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At least 1,297 records · Page 72Linked to original sources
PubMed2004

Chromosome painting using repetitive DNA sequences as probes for somatic chromosome identification in maize.

Study of the maize (Zea mays L.) somatic chromosomes (2n = 20) has been difficult because of a lack of distinguishing characteristics. To identify all maize chromosomes, a multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization procedure was developed. The procedure uses tandemly repeated DNA sequences to generate a distinctive banding pattern for each of the 10 chromosomes. Fluorescence in situ hybridization screening trials of nonsubtracted or subtracted PCR libraries resulted in the isolation of microsatellite 1-26-2, subtelomeric 4-12-1, and 5S rRNA 2-3-3 clones. These three probes, plus centromeric satellite 4 (Cent4), centromeric satellite C (CentC), knob, nucleolus-organizing region (NOR), pMTY9ER telomere-associated sequence, and tandemly repeated DNA sequence 1 (TR-1) were used as a mixture for hybridization to root-tip chromosomes. All 10 chromosomes were identified by the banding and color patterns in the 14 examined lines. There was significant quantitative variation among lines for the knob, microsatellite, TR-1, and CentC signals. The same probe mixture identifies meiotic pachytene, late prophase I, and metaphase I chromosomes. The procedure could facilitate the study of chromosomal structure and behavior and be adapted for other plant species.

Chromosome Painting↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Respiratory hazards associated with exposure to formaldehyde and solvents in acid-curing paints.

Thirty-eight employees exposed to formaldehyde when working with acid-hardening lacquers and 18 nonexposed control persons employed at the same company were examined to determine lung function (spirometry and nitrogen washout), total immunoglobulin blood concentration, and work-related symptoms. The mean exposure to formaldehyde during an 8-hr workday was 0.40 mg/m3 air, and the mean exposure to peak values was 0.70 mg/m3. Mean exposure to solvents was low, i.e., approximately 1/10 of the hygienic effect. Eye, nose, and throat irritation was more common in exposed persons than in controls. Monday morning, after two exposure-free days, forced vital capacity (FVC) values were found to have declined by 0.24 L and forced expiratory volume in 1 sec (FEV1.0) by 0.21 L, compared with normal values. There was a weak correlation between the individual concentration of IgG and decrease in FVC and FEV1.0. No significant changes were noted in any other lung function variable before a workshift, and no lung function changes were noted over a full workshift. Deviations in FVC and FEV1.0 values did not correlate to peaks or mean exposures or employment time.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Full-color painting reveals an excess of radiation-induced dicentrics involving homologous chromosomes.

PURPOSE: To determine the ratio of homologous to heterologous dicentric chromosomes induced in human cells by ionizing radiation. This ratio is influenced by, and thus potentially informative about, underlying DNA damage/repair/misrepair processes and also the geometry of individual chromosome domains within the interphase nucleus. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 24-color mFISH (multiplex fluorescent in situ hybridization) was used to determine the ratio of 1-color (homologous) to 2-color (heterologous) dicentrics produced in human lymphocytes or fibroblasts by gamma-rays, alpha particles, or iron ions at various doses. Assuming that randomness independent of homology holds, the expected homologue:heterologue ratio for diploid human male cells is approximately 0.024, as shown by deriving a formula applicable to simple interchanges and then extending the result, via Monte Carlo simulation, to the general situation where complex aberrations are also considered. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: There was a substantial excess of homologous dicentrics, with probability of occurrence by chance less than 0.02 for each of the three radiations and only about 10(-8) for all the data combined. Overall, approximately 18 homologous dicentrics were expected but 47 were found, including 11 involving chromosome 1. Observed excesses were similar for both sparsely and densely ionizing radiations. Geometric proximity of homologues is a possible explanation for the overabundance; in that case more extensive statistics should eventually uncover a linear energy transfer (LET) dependence. An alternative possibility, not ruled out by the present data, is homology-dependent misrepair.

Cell Culture Techniques↗
PubMed2002

Male mouse recombination maps for each autosome identified by chromosome painting.

Linkage maps constructed from genetic analysis of gene order and crossover frequency provide few clues to the basis of genomewide distribution of meiotic recombination, such as chromosome structure, that influences meiotic recombination. To bridge this gap, we have generated the first cytological recombination map that identifies individual autosomes in the male mouse. We prepared meiotic chromosome (synaptonemal complex [SC]) spreads from 110 mouse spermatocytes, identified each autosome by multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization of chromosome-specific DNA libraries, and mapped >2,000 sites of recombination along individual autosomes, using immunolocalization of MLH1, a mismatch repair protein that marks crossover sites. We show that SC length is strongly correlated with crossover frequency and distribution. Although the length of most SCs corresponds to that predicted from their mitotic chromosome length rank, several SCs are longer or shorter than expected, with corresponding increases and decreases in MLH1 frequency. Although all bivalents share certain general recombination features, such as few crossovers near the centromeres and a high rate of distal recombination, individual bivalents have unique patterns of crossover distribution along their length. In addition to SC length, other, as-yet-unidentified, factors influence crossover distribution leading to hot regions on individual chromosomes, with recombination frequencies as much as six times higher than average, as well as cold spots with no recombination. By reprobing the SC spreads with genetically mapped BACs, we demonstrate a robust strategy for integrating genetic linkage and physical contig maps with mitotic and meiotic chromosome structure.

Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing↗