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At least 1,297 records · Page 72Linked to original sources
PubMed1980

Segmental necrotizing granulomatous neuritis of leprosy.

In leprosy, the occurrence of necrotizing nodular lesions in peripheral nerves is a relatively uncommon complication. Despite clinical and gross similarities, there are microscopical differences among groups of such cases, indicating that in all probability different pathogenetic mechanisms are operative. Furthermore, the vast majority of such cases are not true abscesses but are characterized by caseous necrosis and granulomatous inflammation. The traditional collective name "nerve abscess" is therefore inappropriate. Presented herein is an analytic study of 30 cases of the commonest variant, which we suggest should be called segmental necrotizing granulomatous neuritis of leprosy (SNGN). This lesion commonly affects the right ulnar nerve just above the elbow and occurs most often in those with the borderline tuberculoid form of leprosy. It appears to represent the result of a hypersensitivity phenomenon marked by a preponderance of epithelioid cells rather than a reaction of immunity in which lymphocytes predominate. Acid fast bacilli were demonstrable in the lesion in 77% of cases.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

Surgical management of leprous ulnar neuritis.

An analysis of the results of neurolysis with careful anterior transposition of the ulnar nerve in 17 cases of severe leprous neuritis is described. Pain and paresthesia were relieved in all patients within 48 to 72 hours after the operation. Recoverable cases showed some evidence of sensory and motor recovery within three weeks to three months, and six months of the operation, respectively. The amount of recovery was directly related to the extent and stage of involvement of the nerve. Results of prophylactic anterior transposition on the ulnar nerve in two patients with recurrent dislocation were encouraging.

Abscess↗
PubMed1982

Superficial anterior transposition of the ulnar nerve at the elbow for ulnar neuritis.

Superficial anterior transposition of the ulnar nerve at the elbow was carried out for ulnar neuritis in 18 extremities. Epineural neurolysis and superficial stabilization by suture of the epineurium to the fascia were performed in all cases. The procedure, as described, prevents muscle scarring, kinking of the nerve over the intermuscular septum, and fascial sling. It does not require muscular dissection and allows rapid return to occupational and athletic activity. Our 83% good or excellent results compares favorably with other series in the literature.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

[How spontaneous nystagmus modifies nystagmus induced by caloric vestibular stimulation, studied in 34 patients with vestibular neuritis].

Spontaneous nystagmus modifies the degree of rotatory pendular and caloric vestibular nystagmic responses, provoking directional preponderance towards the same side. Until now, no true correlation has been able to be established between directional preponderance intensity and that of spontaneous nystagmus, correlation between these two parameters depending, in fact, on a third factor; vestibular reflectivity. Spontaneous nystagmus can apparently be defined as a directional preponderance inversely proportional in degree to vestibular reflectivity (the reflectivity of a vestibule being the sum of the hot and cold stimulation response indices). This phenomenon produces a thermal preponderance during the caloric test, and "vestibular recrutment" during the rotatory pendulum test. These findings are the result of 56 measurements conducted in 34 patients with vestibular neuritis. There was also a significant increase in vestibular reflectivity on the healthy side in these patients, suggesting both central and peripheral lesions. Because of the difficulty sometimes encountered when attempting to relaste the different concepts of overall vestibular responses, a new clinical unit of measure is proposed: the number of nystagmic jerks in 30 s. Hinchcliffe has previously employed this unit for the vestibular response, but it is now proposed for more general application to measurement of reflectivity, mean directional preponderance, unilateral directional preponderance, and mean thermal preponderance.

Caloric Tests↗
PubMed1980

Optic neuritis and chronic relapsing experimental allergic encephalomyelitis: relationship to clinical course and comparison with multiple sclerosis.

