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PubMed1989

Migration and motivation: the migrant's perspective.

Migration is often viewed as economically motivated. However, many of the studies on which this is based are a result of either aggregate data or retrospective questioning of migrants. The present study indicates that such approaches may give a distorted view of migrants' motives. The data indicate that nonmonetary career reasons are important instigators of migration among well-educated international migrants. In addition, these factors tend to be major perceived gains from migration. However, choice of destination is strongly influenced by location of friends and/or relatives. Reasons for discrepancies between this and previous studies are noted.

Americas↗
PubMed1989

Fertility of Palestinian women between national perspective and social reality.

"This paper investigates the social content of fertility patterns in four Palestinian conglomerations, viz., the West Bank, Gaza Strip, Galilee and Jerusalem, on the basis of an analysis of fertility data derived from official sources and field work conducted by Palestinian demographers. It seeks to identify meaningful relationships between these data and variables related to the household's place of residence, social class, and vocational and educational background. The paper also reviews the demographic history of Arab citizens in the occupied territories since 1948 to determine the effect on fertility trends.... The paper finally touches on the impact of the Palestinian intifada...."

Asia↗
PubMed1997

New Zealand's "targeted" immigration policy, 1991 to 1996.

"The tide of economic rationalism which has swept over New Zealand since 1984 included a new enthusiasm for business migrants and other well-qualified immigrants. In 1991 a points test was introduced to target these groups for selection but, while the overall intake had a nominal cap of 25,000 per annum, keen demand for places in the new program meant that the cap was soon exceeded by more than 100 per cent. Immigration became increasingly controversial. In October 1995 the points system was adjusted so that annual caps would not be exceeded, selection criteria were tightened, and steep fees were introduced for applicants with inadequate English."

Demography↗
PubMed1990

Do the poor cost more? A multihospital study of patients' socioeconomic status and use of hospital resources.

There is controversy about whether hospitalized poor patients use more resources and whether hospitals that provide care for the poor therefore merit supplementary payment under per-case prospective payment systems. We previously reported that patients of low socioeconomic status with connective-tissue disease had longer hospital stays and higher costs than patients of higher socioeconomic status at a single hospital. To examine the generalizability of this phenomenon, we interviewed 16,908 (83 percent) of 20,278 consecutive adult patients (excluding obstetrical and psychiatric patients) admitted in 1987 to five Massachusetts hospitals, to obtain information on three direct measures of socioeconomic status (income, occupation, and education). We divided each measure into three strata. Thus, there were 15 comparisons--three measures of socioeconomic status applied to each of five hospitals. After excluding outliers and adjusting for diagnosis-related group (DRG), we found that the patients of the lowest socioeconomic status had hospital stays 3 to 30 percent longer than those of patients of higher status, the differences varying with the hospital and the indicator of socioeconomic status (P less than or equal to 0.05 for 11 of the 15 comparisons). Hospital charges were 1 to 18 percent higher for the patients of lowest socioeconomic status than for those of higher status (P less than or equal to 0.05 for 9 of 15 comparisons). When we adjusted for age, severity of illness, and DRG, the patients of lowest socioeconomic status had longer stays than those of higher status in 14 of 15 comparisons (P less than 0.05 for 7 of the 15) and higher charges in 13 of 15 comparisons (P less than 0.05 for 6 of the 15). The differences between patients of high and low status ranged up to 21 percent for length of stay and 13 percent for charges. Our findings suggest that hospitalized patients of lower socioeconomic status have longer stays and probably require more resources. Supplementary payments to hospitals for the treatment of poor patients merit further consideration.

Diagnosis-Related Groups↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Suicide in the prime of life: current data].

