated hydrocarbons (DDT, HCH and Toxaphen), organic phosphorus compounds (Parathion) and organic nitro derivatives (DNOC) as well as fungicides, such as copper containing and organic synthetic agents. Between 1950 and 1956 some pesticide workers were also exposed to arsenic containing agents. As the workers were exposed to various chemical compounds simultaneously or alternatively, no carcinogenic effect can be determined by specific individual pesticides. The investigations are discussed in detail on the today knowledge about cancer hazards associated with exposure to pesticides, and respective conclusions are drawn for preventive measures.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The impact of household preparations on the residues of pesticides in selected agricultural food commodities available in India.

Gas chromatographic multiresidue methods for simultaneous determination of organophosphorus, organochlorine, and organonitrogen pesticides were used to study the exposure of the Indian population to pesticide contamination at their actual dietary intakes. Selected agricultural commodities--5 kinds of vegetables (tomato, potato, okra, cabbage, and green beans), 6 kinds of cereals and pulses (rice, maize, wheat, red gram, black gram, and green gram), and 6 kinds of fruits (mango, orange, guava, banana, apple, and grapes)--readily available in Chennai City local markets--were studied for this purpose. Samples were fortified with known concentrations of various pesticides and subjected to household preparation methods commonly used in India. The impact of household preparation is very high, resulting in 65-95% decontamination of pesticides at different stages. Of 512 raw market samples analyzed, the organochlorine and organophosphorus pesticides present in 12 samples were removed during household preparations, resulting in residues well below the toxicologically acceptable limits.

Chromatography, Gas↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Monitoring pesticide residues in Egyptian fruits and vegetables in 1995.

Organophosphorus, dithiocarbamates, and some synthetic pyrethroids pesticides, which are commonly used in Egypt for pest control, were monitored, as well as persistent organochlorines, which had been prohibited from use several years ago. Fruit and vegetable samples (397) were collected from 8 local markets and examined for 52 pesticides. Of all analyzed samples, 42.8% contained detectable residues, of which 1.76% exceeded their maximum residue limits (MRLs). The rates of contamination with the different pesticides were 0-86%. However, violation rates among contaminated products were very low, ranging from 0 to 4.6%. In general, organochlorine pesticide residues were not detected in most samples. Dithiocarbamate residues were found in 70.4% of 98 samples analyzed for dithiocarbamates, but only one grape sample had residues exceeding the MRL established by the Codex Committee on Pesticide Residues.

Carbamates↗
PubMed2000

Pediatric pesticide poisoning in the Carolinas: an evaluation of the trends and proposal to reduce the incidence.

Studies from North and South Carolina on hospitalizations following pesticide exposure have shown that about 30% involve children. During 1990-1993, 29% of North Carolinians hospitalized for pesticide poisoning were children. Between 1971 and 1996, 28% to 37% of the patients hospitalized following pesticide exposure in South Carolina were children. Data from a South Carolina study, from the Association of American Poison Control Centers and the Vital Statistics of the US, suggest that pesticide poisonings in children are part of the overall problem of children being poisoned by household chemicals. Most poisonings occur in toddlers about 1-y-of-age. Pesticide-related fatalities in children have steadily decreased for the last 20-y while poisonings from other household chemicals have not decreased dramatically. The data suggest that increased public awareness of the risks of household chemicals could decrease that poisoning incidence.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Our changing perspectives on benefits and risks of pesticides: a historical overview.

The introduction of chemical pesticides following WW II ushered in the era of the "quick fix" for any aqricultural, forestry and human health problems. Scenarios of use, misuse, abuse and environmental contamination can be presented for any class of pesticide, culminating in dependence on these chemicals for increased production of food and fibre and improved health. With time, sophisticated agents having unique, target-specific mechanisms of action evolved but at increased cost(s) to crop production. Equatorial countries, rapidly becoming "breadbaskets" of the world, are particularly dependent on pesticides as they strive to increase production of nontraditional export products (NTEPS), valuable cash crops in demand in countries having more temperate climates. Developing nations have neither the legislation and regulations necessary to control pesticides nor trained personnel to inspect and monitor use, to analyze residues in produce or to initiate training programs. Their transition from agrarian to industrialized societies has meant that smaller, less well educated populations must shoulder the responsibility of increased traditional food production for consumption by urban populations as well as that of NTEPS. Unfortunately, to attain these goals, many older, more toxic, environmentally persistent and cheap pesticides, long banned in developed countries, are used extensively, creating serious local and global contamination and health problems.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Analysis of pesticide residues in mixed fruit and vegetable extracts by direct sample introduction/gas chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry.