Optic nerve tissue from strain 13 guinea pigs sensitized for chronic (relapsing) experimental allergic encephalomyelitis has been examined up to 3 years postinoculation. The changes were compared with the clinical history in each case, with lesions occurring elsewhere in the central nervous system and with optic nerve tissue from a single case of chronic multiple sclerosis. In chronic experimental allergic encephalomyelitis was found that optic neuritis was a consistent finding. Active lesions in the optic nerve were a feature of animals sampled up to 4 months postinoculation. Unlike lesions in the spinal cord, changes occurring in long term animals did not parallel clinical signs. The absence of active lesions in long term animals was apparently not due to a resistance to recurrent disease on the part of the tissue since a second challenge with central nervour system tissue was capable of producing active inflammation in the optic nerve. It appears, therefore, that in its unmanipulated state, chronic experimental allergic encephalomyelitis is more a disease of the spinal cord. Optic nerve changes in the case of multiple sclerosis did not compare well with the guinea pit lesions--discrepancies which we speculate as being related to differences in anatomy, age, species, and longevity of the disease process (among others), rather than a difference in pathogenesis.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Treatment with thalidomide in steroid dependency and neuritis.

Thalidomide is found effective and useful in cases of lepromatous ENL in Corticosteroid dependent cases which had been on treatment with dapsone and lamprene. But eventually due to recurrence these cases had to be put back on steroids because of easier availability. Cases of neuritis responded much more satisfactorily and there was no change in the muscle deficity before or after treatment with thalidomide.

Adrenal Cortex Hormones↗
PubMed1981

[Kinetics of peripheral leukocyte count and leukocyte adhesion to pulmonary capillary endothelium in experimental vagal neuritis].

It was disclosed in chronic experiments on rats with dextral vagus neuritis that reactive leucocytosis is wave-like in character. Variations in leucocytosis were inversely proportional to adhesiveness of the lung capillary endothelium with respect to leucocytes. The relationship between the number of circulatory leucocytes and adhesiveness of the capillary endothelium is not so pronounced in intact animals as compared to controls.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

[Optic neuritis in children. Clinical aspects and evolution in 14 patients (author's transl)].

Fourteen children presenting with optic neuritis are reported. Bilateral ocular lesions and papilledema were present in 80% of cases. Biological investigations did not show any local production of IgG or anti-measles antibodies, contrary to what is observed in adults. CAT scan most always rules out a tumoral compression that could be responsible for a sudden decrease in visual acuity. Prognostic factors helpful in predicting evolution towards multiple sclerosis are discussed.

Adrenal Cortex Hormones↗
PubMed1980

[Dynamics of the clinico-electromyographic indices of secondary contracture of the mimetic muscles in neuritis of the facial nerve (role of myogelosis)].

Clinical and electromyographic examinations of the mimic muscles were carried out in 24 patients with facial neuritis. A method of kinesthetic palpation of the mimic muscles has been developed, which has enabled one to reveal pathological infiltrations (myogeloses) in 13 patients with secondary contractures. In 6 patients the emergence and development of the myogeloses before the appearance of distinct symptoms of the facial muscle contractures were followed. In the course of these examinations clinico-electromyographic comparisons were made that gave the authors an opportunity to specify the role of the myogeloses in the formation of principal symptoms of initial manifestations of the post-neuritic contractures.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

[Treatment of acute optic neuritis with large doses of corticosteroids].

UNLABELLED: The aim of this study is to compare two modes of treatment of acute optic neuritis (AON). MATERIALS AND METHODS: 98 patients, treated between January 1992 and February 1995, after diagnosis of AON were included in this study. The diagnosis and results of treatment were determined on the basis of ophthalmological examination including visual acuity, perimetry, colour vision testing and neurological assessment. A comparison was made between the two treatment regimens of AON: oral and peribulbar injections of steroids versus intravenous administration followed by oral medication with steroids. The results are in agreement with other studies and show that intravenous steroids followed by oral steroids are more effective treatment of AON on its own or in association with MS.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1994

Allergic granulomatosis and angiitis (Churg-Strauss syndrome) presenting as prominent neurologic lesions and optic neuritis.

We describe a Chinese male patient with clinicopathologically definite Churg-Strauss syndrome. He had a clinical pattern of mononeuropathy multiplex and unusual optic neuritis, the latter probably being due to vasculitis related demyelination of the optic nerve. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain revealed many clinically silent central nervous system lesions. He initially received steroid therapy, but an early cessation of treatment resulted in acute exacerbation. Later on, he was treated with combined prednisolone-cyclophosphamide therapy for 1 year. His ophthalmological and neurological symptoms responded well to such a regimen and disappeared within 6 months.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

[Long-term prolongation of direct pupillary light reflex latency and P100 latency of pattern visual evoked potential in unilateral optic neuritis].