Suicide of people aged 25-59 years old is fastly increasing in France, especially for males, to 38.4 per 100,000 population in 1992 from 37.0 per 100,000 a decade earlier. In fact the suicide rate is decreasing among male adults having an occupation or a job (to 32.3 in 1992 from 33.8 in 1982). On the contrary, the economically inactive and the jobless are experiencing a tremendous growth in their suicide rate (to 74.9 per 100,000 population in 1992 from 60.9 a decade earlier). The trend is observed also among females aged 25-59 years old but the "employed/unemployed" gap is less pronounced. Marital status and occupational groups have also an influence upon the frequency of adult suicide. Since the work of Emile Durkheim a century ago, the profile of suicide has changed in France, due to societal upheavals.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

The occupational burden of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Although chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is attributed predominantly to tobacco smoke, occupational exposures are also suspected risk factors for COPD. Estimating the proportion of COPD attributable to occupation is thus an important public health need. A randomly selected sample of 2,061 US residents aged 55-75 yrs completed telephone interviews covering respiratory health, general health status and occupational history. Occupational exposure during the longest-held job was determined by self-reported exposure to vapours, gas, dust or fumes and through a job exposure matrix. COPD was defined by self-reported physician's diagnosis. After adjusting for smoking status and demography, the odds ratio for COPD related to self-reported occupational exposure was 2.0 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.6-2.5), resulting in an adjusted population attributable risk (PAR) of 20% (95% CI 13-27%). The adjusted odds ratio based on the job exposure matrix was 1.6 (95% CI 1.1-2.5) for high and 1.4 (95% CI 1.1-1.9) for intermediate probability of occupational dust exposure; the associated PAR was 9% (95% CI 3-15%). A narrower definition of COPD, excluding chronic bronchitis, was associated with a PAR based on reported occupational exposure of 31% (95% CI 19-41%). Past occupational exposures significantly increased the likelihood of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, independent of the effects of smoking. Given that one in five cases of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease may be attributable to occupational exposures, clinicians and health policy-makers should address this potential avenue of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease causation and its prevention.

Aged↗
PubMed1986

Cardiovascular perfusion: evolution to allied health profession and status 1986.

The occupation of cardiovascular perfusion has evolved from a technical to a professional status during the past 25 years. The national thoracic surgical organizations, The American Association for Thoracic Surgery and the Society of Thoracic Surgeons, have supported this process of development through participation on various boards and committees of the perfusionist organizations. The rapid growth of cardiac surgical services in the past decade produced concern about the availability of perfusionist manpower. This concern was exacerbated by creation of formal processes for the certification of perfusionists and the accreditation of perfusion educational programs. Today, these issues are largely resolved and cardiovascular perfusion is recognized as an allied health profession.

Accreditation↗
PubMed1997

Disadvantage and male cancer incidence and mortality in New South Wales 1985-1993.

Male premature mortality variations from cancers by socioeconomic status and marital status were analysed for the period 1986-1989 and 1990-1993 for New South Wales. Cancer incidence and mortality were also surveyed by statistical local areas within metropolitan Sydney between 1985-1991 and correlation and regression analyses were undertaken with socioeconomic indicators and the modified Jarman 8 disadvantage indicator. Martial status variations were found with most major cancers, with not currently married men being more at risk. Cancers of the oesophagus, oral cavity, pancreas, bladder, kidney, liver and trachea, bronchus and lung were more associated with manual occupations and the disadvantage indicator, while cancer of the colon and melanoma were more associated spatially and occupationally with higher socioeconomic status. An unexpected finding with mortality was an occupational status bipolarity with several cancers, notably with managerial and manual workers. There are implications for the more precise targeting of populations at risk.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Training, migration, and regional income disparities.

"It is assumed that there are two regions, that production requires both skilled and unskilled labour, and that one region is innately more productive than the other. Workers, who differ in their migration or training costs, make individually rational decisions. In equilibrium the ratio of skilled workers to unskilled workers is always higher in the more productive region. Average incomes differ between regions because regional differences in wage rates are reinforced by regional differences in the structure of employment. The model is also used to analyse the effects of policies intended to equalize the distribution of income."

Demography↗
PubMed1988

Skilled international migrants and urban structure in Western Europe.

"The few existing empirical studies of high-status migrants in Western European cities suggest that classical urban models describing and explaining the segregation of immigrant groups in the city do not apply to these movers. When compared to low-status movers of the recent past, high-status movers display certain marked differences, particularly in the presence of dependants from the outset and in voluntary extensive employer involvement in housing provision or search, but there are also similarities in their restriction to the privately-rented housing sector. The characteristics and location of high-status migrants and of gastarbeiter in Vienna are here compared, demonstrating that there is a need for new urban models to deal with high-status migrant settlement in Western European cities."

Demography↗