Direct sample introduction (DSI), or "dirty sample injection," was investigated in the determination of 22 diverse pesticide residues in mixed apple, green bean, and carrot extracts by benchtop gas chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (DSI/GC/MS-MS). The targeted pesticides, some of which were incurred in the samples, included chlorpyrifos, azinphos-methyl, parathion-methyl, diazinon, terbufos, p,p'-DDE, endosulfan sulfate, carbofuran, carbaryl, propargite, bifenthrin, dacthal, trifluralin, metalaxyl, pendimethalin, atrazine, piperonyl butoxide, diphenylamine, vinclozolin, chlorothalonil, quintozene, and tetrahydrophthalimide (the breakdown product of captan). The analytical DSI method entailed the following steps: (1) blend 30 g sample with 60 mL acetonitrile for 1 min in a centrifuge bottle; (2) add 6 g NaCl and blend 30 s; (3) centrifuge for 1-2 min; (4) add 5 mL upper layer to 1 g anhydrous MgSO4 in a vial; and (5) analyze 11 microL extract, using DSI/GC/MS-MS. Sample cleanup is not needed because GCIMS-MS is exceptionally selective for the targeted analytes, and nonvolatile coextracted matrix components do not contaminate the injector or the GC/MS-MS system. Average recoveries of the pesticides were 103 +/- 7% with relative standard deviations of 14 +/- 5% on average, and limits of detection were <2 ng/g for nearly all pesticides studied. The DSI/GC/ MS-MS approach for targeted pesticides is quantitative, confirmatory, sensitive, selective, rugged, rapid, simple, and inexpensive.

Calibration↗
PubMed2000

Chromosomal aberrations analysis in a Brazilian population exposed to pesticides.

In spite of being harmful, pesticides are widely used in Brazil. Their genotoxic effects might be studied through population monitoring by means of the analysis of chromosomal aberrations in occupationally exposed individuals. The aim of this study was to evaluate the chromosomal aberration frequencies in temporary cultures of lymphocytes from periferic blood of 23 workers professionally exposed to a mixture of pesticides. The workers were employed by the Agronomic Institute of Parana (Brazil) and used all of the prevention measures provided. A detailed history of pesticide use, as well as personal data, smoking habits, and history of recent illnesses and medical treatment were collected through a standardized questionnaire administered to each subject. Nonexposed subjects, matched for age, sex, and smoking habits, served as the negative control. A total of 100 cells were analyzed from each individual. A significant increase in chromosomal aberration frequencies was observed in exposed individuals when compared to the control group. Some individual characteristics such as age, sex, time of exposure to the pesticides, and smoking habits showed no correlation with chromosomal aberrations. Therefore, the positive results may be considered true effects of pesticides on human somatic cells.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

[Reproduction disorders in women occupationally exposed to pesticides].

Among many harmful factors typical of occupations in agriculture, pesticides occupy a specific place. The effects of such a hazard may be manifested among others by reproduction disorders. In the epidemiological studies, presented in this paper, the analysis was focused more on the relationship between employment in agriculture and the incidence of congenital malformations, miscarriages, low birth weight, small-for-gestational-age, preterm delivery and still births, and less on conditions of exposure to various chemical compounds in greenhouses. The results of the analyses indicate that employment in agriculture increases the risk of congenital malformations to infant, particularly such as orofacial cleft, birthmarks in the form of haemangioma, as well as musculoskeletal and nervous system defects. The data on the effect of employment in agriculture on low birth weight are unequivocal. The study did not reveal significantly increased risk of small-for-gestational-age birth, but it was found that exposure to pesticides may contribute to still births. The results presented show significant risk of reproduction disorders in women employed during pregnancy in conditions of pesticide exposure. They also justify the placement of pesticides among factors the pregnant women should not be exposed to, at least until employers in Poland are able to assess individual risk of women employed under exposure to pesticides.