We evaluated the visual functions of visual acuity, color sense, direct pupillary light reflex and pattern visual evoked potentials (P100) in five patients with unilateral optic neuritis whose visual acuity improved to 1.0 or better in order to assess the recovery of the impaired optic nerve fibers from the inflammatory process. During follow-up periods the direct light pupillary reflex was electropupillographically recorded and the P100 latency of visual evoked potentials was examined in both eyes. The temporal course of their differences showed a biphasic curve: the acute stage showed a rapid decrease of the differences and the chronic stage showed a flat line analysis of Pearson's correlation coefficient revealed that latency differences were mutually altered although there was a tendency for differences of direct pupillary reflex latency to decrease more rapidly at the acute stage than those of P100 latency. The present study demonstrated that the two different classes of the optic nerve fibers originating from the retinal ganglion cells, pupillary reflex-related fibers and form vision-related fibers, were damaged to the same degree by the inflammation, in spite of their morphological differences.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

[Acute monocytic leukemia simulating clinical manifestations of retrobulbar neuritis].

Lesion of optic disc may appear also with coherence to myeloid leukaemia. Authors introduce a case report of a patient, who found out help of an ophthalmologist with very indefinite difficulties (visual acuity deterioration of her left eye in connection with long-lasting sinusitis). Due to changes in orbit and the optic disc the status was evaluated as retrobulbar neuritis. During the indicated therapy by corticosteroids (Prednison) a steroid gastric ulcer was unfolded. During the additional therapy and after the sternal punction the acute monocytic leukaemia (AML) was diagnosed. On that base the aimed therapy at the Clinic of Haematology was realised. The patient died 27 months since the diagnose of AML was determined.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

[Visual function in patients with optic neuritis associated with acute transverse myelopathy in multiple sclerosis].

We reviewed the records of 20 patients with optic neuritis who were diagnosed to have clinically definite multiple sclerosis (MS). We classified them into 2 subgroups: group A, consisting of 9 patients who had acute transverse myelopathy (ATM); and group B, 11 patients without ATM. 4 patients (44%) in group A had complete visual loss, but none in group B. 6 patients (67%) in group A had less than 0.1 visual acuity in the affected eye, but only 2 patients (18%) in group B. 4 patients in group A had evidence of anticardiolipin antibodies. While both groups were diagnosed as having clinically definite MS, there were differences in the clinical features between them. We assume that the patients with ATM constitute a different subgroup among MS patients.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1994

[Effects of T4 monomer of Tripterygium wilfordii and artificial musk on experimental allergic neuritis].

UNLABELLED: Both T4 monomer of Tripterygium wilfordii and artificial musk had effects in regulating immune system and anti-inflammation. The effect of using artificial musk was the earlier the stronger. According to pharmacological features of the two drugs and pathogenesis of experimental allergic neuritis (EAN), 5 experimental groups were established, i.e., artificial musk prevented and treated groups, dexamethasone and T4 monomer treated groups, and control group. RESULTS: T4 monomer could reduce the clinical score of model rabbits of EAN and significantly ameliorated inflammatory cell infiltration and demyelination. It was similar to dexamethasone. Although artificial musk had mild preventing and treating effects on the clinical and pathological changes of EAN, but was not statistically significant in comparing with control group. Our clinical or pathological data suggested that T4 monomer and dexamethasone were effective in the treatment of EAN, and that of artificial musk in preventing and treating EAN as indefinite.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Reversals of blood-brain barrier disruption by catalase: a serial magnetic resonance imaging study of experimental optic neuritis.