Abortion, Spontaneous↗
PubMed2000

A meta-analysis of Parkinson's disease and exposure to pesticides.

This study examined the association between Parkinson's disease (PD) and exposure to pesticides. A series of meta-analysis of peer-reviewed studies were performed, using 19 studies published between 1989 and 1999. Prior to the meta-analysis, all studies were reviewed and evaluated for heterogeneity and publication bias. Significant heterogeneity among studies was detected and combined odds ratio (OR) was calculated using the random effect model. The majority of the studies reported consistent elevation in the risk of PD with exposure to pesticides. The combined OR studies was 1.94 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.49-2.53] for all the studies, and 2.15 (95% CI 1.14-4.05) for studies performed in United States. Although the risk of PD increased with increased duration of exposure to pesticides, no significant dose-response relation was established, and no specific type of pesticide was identified. Our findings suggest that exposure to pesticides may be a significant risk factor for developing PD.

Case-Control Studies↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Monitoring of pesticide residues in Egyptian fruits and vegetables during 1996.

Samples of the most common fruits and vegetables were collected from 8 local markets in 6 governorates. These 1,579 samples were analyzed for residues of 53 pesticides, which included organophosphorus and organonitrogen compounds and some synthetic pyrethroids. Samples were also analyzed for residues of organochlorine pesticides, although they had been prohibited from use several years ago. Only 510 of the 1,579 samples were analyzed for dithiocarbamate pesticide residues, which were determined as CS2. Overall, 76.1 % of the total analyzed samples had no detectable residues, 23.9% contained detectable residues, and 2.59% contained residues that exceeded maximum residue limits. For individual crops, contaminated samples ranged from 0 to 96% of the number of samples analyzed. However, the highest violative percentage for samples of individual crops was 12.5. Chlorpyrifos, carbaryl, dimethoate, bromopropylate, and profenofos were the violative pesticides determined in fruit and vegetable samples. The results of the current study demonstrated that no restricted or banned pesticides such as DDT, HCH, and their isomers were found in any of the samples analyzed. Dithiocarbamate residues were detected in 9.4% of the 510 samples analyzed, with a violative percentage of 0.39, representing one grape sample and one peach sample.

Chromatography, Gas↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Determination of five pesticide residues in oranges by matrix solid-phase dispersion and liquid chromatography to estimate daily intake of consumers.

Residues of benzoylphenylurea insecticides (diflubenzuron, hexaflumuron, and flufenuxuron), carboxamide acaricides (hexythiazox), and carbamate insecticides (benfuracarb) were determined in 150 orange fruit samples from September 1998 to June 1999, to estimate exposure of the Valencian population to oranges contaminated with these newly developed pesticides. The method for monitoring these residues is based on matrix solid-phase dispersion and liquid chromatography with UV or atmospheric pressure chemical ionization/mass spectrometry (APCI/MS) detection. Orange samples representing 11 varieties were collected from an agricultural cooperative and examined for the 5 pesticides. In 74.6% of all analyzed samples, the pesticide residues were below detection limits, which ranged from 0.002 to 0.05 mg/kg. Residues were detected in 25.4% of the samples, with higher incidences of diflubenzuron, flufenuxuron, hexythiazox, and benfuracarb; hexaflumuron residues were detected only occasionally. Two different pesticides exceeded maximum residue limits (MRLs) in 4 (2.7%) of the orange samples. Diflubenzuron surpassed 1 mg/kg MRL in 3 samples and flufenuxuron exceeded the 0.3 mg/kg MRL in 3 samples. The estimated daily intake of the 5 pesticide residues during the period was 0.077 microg/kg body weight per day. This value is much lower than the total admissible daily intake proposed by the Food and Agricultural Organization and the World Health Organization.