PURPOSE: To investigate serially the role of catalase detoxification of endogenous H2O2 in the disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and demyelination of experimental optic neuritis. METHODS: Serial contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the optic nerves (T1 weighted) and T2 weighted MRI without contrast were performed on 18 guinea pigs 3 to 14 days after sensitization with central myelin for experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. Sex and age-matched littermates were paired and sensitized with the identical antigenic emulsion. To detoxify endogenous hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), animals received daily intraperitoneal injections of polyethylene glycol (PEG)-catalase at a dose of 12,000 U/kg per day for 3 days, then 1,200 U/kg daily for the next week, commencing 3 days after antigenic sensitization. Littermates received an equal volume of preservative-free saline. The intensity of gadolinium-DTPA (Gd-DTPA) enhancement was quantitated by obtaining the value for a region of interest (ROI) of the right optic nerve and the left optic nerve. The effect of H2O2 detoxification by catalase was evaluated by differences in the intensity of Gd-DTPA enhancement and T2 weighted signal in the ROI of the right and the left optic nerves at 7, 10, and 14 days after antigenic sensitization, from the pretreatment value obtained at day 3. The effectiveness of catalase detoxification of H2O2 was assessed with quantitative ultracytochemical localization of electron-dense, H2O2-derived cerium perhydroxide in the optic nerves. RESULTS: With PEG-catalase treatment, mean differences for Gd-DTPA enhancement in the ROI at 7, 10, and 14 days after antigenic sensitization were significantly reduced from the pretreatment values obtained 3 days after antigenic sensitization compared with the comparable interval values for untreated littermates. For T2 weighted signal intensity, only the 7- and 14-day values were significantly less with PEG-catalase compared with values for littermates obtained at comparable intervals. Quantitative ultracytochemical localization of H2O2-derived cerium perhydroxide reaction product revealed significant reductions in the medium number of cerium particle counts of the optic nerve head, sheath, and myelinated retrobulbar nerve. CONCLUSIONS: PEG-catalase reduced H2O2-derived cerium perhydroxide reaction product in the optic nerve but did not eliminate it, reversed disruption of the BBB as measured by Gd-DTPA enhancement, and reduced demyelination and edema as measured by T2 weighted signal intensity, suggesting detoxification of H2O2 as a new treatment strategy for disorders of primary demyelination of the central nervous system.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Parainfectious optic neuritis and encephalomyelitis. A report of two cases with thalamic involvement.

Two children developed mental status alteration and bilateral profound visual loss secondary to optic neuritis. The clinical picture was consistent with parainfectious encephalomyelitis. Magnetic resonance imaging showed bilateral involvement of the thalamus in both cases. In one case the thalamic involvement was solitary and was suspected initially to represent a primary thalamic neoplasm. This was ruled out by a stereotactic biopsy of the thalamus, which showed perivascular inflammation consistent with parainfectious encephalomyelitis. The clinical and neuroimaging findings improved significantly following corticosteroid administration. Several relapses occurred upon initial attempts at corticosteroid cessation.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1994

Disruption of the blood-brain barrier in experimental optic neuritis: immunocytochemical co-localization of H2O2 and extravasated serum albumin.

PURPOSE: To probe the role of endogenous hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in the pathogenesis of disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) associated with experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model for primary central nervous system demyelination. METHODS: Strain-13 guinea pigs were sensitized for EAE with central myelin in complete Freund's adjuvant. Magnetic resonance imaging with Gd-DTPA was performed twice a week for 2 weeks to assess disruption of the BBB, in vivo, by the enhancement of the optic nerves. Two weeks after antigenic sensitization, ultracytochemical localization of endogenous H2O2 was performed using the cerium perhydroxide method, with co-localization of endogenous serum albumin extravasation using gold-labeled antibodies against serum albumin. Examination of blood vessels for perivascular immunogold-labeled serum albumin and H2O2 derived reaction product began in the optic nerve head and proceeded toward the retrobulbar optic nerve until a total of 20 vessels were evaluated per animal. RESULTS: Magnetic resonance imaging revealed Gd-DTPA enhancement of the optic nerves in all animals sensitized for EAE. Optic nerve ultrastructure revealed colloidal gold-labeled antibodies against serum albumin in the perivascular and adjacent interstitial spaces of capillaries and small venules in which H2O2 derived cerium perhydroxide reaction product was also simultaneously evident. Immunogold-labeled serum albumin was predominantly confined to the intravascular compartment of the optic nerve in the absence of perivascular H2O2 and/or perivascular foci of inflammatory cells. The difference between the mean percentage of blood vessels (61.8%) with co-localization of perivascular immunogold-labeled serum albumin and cerium perhydroxide reaction product, to the mean percentage of blood vessels (9.5%) with perivascular immunogold-labeled serum albumin in the absence of cerium perhydroxide, was statistically significant (P = 0.0019). CONCLUSIONS: Endogenous H2O2, found at the foci of BBB disruption, may be one of the mediators involved in the alteration of vascular permeability in experimental optic neuritis.

Animals↗