Benzamides↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Multiresidue determination of pesticides in honey by matrix solid-phase dispersion and gas chromatography with electron-capture detection.

A multiresidue method was developed for the determination of 15 pesticides (organochlorines, organophosphorus compounds, pyrethroids, and other acaricides) in various commercial honeys (eucalyptus, lavender, orange, rosemary, and multifloral). The analytical procedure is based on the matrix solid-phase dispersion of honey in a mixture of Florisil and anhydrous sodium sulfate; the mixture is placed in small plastic columns and extracted with hexane-ethyl acetate (90 + 10, v/v). The pesticide residues are determined by capillary gas chromatography with electron-capture detection. Recoveries with the method at concentrations between 0.15 and 1.5 microg/g ranged from 80 to 113%, and relative standard deviations were <10% for all the pesticides studied. The pesticide detection limits were within the range 0.5-5 microg/kg for organochlorines, around 3 microg/kg for the chlorinated organophosphorus pesticides studied, near 15 microg/kg for fluvalinate, and about 3 microg/kg for the other pyrethroids.

Chromatography, Gas↗
PubMed2001

Estimation of environmental impact of some of the most often occurring pesticides in Slovenian surface and underground water.

The use of environmental xenobiotics is increasing every day. We are now all dependent on synthetic substances in agriculture, pharmacy, petrochemical and food industries. Pesticides, when used correctly, have enormous benefits in increasing crop yield and improving the quality of agricultural produce. The problem is what happens to these chemicals in the environment. They can be widespread through various pathways. The aim of our work was to find out which pesticides occur most often in Slovenian surface and underground water and to assess some of their environmental characteristics. National monitoring on underground water includes analyses of 27 pesticides and their metabolites, which can be bought in the country. In spite of the fact that their use has not been allowed since 1994, the most often detected and widely spread pesticides in Slovenia appeared to be atrazine and alachlor. This is the reason why the toxicity of atrazine, alachlor and pentachlorophenol to different aquatic organisms was determined. Sensitivity of test organisms to pesticides was compared. The experimental results were compared with available literature data. Toxicity assessment shows their environmental impact and hazard on non-target aquatic organisms.

Agriculture↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Broad-spectrum determination of pesticides in groundwater by gas chromatography with electron capture detection, nitrogen-phosphorus detection, and tandem mass spectrometry.

Gas chromatography with electron capture detector (ECD), nitrogen-phosphorus detector (NPD), and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) was used to identify 36 pesticides, widely used to control various pest and diseases in vegetables, in water after a preconcentration step on C18 cartridges. The recoveries obtained ranged from 70 to 135% at a fortification level of 100 ng/L with relative standard deviations of <36.2%. The limits of detection and quantitation were < or =48 and < or =160 ng/L, respectively. Important advantages of MS/MS over ECD and NPD in the determination of pesticides are also presented. The proposed analytical methodology was applied to the determination of pesticides in groundwater samples from an agricultural area, the Campo de Dalías (Almería, Spain). The most frequently encountered pesticides were endosulfan sulfate and metalaxyl, whereas the pesticide found at the highest concentration was fenamiphos.

Alanine↗
PubMed2002

Pesticide mortality in the United States 1979-1998.

Pesticide mortality in the US is usualy reported on a case-by-case basis. The Vital Statistics of the US and the publications of the American Association of Poison Control Centers publish yeary statistics on pesticide mortality. This review evaluates the incidence of pesticide mortality in regard to intent, geography, sex, race, age and trends from theyears 1979-1998. In this fashion it appeared easier to identify likely areas of exposures and to develop steps to reduce mortality. Pesticide mortality has decreased substantially over the last 20 y. Intentional poisonings, primarily suicides, represent the greatest fraction and are decreasing more slowy than accidental poisonings. Mortality is thus following intentional exposure rather than accidental exposure. Intentional exposures may occur away from sites where pesticide use is expected.

Accidents↗